Apple rubbery wood
| Apple rubbery wood virus | |
|---|---|
Virus classification 
| |
| (unranked): | Virus |
| Realm: | Riboviria |
| Kingdom: | Orthornavirae |
| Phylum: | Negarnaviricota |
| Class: | Ellioviricetes |
| Order: | Bunyavirales |
| Family: | Phenuiviridae |
| Genus: | Rubodvirus |
| Synonyms[1] | |
| |
Apple rubbery wood virus, also known as apple rubodvirus is a viral disease that causes apple rubbery wood in apple and pear cultivars. There are two varieties: ARWV 1 and ARWV 2. It gets its name from its distinctive effect that it has on its host trees, which show unusual flexibility in the stems and branches after a few years of infection. This often results in the maturing fruits of the tree to weigh down the branches such that they lay on the ground. Apple rubbery wood, or ARW, occurs worldwide, affecting apple and pear cultivars in most developed countries.[2][3]
Taxonomy
[edit]Originally, ARW was assumed to be caused by phytoplasmas, but it could not be confirmed through multiple tests.[4] In 2019, it was suggested that both ARW 1 and 2 are given their own new genus, "Rubodvirus" (Rubbery wood virus), the name coming from Rub- in "Rubbery", and -od in "wood".[5][6]
Symptoms
[edit]Limbs of the host tree become abnormally flexible, becoming unable to stay upright in most cases. Tree growth is stunted, and new stems and limbs are unable to grow, are distorted, or are rosetted. The limbs of affected trees are distinctly "flat", caused by atrophy of the vascular tissue. On some trees, like Quince, bark necrosis and discolored leaves can occur.[2]
Impact
[edit]ARW rarely occurs by itself, and instead often occurs along with multiple other diseases, such as powdery mildew and scabbing. Its biggest effect in losses is through fruit yield, which can be reduced by 10–30%, though it isn't of much economic significance in countries where it is extant. It is transmitted from tree to tree through grafting of infected limbs.[7]
ARW is known to infect multiple cultivars,[2] including:
- Cydonia oblonga (quince)
- Malus (ornamental species apple)
- Malus baccata (Siberian crab apple)
- Malus domestica (apple)
- Prunus avium (sweet cherry)
- Prunus cerasus (sour cherry)
- Pyrus communis (European pear)
Treatment
[edit]In Europe, heat treatment can be used to render trees disease-free. A period of 7 days of dry heat exposure (38°C) is effective on young, infected trees.[2]
References
[edit]- ^ "Apple rubbery wood phytoplasma (apple rubbery wood)". Invasive Species Compendium. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
- ^ a b c d "Species Page: apple rubbery wood". Plantwise Knowledge Bank. doi:10.1079/pwkb.species.6557. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
- ^ Guojun Hu, Yafeng Dong, Zunping Zhang, Xudong Fan, Fang Ren, Xingkai Lu (2021). "First report of apple rubbery wood virus 2 infection of apples in China". Plant Disease. 105 (2): 519. doi:10.1094/PDIS-04-20-0864-PDN. PMID 32840430. S2CID 221306129.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Apple (Malus spp.)-Rubbery Wood and Flat Limb". Pacific Northwest Pest Management Handbooks. 11 September 2015. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
- ^ "ICTV Taxonomy history: Rubodvirus ". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Retrieved 23 February 2022.
- ^ Michael E. Rott, Prasad Kesanakurti, Constanze Berwarth, Heidi Rast, Ian Boyes, James Phelan, and Wilhelm Jelkmann (2018). "Discovery of Negative-Sense RNA Viruses in Trees Infected with Apple Rubbery Wood Disease by Next-Generation Sequencing". Plant Disease. 102 (7). APS Publications: 1254–1263. doi:10.1094/PDIS-06-17-0851-RE. PMID 30673558. S2CID 59224449.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ E.E. Chamberlain , J.D. Atkinson , G.A. Wood & J.A. Hunter (1971) (1971). "Apple rubbery wood virus". New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research. 14 (3): 714. Bibcode:1971NZJAR..14..707C. doi:10.1080/00288233.1971.10421664. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)