Arsenophonus arthropodicus
| Arsenophonus arthropodicus | |
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| Species: | "Ca. A. arthropodicus"
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| Binomial name | |
| "Candidatus Arsenophonus arthropodicus" Dale et al. 2006
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Candidatus Arsenophonus arthropodicus is a Gram-negative and intracellular secondary (S) endosymbiont that belongs to the genus Arsenophonus.[1] This bacterium is found in the Hippoboscid louse fly, Pseudolynchia canariensis.[1] S-endosymbionts are commonly found in distinct tissues.[1] Strains of recovered Arsenophonus found in arthropods share 99% sequence identification in the 16S rRNA gene across all species.[1] Arsenophonus-host interactions involve parasitism and mutualism, including a popular mechanism of "male-killing" found commonly in a related species, Arsenophonus nasoniae.[2][3] This species is considered "Ca. A. arthropodicus" due it being as of yet uncultured.[4]
Isolation and genome identification
[edit]Isolation
[edit]Amplified 16S rRNA gene sequences of Phoenix canariensis pupal DNA showed Arsenophonus detection in hemocytes, gut, fat body, and reproductive tissues indicating distribution of bacterium throughout hosts tissues.[1] Lab cultured bacteria found in these tissues show extracellular and intracellular attachment indicating Ca. A. arthropodicus can initiate intracellular infection in the host cells in vitro.[1]
A primary culture of P. canariensis pupae was used to enrich Ca. A. arthropodicus through Gram-positive inhibitor vancomycin and Gram-negative sensitive antibacterial cationic peptides.[1] Ancestral species identification also provides insight into Arsenophonus being a monophyletic clade.[5]
Genome identification
[edit]Contents of the Ca. A. arthropodicus genome are a single chromosome and multiple extrachromosomal elements.[1] Through the use of restriction enzymes Notl and Ascl the approximate chromosome size is 3.51 Mbp.[1] Two species were identified from enrichments based on the behavior of extrachromosomal DNA under alkaline lysis, restriction enzymes, and agarose gel electrophoresis .[1]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Dale, Colin; Beeton, Michael; Harbison, Christopher; Jones, Tait; Pontes, Mauricio (2006-04-01). "Isolation, Pure Culture, and Characterization of "Candidatus Arsenophonus arthropodicus," an Intracellular Secondary Endosymbiont from the Hippoboscid Louse Fly Pseudolynchia canariensis". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 72 (4): 2997–3004. Bibcode:2006ApEnM..72.2997D. doi:10.1128/AEM.72.4.2997-3004.2006. ISSN 0099-2240. PMC 1449044. PMID 16598007.
- ^ Mouton, Laurence; Thierry, Magali; Henri, Hélène; Baudin, Rémy; Gnankine, Olivier; Reynaud, Bernard; Zchori-Fein, Einat; Becker, Nathalie; Fleury, Frédéric; Delatte, Hélène (2012-01-18). "Evidence of diversity and recombination in Arsenophonus symbionts of the Bemisia tabacispecies complex". BMC Microbiology. 12 (1): S10. doi:10.1186/1471-2180-12-S1-S10. ISSN 1471-2180. PMC 3287507. PMID 22375811.
- ^ Darby, A. C.; Choi, J.-H.; Wilkes, T.; Hughes, M. A.; Werren, J. H.; Hurst, G. D. D.; Colbourne, J. K. (2010). "Characteristics of the genome of Arsenophonus nasoniae, son-killer bacterium of the wasp Nasonia". Insect Molecular Biology. 19 (s1): 75–89. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2583.2009.00950.x. ISSN 1365-2583. PMID 20167019. S2CID 44987264.
- ^ "Species: Arsenophonus arthropodicus". lpsn.dsmz.de. Retrieved 2020-11-02.
- ^ Nováková, Eva; Hypša, Václav; Moran, Nancy A (2009-07-20). "Arsenophonus, an emerging clade of intracellular symbionts with a broad host distribution". BMC Microbiology. 9: 143. doi:10.1186/1471-2180-9-143. ISSN 1471-2180. PMC 2724383. PMID 19619300.