Arthur Wakefield (physician)
Arthur William Wakefield | |
|---|---|
| Born | Arthur William Wakefield 13 April 1876 |
| Died | 22 February 1949 (aged 72) |
| Alma mater | Trinity College, Cambridge |
| Occupation | Physician |
| Known for | 1922 British Mount Everest Expedition |
| Spouse |
Marjorie Younger (m. 1910) |
| Military career | |
| Allegiance |  United Kingdom |
| Service |  British Army |
| Rank | Captain |
| Unit | Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps |
| Battles / wars | Second Boer War First World War |
| Olympic medal record | ||
|---|---|---|
| Men's Alpinism | ||
| Representing United Kingdom
| ||
| Olympic Games | ||
 |
1924 Chamonix | Everest expedition |
Arthur William Wakefield, MA, MBBCh, MD (Cantab), MRCS, MRCP (13 April 1876 – 22 February 1949) was an English physician, explorer, and mountaineer. He is most famous for serving as the physician and climber during the 1922 British Mount Everest Expedition and was awarded an Olympic Gold Medal by Pierre de Coubertin for his achievements in mountaineering (Alpinism) in 1924 as part of the team.[1]
Early life
[edit]Arthur Wakefield was the son of William Henry Wakefield, President of the Wakefield Bank in Kendal. He was educated at Sedbergh School where he was Captain of the football team and then Trinity College, Cambridge where he got a half-Blue in cycling, rowed head of the river, and boxed at middleweight against Oxford. Unlike both of his cousins, Sir Wavell Wakefield and Roger Cuthbert Wakefield, who went on to play professional rugby, Arthur Wakefield graduated with a Master of Arts (M.A.)[2]
He chose to study medicine and in 1904 he took his M.R.C.P. – M.R.C.S. (London). As a resident at the Royal London Hospital, he won the heavy-weight boxing championships of the United Hospitals, before becoming captain of their swim team in 1906.[2] Arthur Wakefield codified what it took to make the Lake District Twenty-Four Fell Record by stating that "the aim of these walks is to ascend the greatest possible number of peaks above 2,000 feet, and to return to the starting point within 24 hours, or as much less as is possible."[3] In 1904, Wakefield set his first fell walking record covering 11 fells in 19 hours and 53 minutes, reaching a height of 16,000 feet over 64 miles. He improved upon this in 1905 covering 21 fells in 22 hours and 7 minutes, reaching a height of 23,500 feet (7,200 m) over 59 miles (95 km). That record stood until 1920.[4][5]
War years
[edit]Arthur Wakefield was one of the first Sharpshooters, joining the 70 Company, 18 Battalion, Imperial Yeomanry during the Second Boer War.[6] This Battalion, designated as "Sharpshooters", was raised on 7 March 1900 by the Earl of Dunraven. Each volunteer had to prove their skill with a rifle and their horsemanship. The battalion was formally inspected by the Prince of Wales outside Chelsea Barracks on 29 March 1900.[7] Wakefield arrived in South Africa in April 1900 and travelled to Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) as part of a force intending to threaten the Boer Republics from the North. His battalion later entered the Orange Free State dealing with what would become a guerrilla war.[6] Wakefield returned to the London Hospital after the war, spending a year studying at Heidelberg and in Edinburgh.[8] In 1905, he took his MBBCh, and in 1909, his MD (Cantab).[2]
From 1908 to 1914, Wakefield was the Medical Officer to the Fishermen's Mission where he worked with Wilfred Grenfell, who established a series of remote missions along the shores of Newfoundland and Labrador. As one of only two qualified doctors in the entire land, Wakefield travelled by dog team, horse, reindeer or on foot, patrolling the entire length of Labrador, a coastline of nearly 5,000 miles, treating everything from beriberi and tuberculosis to bullet wounds.[9][10]
Still in the early days of World War I, Wakefield requested a transfer on 17 August 1915 to the Royal Army Medical Corps (RAMC) where he was attached to the 29th Casualty Clearing Station during the Battle of the Somme.[8] Located out of immediate threat of fire, yet as close to the front line as possible, the CCS was both a hospital and a clearing house.[11] The National Army Museum called the 1916 Somme offensive one of the largest and bloodiest battles, with 57,000 casualties on 1 July, the opening day of the attack.[12]
On 23 Jan 1917, Wakefield passed the required examination and was promoted to Captain. He transferred to the Canadian Army Medical Corp (CAMC),[13] and began serving on a series of hospital ships, beginning with HMHS Letitia.[14] This ship ran aground and sank on 17 September 1917, during which Wakefield was commended for exceptional service in transferring the wounded.[15][16] The CAMC staff previously allocated to HMHS Letitia proceeded to take over the hospital on HMHS Araguyaya.[17]
In February 1918, Wakefield left the hospital ships, joining the No. 2 Canadian Stationary Canadian hospital in France.[18] In March 1918, Wakefield was brought to the notice of the Secretary of State for War for valuable services rendered.[15] Towards the end of the war, in August 1918, Wakefield was transferred to the 2nd Division, No. 4 Field Ambulance, where he repatriated German prisoners until his transfer back to Canada in May 1919. He was demobilised afterwards.[8][19] After the war, Wakefield became a surgeon to the Canadian Pacific Railway.[2]
1922 British Mount Everest expedition
[edit]Arthur Wakefield joined the second expedition to make the first ascent of the world's highest mountain led by Brigadier-General The Honourable Charles Granville Bruce. While the expedition's official medical officer was Tom Longstaff, Arthur Wakefield was the more experienced of the two men and carried out most of the medical duties after Longstaff fell ill with respiratory problems.[20] This expedition included George Mallory, Henry Morshead, Geoffrey Bruce, and Howard Somervell. Wakefield reached the North Col to attend to his fellow climbers, who achieved a height record in mountaineering.
