American fugitives in Cuba

The FBI's wanted poster for Robert F. Williams, the first prominent American fugitive in Cuba.

Various American fugitives in Cuba have found political asylum in Cuba after participating in militant activities in the Black power movement or the Independence movement in Puerto Rico.^[1] Other fugitives in Cuba include defected CIA agents and others.^[2] The Cuban government formed formal ties with the Black Panther Party in the 1960s, and many fugitive Black Panthers would find political asylum in Cuba, but after their activism was seen being repressed in Cuba many became disillusioned.^[3] House Concurrent Resolution 254, passed in 1998, put the number at 90.^[4] One estimate, c. 2000, put the number at approximately 100.^[5]

History

Beginnings

Fidel Castro had long tried to court African American support for Cuba ever since the victory of the Cuban Revolution and the promotions of Cuba as an island without racism perfect for African American tourists. Robert F. Williams was invited to live in Cuba after legal prosecutions against him in the United States in 1961. While in Cuba he edited The Crusader newspaper and hosted radio shows at Radio Free Dixie. Over Williams' time in Cuba he began to become disillusioned with Cuba believing the island was controlled by a "white petit bourgeoisie", while Afro-Cubans were feeling the pinch of fast returning subtle racism", and also later suggested against black militants without criminal histories hijacking planes to come to Cuba. Williams was also discouraged from promoting Black nationalist beliefs by the Cuban government.^[6]

Increase

Between 1967 and 1968 dozens of Black Panthers found refuge in Cuba. Eldridge Cleaver went to reside Cuba in 1968 and asked for Cuba to militarily train Black Panthers, the proposition was declined.^[7] By 1969 various Black Panthers in Cuba complained of not being allowed to organize their party or discuss African culture, and arrests following protesting conditions in Cuba or asking to leave the country.^[8]

Actually, no Black Panther Party members hijacked any planes in 1967 or 1968. It wasn't until William Lee Brent, a Bay Area Black Panther, who on June 17, 1969, hijacked Trans World Airlines Flight 154 to Cuba. Hijackings committed by Blacks in the US bound to Cuba between 1968 and May 1969 were exclusively escaped criminals or political activists but none of them were Black Panther Party members. It was only after William Lee Brent's hijacking that other Black Panthers would find political exile in Cuba. Most moved on to Algiers where Eldridge Cleaver, Minister of Information for the Black Panther Party, headed the International Section of the BPP. Many exiled Panthers and former hijackers now turned Panthers, made up Cleavers group.

"He's the only North American who made an adjustment to Cuban life, " Stated D.R. Huey P. Newton of Panther William Lee Grant (The CoEvolution Journal, Fall 1977).

Most hijackers who complained about their mistreatment while in Cuba were disillusioned with Cuba being a utopia for Revolutionaries. Most of them were also barely out of their teens and idealistic, expecting a heroes' welcome by the communist government. They were not prepared for the reality of socialism and culture shock.

Between 1968 and 1972 over 130 airplane hijackings occurred in the United States, all hijackers aiming to fly their planes to Cuba to find refuge. Many hijackers regarded themselves as revolutionaries but one noted hijacker was a Cuban exile who simply wanted to return home to eat his mother's food. Most hijackers were interviewed by Cuban authorities and either sent to live in the "Hijackers House" dormitory or work in labor camps.^[9] Huey P. Newton found himself residing in Cuba in 1974 and mostly kept to himself in his home in Santa Clara. Assata Shakur would find refuge in Cuba later in 1984.^[7] By the time Shakur resided in Cuba the Cuban government had relaxed procedures used on fugitives residing in Cuba and mainly left her to her own devices.^[6]

Later status

Since the resumption of relations with the United States and the trades of imprisoned spies some have suspected fugitives in Cuba may be extradited to the United States but no extraditions have occurred.^[2]^{[disputed – discuss]}

List

The following people are fugitives who have or currently are finding refuge in Cuba, (in alphabetical order).

