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Argentina v Peru (1978 FIFA World Cup)

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Argentina v Peru
Cover of Argentine magazine El Gráfico which
titled "Argentine achievement" to describe
the match
Event1978 FIFA World Cup
Argentina Peru
Argentina Peru
6 0
Argentina advances to the knockout stage
Peru eliminated from the 1978 FIFA World Cup
Date21 June 1978
VenueEstadio Gigante de Arroyito, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
RefereeRobert Wurtz (France)
Attendance37,315

Argentina v Peru was a football match between Argentina and Peru that took place on 21 June 1978 during the 1978 FIFA World Cup within Group B. In order to advance to the knockout stage and beat Brazil by goal difference, Argentina needed to win by four goals. The match ended 6–0 in an Argentine victory with two goals from Mario Kempes, two goals from Leopoldo Luque, one goal by Alberto Tarantini and one from René Houseman. The 1978 World Cup would go on to end in Argentina earning their first championship title after beating the Netherlands 3–1. The match remains to be one of the most controversial in World Cup history as it's been speculated that there has been some collusion in favor of Argentina. This was due to the World Cup taking place during the military dictatorship of the National Reorganization Process under Jorge Rafael Videla which in turn lead to speculation that the World Cup was an attempt to appease the population in the face of human rights violations.

Several national football players, journalists and politicians have given different interpretations over a possible outside interference within the match to benefit Argentina with no consensus on the circumstances. The denunciation of the former Argentine Minister of Finance, Juan Alemann who claimed that a bomb detonated when Argentina scored the fourth goal needed to qualify. Players of the Peruvian national football team have given different versions of what happened as some alleged that irregular things happened before and during the match such as the visit of the Argentine dictator Videla to the Peruvian locker room while others deny any type of arrangement and claim that Argentina was vastly superior to Peru during the match.

FIFA arranged for the Brazil-Poland match to be played before Argentina-Peru, citing television and ticket sales issues. Match times had been agreed long before the start of the World Cup. Brazil objected to the measure, since the Albiceleste team would know in advance the number of goals they had to score. FIFA generally held the matches of the same group on different days or times, but neither was it unusual for matches of the same group to be played simultaneously. After the Disgrace of Gijón at the next World Cup, the defining group matches would be played simultaneously to remove the advantage or disadvantage of teams playing later in their groups.

In 2012 it was rumored that FIFA could investigate the matter, and if it found evidence that an arrangement existed, it could annul the title to Argentina. But there were no major attempts by FIFA in this regard.

Background

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Argentina

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Argentina was runner-up in the 1930 FIFA World Cup held in Uruguay where the host country won the title 4–2. After that, the furthest Argentina had gone in a World Cup was the quarterfinals at the 1966 FIFA World Cup held in England when Argentina lost 0–1 against England when Antonio Ubaldo Rattín was sent off after insulting the referee despite the fact that he did not understand Spanish. Regardless, Argentina qualified in all World Cups except for the 1970 FIFA World Cup in Mexico and declined to participate in 1938, 1950 and 1954. Due to being the hosts of the 1978 FIFA World Cup, Argentina did not have to qualify.

Argentina had also won the Copa América in 1921, 1925, 1927, 1929, 1937, 1941, 1945, 1946, 1947, 1955, 1957 and 1959 and the champions of the 1960 Panamerican Championship and runners-up in 1916, 1917, 1920, 1923, 1924, 1926, 1935, 1942, 1959 extra (South American championship) and 1967. At the Olympic Games, the senior team achieved its greatest achievement at the 1928 Summer Olympics, winning the silver medal (after losing the gold medal also for the Uruguay).

Peru

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See also: Peru at the 1970 FIFA World Cup and Peru at the 1978 FIFA World Cup

Peru participated in the 1930 FIFA World Cup but were eliminated in the first round. They wouldn't participate again until the 1970 FIFA World Cup where they obtained the Fair Play Award[1] and reached the quarterfinals losing against the champion, Brazil by 2-4, to this day it was the furthest Peru had reached in a World Cup. In 1978 they qualified again for the World Cup finals, after failing to qualify for the 1974 edition .

