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Arroz de fríjol cabecita negra

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Arroz fríjol cabecita negra
Alternative namesArroz con fríjolito cabecita negra
Place of origin Colombia
Region or state
Main ingredientsBlack-eyed peas, rice, salt, water, vegetables
VariationsIn Córdoba a variation is prepared where coconut milk is added.

Arroz de fríjol cabecita negra is a rice-based dish from the Caribbean Coast of Colombia that utilizes black-eyed peas as the legume, differing from other rice dishes that are usually prepared with different legumes such as beans, peas, lentils, and Pigeon peas.[1][2]

History

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Further information: Slavery in Colombia
Palenquera street vendors on the castle in downtown Cartagena.

The history of the dish has been relatively undocumented and underreported. It can be found in cities like Cartagena and other regions of the Caribbean coast.[1] It resembles the dish Hoppin' John which is found in regions of the Southern United States like Charleston;[3] both cities share deeply rooted colonial histories and ties to the trans-atlantic slave trade. The city of Cartagena alone received more than 1.1 million enslaved Africans through its port from the beginning of the 16th century to 1852,[4] while Charleston only received around 155,000 from the end of the 17th to the beginning of the 19th century.[5][6][7] These enslaved Africans that arrived in Colombia would've brought knowledge of vegetables and plants they were familiar with like the main ingredients of the dish:

Black-eyed peas

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The centre of diversity of the cultivation of cowpea is West Africa, leading an early consensus that this is the likely centre of origin and place of early domestication.[8]  Charred remains of cowpeas have been found in rock shelters located in Central Ghana dating to the 2nd millennium BCE.[9] By the 17th century cowpeas began to be cultivated in the New World via the Trans-Atlantic slave trade; being used as slave food and provisions.[10][8] Documentation regarding the history of Cowpeas in Colombia is null, but endemic heirloom varieties such as Kepshuna of the Wayúu people in La Guajira and various black and red varieties along with the commercial Black-eyed pea exist and are grown throughout the country.[11][12][13][14][15]

Rice

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Two species of domesticated rice exist: Oryza sativa and Oryza glaberrima.[16] Oryza sativa is a native of East Asia and makes up the visible entirety of all rice cultivated in the world.[17][18] Oryza glaberrima is a native to Sub-Saharan Africa where it is still cultivated to the present,[19] albeit less in the present-day and varieties are also grown by groups of the African diaspora[20] such as Carolina Gold rice by the Gullah[21] and Arroz Quilombola in the Quilombos of Brazil.[22] No known varieties of African rice exist in Colombia in the present-day, but the knowledge and concept around the growing and cultivation of rice led to many rice-based dishes throughout Latin America including Arroz de fríjol cabecita negra.[23][24][25]

Preparation

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Beans are soaked, drained, placed into a pot, and covered with salted water, which is brought to a boil then simmer for half an hour or until tender, then drained, reserving cooking liquid. Vegetables and seasonings are sauteed, then added to the beans along with enough of the reserved cooking liquid to achieve the desired consistency.[26]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Luis, Maese (2009-03-27). "Gastronomía: Fríjol de cabecita negra". El Tiempo (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-09-23.
  2. ^ Espinosa, Eleanor (2020-03-24). "That Cartagena". El Espectador (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-09-23.
  3. ^ Butler, Stephanie. "Hoppin' John: A New Year's Tradition". HISTORY. Retrieved 2021-09-23.
  4. ^ Tracy (2015-07-04). "History of Cartagena, Colombia: Spanish America's Biggest Slave Port". Atlanta Black Star. Retrieved 2021-09-23.
  5. ^ "How Many Africans Were Really Taken to the U.S During the Slave Trade?". America's Black Holocaust Museum. 2014-01-06. Retrieved 2021-09-23.
  6. ^ "Slave Sale". National Geographic Society. 2013-01-18. Archived from the original on September 13, 2016. Retrieved 2021-09-23.
  7. ^ Toni. "Resources for Documenting the Atlantic Slave Trade in Charleston | IAAM Center for Family History". Retrieved 2021-09-23.
  8. ^ a b Ogunkanmi, L. A.; Taiwo, A.; Mogaji, O. L.; Awobodede, A.; Eziashi, E. E.; Ogundipe, O. T. (2005–2006). "Assessment of genetic diversity among cultivated cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) cultivars from a range of localities across West Africa using agronomic traits". Journal Sci. Res. Dev. 10: 111–118.
  9. ^ D'Andrea; et al. (2007). "Early domesticated cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) from Central Ghana". Antiquity. 81 (313): 686–698. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00095661. S2CID 161301311.
  10. ^ Perrino, P.; Laghetti, G.; Spagnoletti Zeuli, P. L.; Monti, L. M. (1993). "Diversification of cowpea in the Mediterranean and other centres of cultivation". Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 40 (3): 121–132. doi:10.1007/bf00051116. S2CID 41138930.
  11. ^ "Kapeshuna Beans". Atlas Obscura. Retrieved 2021-09-23.
  12. ^ "La Guajira Cowpea - Presìdi Slow Food". Slow Food Foundation. Retrieved 2021-09-23.
  13. ^ SENASACONTIGO (2017-05-19). "Se inició siembra temporal de 50 hectáreas de frijol caupí en Lambayeque". SENASA al día (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-09-23.
  14. ^ "Fríjol Negro – Jari´s Farm" (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-09-23.
  15. ^ "This sacred bean saved an indigenous clan from climate calamity". Environment. 2020-11-25. Archived from the original on April 11, 2021. Retrieved 2021-09-23.
  16. ^ "Oryza_glaberrima - Ensembl Genomes 51". plants.ensembl.org. Retrieved 2021-09-23.
  17. ^ Dingkuhn, M; Jones, M. P; Johnson, D. E; Sow, A (1998-05-08). "Growth and yield potential of Oryza sativa and O. glaberrima upland rice cultivars and their interspecific progenies". Field Crops Research. 57 (1): 57–69. doi:10.1016/S0378-4290(97)00115-9. ISSN 0378-4290.
  18. ^ "The Asian Rice, Oryza sativa L." My Favourite Pastime. 2019-05-23. Retrieved 2021-09-23.
  19. ^ Linares, Olga F. (2002-12-10). "African rice (Oryza glaberrima): History and future potential". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 99 (25): 16360–16365. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916360L. doi:10.1073/pnas.252604599. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 138616. PMID 12461173.
  20. ^ Fields-Black, Edda L. (2011-02-22). "Deep Roots Across the Atlantic: Rice and Race in Africa and the Americas •". Retrieved 2021-09-23.
  21. ^ "Carolina Gold Rice". Carolina Gold Rice Foundation. Retrieved 2021-09-23.
  22. ^ "Projeto Arroz Quilombola | Guayí" (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2021-09-23.
  23. ^ Spivey, Diane (2018-12-23). "TransAtlantic Food Migration: The African Culinary Influence on the Cuisine of the Americas •". Retrieved 2021-09-23.
  24. ^ "Afro-Colombian Culture: History, Cultural Characteristics, Customs". Life Persona. Retrieved 2021-09-23.
  25. ^ "Where to Trace Afro-Colombian Culture in Cartagena". Cuisine Noir Magazine. 2019-10-09. Retrieved 2021-09-23.
  26. ^ "Arroz con Frijolito de Cabecita Negra (Blackeye Peas Rice) | My Colombian Recipes". My Colombian Recipes. 2011-08-25. Retrieved 2021-09-23.
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