Arapahoan languages
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (October 2018) |
| Arapahoan | |
|---|---|
| Araphoic | |
| Geographic distribution | United States |
| Linguistic classification | Algic
|
| Subdivisions | |
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | arap1273 |
The Arapahoan languages are a subgroup of the Plains group of Algonquian languages: Nawathinehena, Arapaho, and Gros Ventre.
Nawathinehena is extinct and Arapaho and Gros Ventre are both endangered.[1][2]
Besawunena, attested only from a word list collected by Kroeber, differs only slightly from Arapaho, but a few of its sound changes resemble those seen in Gros Ventre. It had speakers among the Northern Arapaho as recently as the late 1920s.[citation needed]
Nawathinehena is also attested only from a word list collected by Kroeber, and was the most divergent language of the group.[citation needed][3]
Another reported Arapahoan variety is the extinct Ha'anahawunena, but there is no documentation of it.[citation needed]
Classification
[edit]The Glottolog database classifies the Arapahoan languages as follows:[4]
- Arapahoic
- Arapaho–Gros Ventre–Besawunena[5]
- Nawathinehena
Notes
[edit]- ^ Lewis, M. Paul (ed.), 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International
- ^ Goddard 2001:74-76, 79
- ^ "Nawathinehena (Nawathi'nehena)". www.native-languages.org.
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2023-06-10). "Glottolog 4.8 - Arapahoic". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962. Archived from the original on 2023-08-24. Retrieved 2023-09-06.
- ^ Although Glottolog's name for this branch mentions Besawunena, it is not listed within either of the two langoids or in its own langoid.
References
[edit]- Goddard, Ives (2001). "The Algonquian Languages of the Plains." In Plains, Part I, ed. Raymond J. DeMallie. Vol. 13 of Handbook of North American Indians, ed. William C. Sturtevant. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, pp. 71–79.
- Marianne Mithun (1999). The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
External links
[edit]- "Arapaho" at Native-languages.org
- "Gros Ventre" at Native-languages.org
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