Peru was crowned champion of the Copa América on 1939 and 1975. On the other hand, Peru competed twice in the Olympic Games and obtained the gold medal in the Bolivarian Games in 1938, 1947, 1961, 1973 and 1981.

Peruvian Qualification for the 1978 World Cup

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Main article: 1978 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONMEBOL)
Rank Team Pts Pld W D L GF GA GD
1  Peru 6 4 2 2 0 8 2 +6
2  Chile 5 4 2 1 1 5 3 +2
3  Ecuador 1 4 0 1 3 1 9 −8
Score Location Stadium Attendance Date
 Ecuador 1–1  Peru Quito Atahualpa 39,576 February 20, 1977
 Chile 1–1  Peru Santiago Nacional 67,983 March 6, 1977
 Peru 4–0  Ecuador Lima Nacional 43,319 March 12, 1977
 Peru 2–0  Chile Lima Nacional 62,000 March 26, 1977
  • Peru advances to the final round.

In the final round of qualifications, Peru lost against Brazil by one goal but managed to beat Bolivia 5–0, allowing Peru to reach second place and successfully qualify for the 1978 FIFA World Cup.

Rank Team Pts Pld W D L GF GA GD
1  Brazil 4 2 2 0 0 9 0 +9
2  Peru 2 2 1 0 1 5 1 +4
3  Bolivia 0 2 0 0 2 0 13 −13
Score Location Stadium Attendance Date
 Brazil 1–0  Peru Cali Pascual Guerrero 50,345 July 10, 1977
 Peru 5–0  Bolivia Cali Pascual Guerrero 32,511 July 17, 1977
  • Brazil and Peru qualified for the 1978 World Cup.
  • Bolivia went to the intercontinental playoffs.

Recent Match History Between Argentina and Peru

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Matches prior to the World Cup stood out, with César Luis Menotti as technical director of Argentina. All of them ended in victory for the Argentines. These are four matches for the Copa Mariscal Ramón Castilla [es], a friendly tournament that was played between the two teams.

Score Location Date
 Peru 1–3  Argentina Lima October 28, 1976
 Argentina 1–0  Peru Buenos Aires November 10, 1976
 Argentina 2–1  Peru Buenos Aires March 19, 1978
 Peru 1–3  Argentina Lima March 23, 1978

1978 FIFA World Cup

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Qualification for Group B

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Argentina

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Main article: 1978 FIFA World Cup Group 1

Argentina qualified second in their group after beating Hungary and France by 2-1 goal margin. By the time of the third game, Argentina was already qualified together with Italy. The last game of the group was Italy-Argentina, which ended in a 1-0 victory for the Italians.

Pos Team
 Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification
1  Italy 3 3 0 0 6 2 +4 6 Advance to second round
2  Argentina 3 2 0 1 4 3 +1 4
3  France 3 1 0 2 5 5 0 2
4  Hungary 3 0 0 3 3 8 −5 0
Source: FIFA
June 2, 1978
Italy  2–1  France Estadio José María Minella, Mar del Plata
Argentina  2–1  Hungary Estadio Monumental, Buenos Aires
June 6, 1978
Italy  3–1  Hungary Estadio José María Minella, Mar del Plata
Argentina  2–1  France Estadio Monumental, Buenos Aires
June 10, 1978
France  3–1  Hungary Estadio José María Minella, Mar del Plata
Argentina  0–1  Italy Estadio Monumental, Buenos Aires

Peru

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Main article: 1978 FIFA World Cup Group 4

Peru qualified first in their group by getting a 3–1 victory against Scotland, a 0–0 draw against the Netherlands and a 4–1 victory against Iran.

