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Amphiroa

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Amphiroa
Amphiroa beauvoisii
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Clade: Archaeplastida
Division: Rhodophyta
Class: Florideophyceae
Order: Corallinales
Family: Corallinaceae
Subfamily: Amphiroideae
Genus: Amphiroa
J.V. Lamouroux, 1812

Amphiroa is a genus of thalloid red algae under the family Corallinaceae.

Taxonomy and nomenclature

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Amphiroa was first described by Jean Vincent Félix Lamouroux in 1812 with the type species for the genus being Amphiroa tribulus[1]. This genus was named after Amphiro, a sea nymph in the epic poem of Theogony by the Greek poet Hesiod.[1][2] There are currently 72 accepted species names for this genus.[2]

Morphology

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Amphiroa is composed of an erect thallus that is attached to the substrate with an insconspicous crustose base, and possess mature branches differentiated into alternating areas calcified intergenicula and uncalcified genicula that is composed of more than cell layer and does not exhibit any dimerous flange-like branches.[3][4][5] Specimens can reach around 30 cm in size. The thalli take a crustose form; dichotomous branches are formed. The organisms possess secondary pit connections. Amphiroa reproduces by means of conceptacles; it produces tetraspores. Its pore canals are lined with parallel filaments; the morphology of the pore canal is a key trait used to delineate species within the genus.[6]

Distribution

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Amphiroa is a cosmopolitan genus inhabiting the tropics up to the temperate regions.[4][5]

Ecology

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This genus is found from the intertidal down to the subtidal areas of the reef.[5]

Life history

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Amphiroa exhibit a triphasic life cycle, however, their tetrasporangia, spermatangia, and carposporangia are borne out of a specialized organ called a conceptacle. This triphasic cycle involves the production of tetraspores (N) from the tetrasporophyte (2N) and the subsequent development of the tetraspores into either the male or female gametophyte (N); the resulting spermatium produced by the male gametophyte is later on trapped by the trichogyne of the female gametophyte leading to their eventual fusion and development of the carposporophyte (2N); the cycle is complete when the carpospores (2N) are released and develops into the next set of tetrasporophytes.[5][7]

Exploitation, harvesting, and cultivation

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Amphiroa species are unpalatable due to its thallus being highly calcified, and thus there is no immediate cultivation and use for the seaweed.

Chemical composition and natural products chemistry

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Amphiroa contains several bioactive compounds similar to other seaweeds, for example, the ellagic acid, gallic acid, and phenolic compounds within A. anceps has shown to be a potential anti-fungal agent,[8] moreover, the addition of A. fragilissima polysaccharides have shown to improve the gut of farmed shrimp.[9]

Utilization and management

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This genus is currently not being utilized and managed on a commercial scale due to a lack of culture technology.

Species

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The valid species that are currently considered belonging to this genus are the following:[10]

  1. Amphiroa anastomosans Weber Bosse
  2. Amphiroa anceps (Lamarck) Decaisne
  3. Amphiroa annobonensis Pilger
  4. Amphiroa annulata Me.Lemoine
  5. Amphiroa articulata (Bory) Athanasiadis
  6. Amphiroa beauvoisii J.V.Lamouroux
  7. Amphiroa bowerbankii Harvey
  8. Amphiroa brasiliana Decaisne
  9. Amphiroa breviarticulata Areschoug
  10. Amphiroa canaliculata G.Martens
  11. Amphiroa capensis Areschoug
  12. Amphiroa compressa M.Lemoine
  13. Amphiroa crassa J.V.Lamouroux
  14. Amphiroa crosslandii M.Lemoine
  15. Amphiroa crustiformis E.Y.Dawson
  16. Amphiroa cryptarthrodia Zanardini
  17. Amphiroa cumingii Montagne
  18. Amphiroa currae Ganesan
  19. Amphiroa dimorpha Me.Lemoine
  20. Amphiroa echigoensis Yendo
  21. Amphiroa ephedraea (Lamarck) Decaisne
  22. Amphiroa exilis Harvey
  23. Amphiroa foliacea J.V.Lamouroux
  24. Amphiroa fragilissima (Linnaeus) J.V.Lamouroux
  25. Amphiroa franciscana W.R.Taylor
  26. Amphiroa galapagensis W.R.Taylor
  27. Amphiroa gracilis Harvey
  28. Amphiroa hancockii W.R.Taylor
  29. Amphiroa howensis A.H.S.Lucas
  30. Amphiroa irregularis Kützing
  31. Amphiroa itonoi Srimanobhas & Masaki
  32. Amphiroa klochkovana A.S.Harvey, W.J.Woelkerling & A.J.K.Millar
  33. Amphiroa kuetzingiana Trevisan
  34. Amphiroa magdalenensis E.Y.Dawson
  35. Amphiroa maletractata Simonsen
  36. Amphiroa minutissima W.R.Taylor
  37. Amphiroa misakiensis Yendo
  38. Amphiroa nodularia (Pallas) Decaisne
  39. Amphiroa nodulosa Kützing
  40. Amphiroa pacifica Kützing
  41. Amphiroa peruana Areschoug ex W.R.Taylor
  42. Amphiroa polymorpha M.Lemoine
  43. Amphiroa prefragilissima Me.Lemoine
  44. Amphiroa pusilla Yendo
  45. Amphiroa rigida J.V.Lamouroux
  46. Amphiroa rubra (Philippi) Woelkerling
  47. Amphiroa setacea Kützing
  48. Amphiroa subcylindrica E.Y.Dawson
  49. Amphiroa taylorii E.Y.Dawson
  50. Amphiroa tribulus (J.Ellis & Solander) J.V.Lamouroux - type
  51. Amphiroa ungulata Montagne & Millardet
  52. Amphiroa valonioides Yendo
  53. Amphiroa vanbosseae Me.Lemoine
  54. Amphiroa yendoi Børgesen
  55. Amphiroa yendoi De Toni