This expedition included George Mallory, Henry Morshead, Geoffrey Bruce, and Howard Somervell. Wakefield reached the North Col to attend to his fellow climbers, who achieved a height record in mountaineering. On 5 February 1924, at the closing ceremony of the inaugural Winter Olympics, hosted in Chamonix, France, Pierre de Coubertin presented 13 gold medals for alpinism in recognition of the achievements of the 1922 British Mount Everest expedition members. The medals were accepted by Lt Col Edward Strutt, deputy leader of the expedition.[21] Wakefield later served as President of the Fell & Rock Climbing Club from 1923–25 and became the Club's first life member.[2]
In 2012, mountaineer Kenton Cool took Wakefield's medal to the summit of Mount Everest, fulfilling a pledge originally made by Strutt.[22]
Decorations
[edit]- Queen's South Africa Medal with four clasps
- The 1914-15 Star
- The British War Medal
- Victory Medal (United Kingdom)
References
[edit]- ^ The British Olympic Association. "Arthur Wakefield Awarded One Gold Medal in Alpinism". Team GB. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
- ^ a b c d e Stevens, W.G. "In Memoriam for A.W. Wakefield, pages 378-381" (PDF). The Journal of The Fell and Rock Club. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
- ^ Westaway, Jonathan (2013). "'Men Who Can Last': Mountaineering Endurance, the Lake District Fell Records and the Campaign for Everest, 1919–1924". Sport in History. 33 (3): 303–332. doi:10.1080/17460263.2013.826438. Retrieved 27 August 2013 – via Taylor & Francis Online.
- ^ Hooper, Jeff. "The Yorkshire Ramblers' Club YRC Journal, Series 13 - Issue 7 Summer 2009, page 10" (PDF). The Yorkshire Ramblers' Club. Retrieved 1 August 2009.
- ^ McDonald, Peter. "England's Everest: From the Turn of the Century to Bob Graham's Record" (PDF). Lakeland Endeavours. Retrieved 1 September 2020.
- ^ a b Husband, Anna. "Arthur Wakefield, Private, 70 Company, 18 Battalion, Imperial Yeomanry (Sharpshooters) 1876-1949". The Kent and Sharpshooters Yeomanry Trust. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
- ^ "The War - Inspection by the Prince of Wales". The Times. No. 36103. 30 March 1900. p. 7.
- ^ a b c Davis, Wade. "Wade David: From The Rock to the Trenches, National Post, Nov 11, 2011". National Post. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
- ^ Davis, Wade. "Into The Silence: The Great War, Mallory, and the Conquest of Everest, pages 13-14" (PDF). The Avalon Library. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
- ^ Furey, Premier Dr. Andrew. "How Does Life in Labrador Differ from Life in Newfoundland Today? (page 345)" (PDF). Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
- ^ Davis, Wade. "Into The Silence: The Great War, Mallory, and the Conquest of Everest, page 18" (PDF). The Avalon Library. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
- ^ Maciejewski, Justin. "Battle of the Somme". National Army Museum. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
- ^ Giddings, Helen. "Certificates of Military Instruction". Department of Militia and Defense. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
- ^ Czyzyk, Charlotte. "Lives of The First World War". Imperial War Museum. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
- ^ a b Weir, Leslie (25 November 2016). "First World War Personnel Records, page 17". Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
- ^ Weir, Leslie (25 November 2016). "First World War Personnel Records, page 17". Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
- ^ Johnston, William. "A Royal Canadian Navy Historical Project". For Posterity's Sake. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
- ^ Adami, MD, Col. J. George. "No. 2, Canadian Stationary Hospital: First Canadian Unit Landed In France". The Royal Montreal Regiment Museum. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
- ^ Snell, Col A. E. "THE C.A.M.C. WITH THE CANADIAN CORPS DURING THE LAST HUNDRED DAYS OF THE GREAT WAR, page 224" (PDF). Canadian National Defense. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
- ^ Bayne, Ronald. "Arthur Wakefield on Everest 1922: no passenger" (PDF). Alpine Journal. Retrieved 1 January 2004.
- ^ Rossen, Jake (29 June 2021). "Peak Performance: The Most Hazardous Sport In Olympic History". Mental Floss. Retrieved 29 June 2021.
- ^ Beaumont, Peter (2012-05-30). "Mountaineer Kenton Cool fulfils vow to carry Olympic medal to top of Everest". the Guardian. Retrieved 2024-08-08.