Pos Team
 Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification
1  Peru 3 2 1 0 7 2 +5 5 Advance to second round
2  Netherlands 3 1 1 1 5 3 +2 3
3  Scotland 3 1 1 1 5 6 −1 3
4  Iran 3 0 1 2 2 8 −6 1
Source: FIFA
June 3, 1978
Peru  3–1  Scotland Estadio Chateau Carreras, Córdoba
Netherlands  3–0  Iran Estadio Ciudad de Mendoza, Mendoza
June 7, 1978
Scotland  1–1  Iran Estadio Chateau Carreras, Córdoba
Netherlands  0–0  Peru Estadio Ciudad de Mendoza, Mendoza
June 11, 1978
Peru  4–1  Iran Estadio Chateau Carreras, Córdoba
Scotland  3–2  Netherlands Estadio Ciudad de Mendoza, Mendoza

Group B

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Main article: 1978 FIFA World Cup Group B

Argentina had qualified for the second group stage after obtaining second place in Group 1 behind Italy while Brazil had also obtained the second position of Group 3 after Austria. Both Peru and Poland had achieved first place in Group 4 and Group 2 respectively. The headquarters of this group were Mendoza and Rosario.

The first game pitted Brazil against Peru, ending with a 3–0 victory for the Brazilians.[2] Argentina also beat Poland 2–0 in Rosario with two goals from Mario Kempes.[3] The victory of Poland over Peru by 1-0[4] and the goalless draw between Argentina and Brazil[5] left a group close in which, with the exception of Peru, the other three teams had a chance to reach the final. Argentina and Brazil reached the last game with 3 points, although the Brazilians had a greater goal difference. Poland arrived with 2 points but with chances to win the group if, after their victory, Argentina lost or tied without surpassing it in goal difference.[6]

The matches were not played at the same time but Brazil and Poland played first at 16:45 while Argentina and Peru did so later, at 19:15. Brazil won their match 3–1, with two goals from Roberto Dinamite and one from Nelinho.[7] With this result they finished with 5 points and +5 goal difference. In order to reach the final, Argentina had to win with a margin of four goals since they had a goal difference of +2.[8][9] Argentina managed to prevail over Peru by 6-0 and thus qualified for the final.[10]

Pos Team
 Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification
1  Argentina 3 2 1 0 8 0 +8 5 Advance to final
2  Brazil 3 2 1 0 6 1 +5 5 Advance to third place play-off
3  Poland 3 1 0 2 2 5 −3 2
4  Peru 3 0 0 3 0 10 −10 0
Source: FIFA
14 June 1978
Peru  0–3  Brazil Estadio Ciudad de Mendoza, Mendoza
Argentina  2–0  Poland Estadio Gigante de Arroyito, Rosario
18 June 1978
Peru  0–1  Poland Estadio Ciudad de Mendoza, Mendoza
Argentina  0–0  Brazil Estadio Gigante de Arroyito, Rosario
21 June 1978
Poland  1–3  Brazil Estadio Ciudad de Mendoza, Mendoza
Argentina  6–0  Peru Estadio Gigante de Arroyito, Rosario

Match details

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Argentina 6–0 Peru
Kempes 21', 49'
Tarantini 43'
Luque 50', 72'
Houseman 67'		 Report
Attendance: 37,315
Referee: Robert Wurtz (France)
Argentina
Peru
GK 5 Ubaldo Fillol
DF 19 Daniel Passarella (c)
DF 7 Luis Galván
DF 20 Alberto Tarantini
DF 15 Jorge Olguín
MF 6 Américo Gallego downward-facing red arrow 85'
MF 12 Omar Larrosa
MF 10 Mario Kempes
FW 4 Daniel Bertoni downward-facing red arrow 64'
FW 16 Oscar Alberto Ortiz
FW 14 Leopoldo Luque
Substitutions:
FW 9 René Houseman upward-facing green arrow 64'
MF 17 Miguel Oviedo upward-facing green arrow 85'
Manager:
César Luis Menotti
GK 21 Ramón Quiroga
DF 4 Héctor Chumpitaz (c)
DF 3 Rodulfo Manzo
DF 2 Jaime Duarte
DF 22 Roberto Rojas
MF 17 Alfredo Quesada Yellow card 36'
MF 6 José Velásquez Yellow card 48' downward-facing red arrow 51'
MF 8 César Cueto
FW 7 Juan Muñante
FW 11 Juan Carlos Oblitas
FW 10 Teófilo Cubillas
Substitutions:
FW 16 Raúl Gorriti upward-facing green arrow 51'
Manager:
Marcos Calderón

Controversy

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Mario Kempes scoring the 3rd. goal for Argentina