References

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  1. ^ a b Lamouroux, J.V.F. (1812). "Extrait d'un mémoire sur la classification des Polypiers coralligènes non entièrement pierreux". Nouveaux Bulletin des Sciences, par la Société Philomathique de Paris. 3: 181–188.
  2. ^ a b Guiry, M.D.; Guiry, G.M. (2023). "Amphiroa J.V.Lamouroux, 1812". AlgaeBase. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
  3. ^ Woelkerling, W.M.J.; Sartoni, G.; Boddi, S. (2002). "Paulsilvella huveorum gen. & sp. nov. (Corallinaceae, Rhodophyta) from the Holocene of Somalia and Kenya, with a reassessment of Lithothrix antiqua from the Late Pleistocene of Mauritius". Phycologia. 41 (4): 358–373. doi:10.2216/i0031-8884-41-4-358.1. ISSN 0031-8884. S2CID 86442902.
  4. ^ a b Harvey, Adele S.; Woelkerling, William J.; Millar, Alan J.K. (2009-07-01). "The genus Amphiroa (Lithophylloideae, Corallinaceae, Rhodophyta) from the temperate coasts of the Australian continent, including the newly described A. klochkovana". Phycologia. 48 (4): 258–290. doi:10.2216/08-84.1. ISSN 0031-8884. S2CID 84444359.
  5. ^ a b c d Norris, J.N.; Johansen, W.H. (1981). "Articulated coralline algae of the Gulf of California, Mexico. I. Amphiroa Lamouroux". Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences. 9: 32. doi:10.5479/si.1943667X.9.1.
  6. ^ Harvey, A. S.; Woelkerling, W. J.; Millar, A. J. K. (2009). "The genus Amphiroa (Lithophylloideae, Corallinaceae, Rhodophyta) from the temperate coasts of the Australian continent, including the newly described A. klochkovana". Phycologia. 48 (4): 258. doi:10.2216/08-84.1. S2CID 84444359.
  7. ^ Johansen, H.W. (1968). "Reproduction of the Articulated Coralline Amphiroa Ephedraea". Journal of Phycology. 4 (4): 319–328. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.1968.tb04702.x. PMID 27068206. S2CID 24515929.
  8. ^ El-Bilawy, E.H.; Al-Mansori, A.A.; Soliman, S.A.; Alotibi, F.O.; Al-Askar, A.A.; Arishi, A.A.; Sabry, A.E.N.; Elsharkawy, M.M.; Heflish, A.A.; Behiry, S.I.; Abdelkhalek, A. (2022). "Antifungal, Antiviral, and HPLC Analysis of Phenolic and Flavonoid Compounds of Amphiroa anceps Extract". Sustainability. 14 (19): 12253. doi:10.3390/su141912253. ISSN 2071-1050.
  9. ^ Muttharasi, C.; Gayathri, V.; Muralisankar, T.; Mohan, K.; Uthayakumar, V.; Radhakrishnan, S.; Kumar, P.; Palanisamy, M. (2021). "Growth performance, digestive enzymes and antioxidants activities in the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei fed with Amphiroa fragilissima crude polysaccharides encapsulated Artemia nauplii". Aquaculture. 545: 737263. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737263.
  10. ^ AlgaeBase


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