Anthracotherium

Anthracotherium; Temporal range: Middle Eocene to ?Early Miocene
	Anthracotherium magnum skull and jaws
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Artiodactyla
Family:	†Anthracotheriidae
Subfamily:	†Anthracotheriinae
Genus:	†Anthracotherium; G. Cuvier, 1822
Species
	†A. magnum Cuvier, 1822 (type); †A. chaimanei Ducrocq, 1999; †A. monsvialense de Zigno, 1888; †A. bumbachense Stehlin, 1910; †A. meneghinii; †A. kwablianicum Gabounia, 1964;

Anthracotherium (from Greek: ἄνθραξ anthrax, 'coal' and Greek: θηρίον therium 'beast')^[3] is an extinct genus of artiodactyls characterized by having 44 teeth, with five semi-crescentic cusps on the crowns of the upper molars. The genus ranged from the middle Eocene period until the early Miocene, having a distribution throughout Eurasia.^[4] Material subjectively assigned to Anthracotherium from Pakistan suggests the last species died out soon after the start of the Miocene.^[1]

Description

The genus typifies the family Anthracotheriidae, if only because it is the most thoroughly studied. In many respects, especially the anatomy of the lower jaw, Anthracotherium, as with the other members of the family, is allied to the hippopotamus, of which it is probably an ancestral form.^[4] The Anthracotheres, together with the hippos, are grouped with the cetaceans in the clade Whippomorpha. Anthracotheriinae are characterized by three non-ambiguous features, which is their crown height development of the lower canine, and the presence of accessory cristulids from the hypoconulid, posthypocristulid, and labial on the lower and upper molars. ^[5] With these features into consideration, it has been found that these anthracotheres are in three dietary categories of extant herbivores: leaf browsers, fruit browsers, and grazers.^[6]

Etymology

The genus name stems from the fact that the holotype and other first specimens were originally obtained from the Paleogene (previously known as "Tertiary")-aged lignite beds of Europe.^[4]

The European Anthracotherium magnum was approximately as large as a pygmy hippo (about 2 m long and weighing up to 250 kg), but there were several smaller species and the genus also occurs in Egypt, India and North America.^[4]^[7] Members of the genus Anthracotherium, as well as other members of the family Anthracotheriidae, are known colloquially as anthracotheres.

Anthracotherium magnum
Anthracotherium sp. coprolite at the Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin

References

^ ^a ^b SAN, NWE NWE, and THAUNG HTIKE. "New discovery of anthracotheres (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from the Middle Miocene of Sagaing Region, Upper Myanmar." (2014).
^ Scherler, Laureline; Lihoreau, Fabrice; Becker, Damien (8 September 2018). "To split or not to split Anthracotherium? A phylogeny of Anthracotheriinae (Cetartiodactyla: Hippopotamoidea) and its palaeobiogeographical implications". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 185 (2): 487–510. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zly052. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
^ Roberts, George (1839). An etymological and explanatory dictionary of the terms and language of geology. London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, & Longmans. p. 9. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Anthracotherium". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 106.
^ Scherler, Laureline; Lihoreau, Fabrice; Becker, Damien (2019-01-18). "To split or not to split Anthracotherium? A phylogeny of Anthracotheriinae (Cetartiodactyla: Hippopotamoidea) and its palaeobiogeographical implications". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 185 (2): 487–510. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zly052. ISSN 0024-4082.
^ Rivals, Florent; Belyaev, Ruslan I.; Basova, Vera B.; Prilepskaya, Natalya E. (2023-02-01). "Hogs, hippos or bears? Paleodiet of European Oligocene anthracotheres and entelodonts". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 611: 111363. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2022.111363. ISSN 0031-0182.
^ L'ANTHRACOTHERIUM (in italian)

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[SNT-1] SAN, NWE NWE, and THAUNG HTIKE. "New discovery of anthracotheres (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from the Middle Miocene of Sagaing Region, Upper Myanmar." (2014).

[2] Scherler, Laureline; Lihoreau, Fabrice; Becker, Damien (8 September 2018). "To split or not to split Anthracotherium? A phylogeny of Anthracotheriinae (Cetartiodactyla: Hippopotamoidea) and its palaeobiogeographical implications". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 185 (2): 487–510. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zly052. Retrieved 17 March 2023.

[3] Roberts, George (1839). An etymological and explanatory dictionary of the terms and language of geology. London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, & Longmans. p. 9. Retrieved 29 December 2021.

[EB1911-4] One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Anthracotherium". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 106.

[5] Scherler, Laureline; Lihoreau, Fabrice; Becker, Damien (2019-01-18). "To split or not to split Anthracotherium? A phylogeny of Anthracotheriinae (Cetartiodactyla: Hippopotamoidea) and its palaeobiogeographical implications". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 185 (2): 487–510. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zly052. ISSN 0024-4082.

[6] Rivals, Florent; Belyaev, Ruslan I.; Basova, Vera B.; Prilepskaya, Natalya E. (2023-02-01). "Hogs, hippos or bears? Paleodiet of European Oligocene anthracotheres and entelodonts". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 611: 111363. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2022.111363. ISSN 0031-0182.

[7] L'ANTHRACOTHERIUM (in italian)

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