The game was played on June 21 and it was the last turn of Group B of the second phase. Argentina came at a disadvantage against Brazil with the same points but with a goal-less difference. FIFA ordered that Brazil should play first against Poland and Argentina then against Peru.[11][12] This gave the Argentine team an advantage, knowing in advance how many goals would be needed to reach the final. In January, FIFA had resolved in meetings prior to the draw for the venues that Argentina would play its first-round matches and in the event of qualifying, the second phase would always play at 7:15 p.m. while the others, except for the opening match and the final, at 1:00 p.m. and 4:15 p.m. Given the few ticket sales abroad, FIFA feared that in those matches where the local team was not involved, there would be low attendance. Therefore, if Argentina's matches were played simultaneously with others, the public that did not go to see Argentina on the field, would stay at home and watch the matches on television. At the time, no one had filed opposition to this measure. West Germany enjoyed a similar benefit in the 1974 FIFA World Cup. When it came time for the decisive group matches however, the Brazilians pushed to play their game against Poland at the same time as Argentina against Peru but FIFA objected. Its managers argued that it was impossible to change schedules on television.[13] Thus Brazil played its game and won 3–1, forcing Argentina to win by a four-goal difference. Knowing this, Argentina played in the second turn against Peru, who were already out of the World Cup by not reaping any points within the group. Minutes before the game, President Jorge Rafael Videla visited the Peruvian locker room accompanied by former American Secretary of State and organizer of Operation Condor, Henry Kissinger[14] and read a message to the players from the Peruvian dictator Francisco Morales Bermúdez on the Argentine-Peruvian brotherhood.[15] Argentina finally obtained a historic result of 6–0, defeating Brazil on goal difference and agreeing to play the final against the Netherlands.

The Argentine dictator Jorge Rafael Videla visits Alberto Tarantini after the match. Videla would deny any arrangement and bribery years later

Some years later, the result and some particular circumstances during the game raised suspicions about the legitimacy of the match. Upon returning to Lima, the Peruvian team met an angry mob who threw coins, tomatoes and other objects at them as recounted by Peruvian player Guillermo La Rosa.[16][17] Ten days after the end of the World Cup, on July 6, 1978, the Argentine dictatorship sanctioned Decree No. 1463/78 "granting an extraordinary non-refundable credit to the Republic of Peru."[18] There were also versions that Brazil had given an economic incentive to the Peruvian players to beat Argentina, a rumor that would be defended by the Argentine player Mario Kempes as well as by the Peruvian players Teófilo Cubillas and Héctor Chumpitaz who admitted that they were going to receive a $5,000 incentive each.[13][19] At the same time, there were rumors that local leaders gave Poland incentives to beat Brazil.[13] Kempes denied that there could have been any agreement since Peru had some clear arrivals, including a vertical shot from the Argentine goal.[19] Another factor of the Peruvian decline was that each match was played every three days which wore out the Peruvian team, not used to the amount of consistent playing. In addition to this, an internal division began to emerge in the Peruvian national football team between the players of Sporting Cristal and Alianza Lima.[13]

Different people and players declared that part of the Peruvian team was pressured[20] or bribed[20][21][22] to lose the game by a large sum. Others, based on recent investigations, suggest that there was an agreement between the two governments within the framework of Operation Condor.[23] Years later Videla would deny any type of arrangement, stating: "I didn't take a peso out of my pocket. There was no talk of a possible arrangement before the game, neither in the Government, nor in the Junta."[24]

In the book How They Stole the Game, the British historian David Yallop maintained that Videla ordered Rear Admiral Carlos Alberto Lacoste, in charge of EAM'78, to take charge of arranging the result with the ruling dictatorship in Peru, led by General Morales Bermúdez, 23 who decades later would be sentenced to life imprisonment by the III Criminal Court of Rome, for his participation in Operation Condor.[25] According to Yallop, Lacoste made contact with three officials who accompanied the Peruvian team and offered them a million-dollar bribe of fifty million dollars and a donation of 35,000 tons of grains.[26] After the World Cup, the Treasury Secretary of the dictatorship, Juan Alemann confirmed the Argentine "donations" made to Peru and explained that they were a type of donations that were only made in cases of humanitarian catastrophes.[27]

The businessman and former Secretary of the Treasury, Juan Alemann denounced in 1982 that Vice Admiral Carlos Alberto Lacoste had been the mastermind of an attack with an explosive device at Alemann's home,[28] when on June 21, 1978, at the precise moment in which Argentina scored the fourth goal against Peru that gave it a pass to the final, a bomb exploded in the house of the then Secretary of Finance Juan Alemann and Lacoste for overpricing in the organization of the tournament. Alemann blamed Massera himself for the attack:

They planted a bomb in my house, just at the time of Argentina's fourth goal against Peru. At the bottom of this operation it was admitted that it was designed to score four goals, which was what Argentina needed to qualify. If they hadn't scored four goals, he would have gone home with the bomb... And this is a bit of this strange personality of Massera, who believed himself to be omnipotent, planted bombs, ordered people assassinated, but beyond all that was the anti-subversive fight.[29]

On December 12, 2007, the Argentine journalist Ezequiel Fernández Moores interviewed Fernando Rodríguez Mondragón, capo of the Cali Cartel led by his uncle Miguel Rodríguez Orejuela who gave a detailed account of the way in which the bribery would have been carried out. He recounted what his uncle revealed to him, as he served as a mediator with Peruvian officials at the request of the Argentine military. According to Rodríguez Mondragón, the Argentine and player representative Carlos Quieto told Rodríguez Orejuela that the Argentine military and the Argentine Football Association (AFA) wanted to meet in reserve with the authorities of the Peruvian Football Federation (FPF), with which the Colombian drug lord maintained close relations. The meeting would have been held in Miraflores, Lima the next day, two days before the game and the captain of the ship Lacoste and two other people participated on behalf of Argentina with the president and treasurer of the FPF representing Peru. According to Rodríguez Mondragón, there it was agreed to pay the bribes to the Peruvian players and leaders and the donation of wheat which had already been requested.[30]

Several players of the Peruvian team maintained that, in their opinion, suspicious irregularities or bribery had taken place. In 1986, Juan Carlos Oblitas declared to the press that he felt "ashamed", then stating that he thought that "this match was not normal".[26][31] In 2003, Oblitas announced that the dictator Videla and the former American Secretary of State Henry Kissinger had been present in the Peruvian locker room, a few minutes before starting the game.[32] In 2018, two starting players of the 1978 Peruvian team, José Velásquez and Germán Leguía had also declared that Videla and Kissinger entered the Peruvian locker room and read a message from the Peruvian dictator Morales Bermúdez to the players.[33] Both former players declared that the visit was interpreted by the Peruvian team as a threat. Velásquez also said that although he lacked evidence, he knew several Peruvian managers and six players who participated to fix the match, naming Rodulfo Manzo, Raúl Gorriti, Juan José Muñante and Ramón Quiroga with the latter being born in Argentina.[15] In an investigation carried out by Fernández Moores for Radio Continental, journalist Carlos Juvenal said that the captain of the Peruvian squad, Héctor Chumpitaz confessed to him about "additional money" but added that he would never admit it publicly.[34]

Ramón Quiroga, goalkeeper for Peru, was accused by his teammate José Velásquez of receiving bribes. Quiroga responded to Velásquez's claims by stating he had a "lack of sanity" for his accusations

The accused players have denied the claims, pointing out that they lacked evidence. Quiroga accused Velásquez of having a "lack of sanity" and responded with "I did not sell myself. If I had taken money to go back, today I could not walk through Lima and I do it without problems." He also added that:

That day they all came out for Argentina and nothing for us. For example, there is a goal by Tarantini in which Manzo bends over and leaves him alone. I also think there were two goals from Argentina that were offside, one from Luque and the other, I think, from Tarantini, and the referee, the Frenchman Robert Wurtz, looked the other way. Then I played in another World Cup and the Peru fan always treated me with respect. If I had wanted to lose, as was said, I would not have been able to stay to live another day in this country. However, I have lived here for more than 40 years.[35][36][37]

Despite this, on another occasion Quiroga has pointed out that that day some of his teammates had acted "strange" in the game, such as defender Rodulfo Manzo, who ducked in the fourth Argentine goal, for which Quiroga points out that: "'Negro' Manzo didn't stop anything, neither he nor the defense. In Argentina's fourth goal, Manzo ducked and left the shooter alone." In addition, the unusual lineup of Peruvian coach Marcos Calderón stood out who left several notable and experienced players out of the match.[38] In his response, Muñante stated that Velásquez "was delusional" and that Calderón didn't accept any bribes.[39] Muñante also recounted that they didn't ask the Peruvian technical director not to line up goalkeeper Quiroga, an Argentine nationalized Peruvian,[40] and clarified that there was a meeting in which Quiroga was asked if he wanted to save with his agreement. Muñante asserted that no player missed out since Peru was able to score two or three goals against Argentina in the first 15 minutes.[41] Manzo maintained that neither he nor his teammates had received money for the result of the match and even though there have been speculations, there has never been any real proof of any fraud.[42] Katia Gorriti, Gorriti's daughter, stated that Velásquez's opinions were disrespectful and unfair as they stained her father's name, also indicating that she would take legal action.[43]

Other leading players in the match denied any bribery or match fixing and argued that there is no evidence to support the stories, which speak of corruption and agreements.[44][45] Héctor Chumpitaz, captain of Peru, declared that his team was never sold.[46] Jaime Duarte stated that "for 29 years they have been coming up with new stories and that there is no evidence to prove such bribes."[47] César Cueto declared that this match was legitimate, and that the defeat was due to poor physical preparation and fatigue after eleven days of competition, describing the accusations as "press inventions".[48] Teófilo Cubillas declared that there was no arrangement and denied the rumors. He also stated that if they had played three times in those months, Argentina would have thrashed them again since shortly before Ecuador had also scored six goals against them and that Argentina itself had easily beaten them in another friendly. According to Cubillas, Peru "was going down" after losing to Brazil and Poland and that although they had won their group in the first phase of the Cup, the team was not doing well, unlike the Argentine team, which he described as "a waterspout that came upon us". Finally, Cubillas considered it absurd to think that Argentina sent tons of wheat to Peru, repaying the fact.[49] He further added to his previous comments, stating that:

That day, Argentina did everything possible to win the match. In the same World Cup, Mexico also lost 6-0 against Germany, so I don't understand why people keep saying it was a fix (...) Every game I played I did it 100 percent. There was nothing that people keep talking about.[50]

Reactions from the Argentine players have been more aware of Videla's dictatorship with Leopoldo Luque stating "With what I know now, I can't say I am proud of my victory... but I didn't realize, most of us didn't. We just played football.” Similarly, Ricardo Villa commented “There is no doubt we were used politically.”[8]

In 2020, Dutch player Johnny Rep and Brazilian player Roberto Dinamite stated that the match had probably been arranged to "reassure the population".[51]

Former Peruvian senator Genaro Ledesma Izquieta denounced that the party's supposed arrangement was carried out during the Peruvian dictatorship under the condition that Videla would release 13 Peruvian political prisoners, this operation would have been part of the Operation Condor.[8][52][53] In 2012, after statements by former legislator Ledesma, it was rumored that FIFA could annul Argentina's title in 1978 if it was proven that there was an arrangement in their match against Peru but the case hasn't gone any further.[54] In an article published in 2018, the Peruvian journalist Valentín Ahón stated that he didn't believe that there were bribes or a pact between the dictatorships of Argentina and Peru.[55]

[edit]

The match is mentioned in the song La argentinidad al palo by Argentine rock band Bersuit Vergarabat, mentioning "the 6 to 0 at Peru" among Argentina's several "achievements" in the form of a critical parody.[56]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ FIFA (March 26, 2013). Communications & Public Affairs Division (ed.). Milestones, facts & figures: Statistical Kit 7 - Status after the 2100 FIFA World Cup (PDF). p. 18. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 21, 2013. Retrieved September 4, 2013.
  2. ^ "Match Report: Brasil – Perú". FIFA. Archived from the original on February 2, 2009. Retrieved July 11, 2010.
  3. ^ FIFA. "Match Report: Argentina – Polonia". Archived from the original on December 18, 2011. Retrieved July 11, 2010.
  4. ^ "Match Report: Polonia – Perú". FIFA. Archived from the original on December 18, 2011. Retrieved July 11, 2010.
  5. ^ "Match Report: Argentina – Brasil". FIFA. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved July 11, 2010.
  6. ^ Sosa, Zaritzi (May 25, 2022). "Mundial 1978: la verdadera historia de la sospechosa goleada de Argentina 6-0 vs Perú". TUDN (in Spanish). Archived from the original on December 22, 2022. Retrieved February 12, 2023.
  7. ^ FIFA. "Match Report: Brasil – Polonia". Archived from the original on December 18, 2011. Retrieved July 11, 2010.
  8. ^ a b c "Argentina's 1978 World Cup win against Peru was fixed in a brutal political deal, former senator says". Yahoo! Sports. 11 February 2012. Retrieved February 12, 2023.
  9. ^ "Exposing The Myth: Why The 1978 World Cup In Argentina Should Never Have Been Played". The Sportsman. 25 June 2019. Archived from the original on September 8, 2022. Retrieved February 12, 2022.
  10. ^ FIFA. "Match Report: Argentina – Perú". Archived from the original on February 2, 2009. Retrieved July 11, 2010.
  11. ^ "WORLD CUP: Confetti Greets Argentina's 1st Triumph in 1978". The New York Times. May 31, 2018. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
  12. ^ Jot Down (21 June 2014). "Fútbol, paranoia y dolor: Argentina 1978". Retrieved June 1, 2018.
  13. ^ a b c d Bauso, Matías (June 21, 2019). "Argentina 6 - Perú 0, el partido más largo del mundo: todas las sospechas, las teorías y las acusaciones". Infobea. Retrieved January 16, 2023.
  14. ^ "Argentina 6-0 Perú, la goleada más polémica de la historia". ESPN (in Spanish). April 26, 2018. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
  15. ^ a b Hein, Miguel (March 14, 2018). "José Velásquez echó sombras sobre el 6-0 de Argentina sobre Perú. "Videla presionó a los vendidos"". Pagina/12. Retrieved March 15, 2018. El ex jugador de la selección peruana que fue titular en la goleada que le permitió a Argentina avanzar a la final del Mundial 78 aseguró que los dirigentes se vendieron, al igual que seis jugadores. La versión fue ratificada por Germán Leguía.
  16. ^ "Guillermo La Rosa y la añoranza de un tiempo que se fue…". CONMEBOL. September 11, 2013. Archived from the original on February 12, 2023. Retrieved February 12, 2023.
  17. ^ Galeano, Eduardo (1995). "El Mundial 78". El fútbol a sol y sombra (Siglo XXI ed.). Buenos Aires.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  18. ^ Mundial 78: la historia paralela (in Spanish). Event occurs at 39:03.
  19. ^ a b Cavallero, Pablo Antonio (November 13, 2017). "Mario Kempes: "Como está jugando, a Argentina no le tengo ninguna fe para el Mundial"". Infobae (in Spanish). Retrieved January 16, 2023.
  20. ^ a b Fernández Moores, Ezequiel (June 9, 2008). "La historia negra de Argentina – Perú en el Mundial 78". Terra. Retrieved July 11, 2010.
  21. ^ Fernández Moores, Ezequiel (December 10, 2008). "Argentina-Perú en el Mundial 78: un libro reflota sospechas de soborno". Terra. Retrieved July 11, 2010.[permanent dead link‍]
  22. ^ "La pista del posible arreglo del 6-0 llega hasta Lacoste". Página/12. December 14, 2007. Retrieved July 11, 2010.
  23. ^ DPA (February 7, 2012). "Dictaduras negociaron triunfo de Argentina sobre Perú en 1978". Diario La Jornada de México. Retrieved February 7, 2012.
  24. ^ "A 42 años del polémico 6-0 de Argentina a Perú en el Mundial de 1978: qué pasó en los vestuarios antes y después del partido". Infobae (in Spanish). Archived from the original on October 6, 2022.
  25. ^ "Morales Bermúdez condenado a cadena perpetua por Plan Cóndor". El Comercio. January 17, 2017.
  26. ^ a b Alabarces, Pablo (April 2, 2018). Historia mínima del futbol en América Latina (in Spanish). Mexico City: El Colegio de México. ISBN 9786076282717. Retrieved February 12, 2023.
  27. ^ "Un jugador de Perú asegura que su equipo se vendió en el 6-0 ante Argentina de 1978". Fútbol América (in Spanish). March 13, 2018. Archived from the original on December 24, 2022. Retrieved February 12, 2023.
  28. ^ "Cruces entre Alemann y Lacoste". Archived from the original on April 22, 2009. Retrieved November 29, 2020.
  29. ^ Fernández Moores, Ezequiel; Bonadeo, Gonzalo; Guebel, Diego; Pergolini, Mario (2003). Mundial 78: la historia paralela (documental). Argentina: Ayer Nomás. Event occurs at 38:30.
  30. ^ Fernández Moores, Ezequiel (December 12, 2007). "Mondragón esmiúça Copa "comprada" em 78 (Entrevista a Fernando Rodríguez Mondragón)". Terra (in Brazilian Portuguese). Brazil.
  31. ^ Fernández Moores, Ezequiel; Bonadeo, Gonzalo; Guebel, Diego; Pergolini, Mario (2003). Mundial 78: la historia paralela (documental). Argentina: Ayer Nomás. Event occurs at 33:40-33:51.
  32. ^ Fernández Moores, Ezequiel; Bonadeo, Gonzalo; Guebel, Diego; Pergolini, Mario (2003). Mundial 78: la historia paralela (documental). Argentina: Ayer Nomás. Event occurs at 33:50-34:45.
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  35. ^ ""Chupete" Quiroga: "Tengo la conciencia tranquila porque no me vendí"". Lacapital.com.ar (in Spanish). October 5, 2016.
  36. ^ "Yo no me vendí". Clarin (in Spanish). April 9, 1998.
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  38. ^ "FIFA anularía título de Argentina en Mundial de 1978". Diario La República. February 14, 2012. Archived from the original on June 27, 2019. Retrieved March 13, 2018.
  39. ^ "Juan José Muñante: "José Velásquez está delirando, nadie se echó"". El Popular (in Spanish). March 13, 2018. Archived from the original on June 22, 2021.
  40. ^ "The story of the 1978 World Cup". BBC. May 18, 2010. Archived from the original on October 30, 2022. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
  41. ^ "Juan José Muñante le respondió a José Velásquez: "Esta delirando, nadie se echó"". RPP Noticias. March 13, 2018.
  42. ^ "Videla niega el posible fraude en el mundial 78". MARCA. April 30, 2012.
  43. ^ "José Velásquez sería denunciado por la hija de Raúl Gorriti". depor.com. March 14, 2018.
  44. ^ "No pasó nada malo". ESPN Deportes. December 5, 2007. Archived from the original on February 12, 2023.
  45. ^ "El 6-0 de Argentina a Perú de 1978 fue tema polémico en Zúrich". El Comercio (in Spanish). April 25, 2013. Archived from the original on April 7, 2022.
  46. ^ "Héctor Chumpitaz asegura que selección de Perú nunca se vendió en Mundial del 78". El Popular. March 15, 2018. Archived from the original on June 29, 2018. Retrieved July 15, 2020.
  47. ^ "Jugadores peruanos niegan haber sido sobornados para perder en Mundial 78". El Espectador (in Spanish). December 6, 2007. Archived from the original on October 6, 2022.
  48. ^ "César Cueto "El Perú del 78 fue el Colombia del 94"". El Pais. September 1, 2014. Archived from the original on October 6, 2022.
  49. ^ "Teófilo Cubillas: "No hubo arreglo en el 6-0 del Mundial 78"". Clarín Noticias (in Spanish). June 12, 2006. Archived from the original on October 6, 2022.
  50. ^ ""No hubo nada", Teófilo Cubillas habla sobre el polémico Argentina - Perú del Mundial de 1978". BBC Mundo (in Spanish). September 13, 2018. Archived from the original on January 17, 2023.
  51. ^ "Una estrella de Holanda sobre el Mundial 78: "Para nosotros, el 6-0 de la Argentina a Perú fue sobornado"". La Nación (in Spanish). June 5, 2020. Archived from the original on October 6, 2022.
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