References

^ Meghan Keneally (December 19, 2014). "These American Fugitives May Be Hiding Out in Cuba". abcnews.go.com.
^ ^a ^b Jon Lee Anderson (August 13, 2016). "The American Fugitives of Havana". newyorker.com.
^ Reitan, Ruth (June 1999). "Cuba, the black panther party and the US black movement in the 1960s: Issues of security". New Political Science. 21 (2): 217–230. doi:10.1080/07393149908429864.
^ House Concurrent Resolution 254.
^ Reed Irvine and Cliff Kincaid. 2000, May 11. "Sending Elian Back To A Terrorist State Archived 2006-12-01 at the Wayback Machine." Accuracy in Media.
^ ^a ^b Dunbar, Jessie Lafrance (2017). "Where Diaspora Meets Disillusionment: Panther Politics in Castro's Cuba". Interdisciplinary Literary Studies. 19 (3): 299–319. doi:10.5325/intelitestud.19.3.0299. S2CID 148762414. Project MUSE 672190.
^ ^a ^b Benvenuti, Alberto (2015). "African American Radicals and Revolutionary Cuba from 1959 until the Black Power Years". In Buonomo, Leonardo; Vezzosi, Elisabetta (eds.). Discourses of Emancipation and the Boundaries of Freedom. Selected Papers from the 22nd AISNA Biennial International Conference. EUT Edizioni Università di Trieste. pp. 129–137. hdl:10077/11634. ISBN 978-88-8303-689-7.
^ Fenton Wheeler (June 26, 1969). "Life Worse in Cuba, Unhappy Black Panthers Wail". latinamericanstudies.org.
^ Brendan Koerner (June 18, 2013). "How Hijackers Commandeered Over 130 American Planes — In 5 Years". wired.com.
^ Asha Bandele. 2003, January. "Cuba's soul: the nation's spirit still thrives. Just ask the women." Essence.
^ Costello D. 1986, August 13. "Cuba claims U.S. officer in defection." Courier-Mail.
^ Larry Rohter. 1996, April 9. "Havana Journal;25 Years an Exile: An Old Black Panther Sums Up." New York Times.
^ Aidan Smith. 2000, May 2. "The Gun-toting Black Panther who turned into a Pussycat." The Scotsman.
^ ^a ^b New York Post. May 9, 1998. "Playing Chesimard with Cuba." p. 14.

[1] Meghan Keneally (December 19, 2014). "These American Fugitives May Be Hiding Out in Cuba". abcnews.go.com.

[ny-2] Jon Lee Anderson (August 13, 2016). "The American Fugitives of Havana". newyorker.com.

[3] Reitan, Ruth (June 1999). "Cuba, the black panther party and the US black movement in the 1960s: Issues of security". New Political Science. 21 (2): 217–230. doi:10.1080/07393149908429864.

[4] House Concurrent Resolution 254.

[5] Reed Irvine and Cliff Kincaid. 2000, May 11. "Sending Elian Back To A Terrorist State Archived 2006-12-01 at the Wayback Machine." Accuracy in Media.

[Diaspora-6] Dunbar, Jessie Lafrance (2017). "Where Diaspora Meets Disillusionment: Panther Politics in Castro's Cuba". Interdisciplinary Literary Studies. 19 (3): 299–319. doi:10.5325/intelitestud.19.3.0299. S2CID 148762414. Project MUSE 672190.

[aisna-7] Benvenuti, Alberto (2015). "African American Radicals and Revolutionary Cuba from 1959 until the Black Power Years". In Buonomo, Leonardo; Vezzosi, Elisabetta (eds.). Discourses of Emancipation and the Boundaries of Freedom. Selected Papers from the 22nd AISNA Biennial International Conference. EUT Edizioni Università di Trieste. pp. 129–137. hdl:10077/11634. ISBN 978-88-8303-689-7.

[8] Fenton Wheeler (June 26, 1969). "Life Worse in Cuba, Unhappy Black Panthers Wail". latinamericanstudies.org.

[9] Brendan Koerner (June 18, 2013). "How Hijackers Commandeered Over 130 American Planes — In 5 Years". wired.com.

[10] Asha Bandele. 2003, January. "Cuba's soul: the nation's spirit still thrives. Just ask the women." Essence.

[11] Costello D. 1986, August 13. "Cuba claims U.S. officer in defection." Courier-Mail.

[12] Larry Rohter. 1996, April 9. "Havana Journal;25 Years an Exile: An Old Black Panther Sums Up." New York Times.

[13] Aidan Smith. 2000, May 2. "The Gun-toting Black Panther who turned into a Pussycat." The Scotsman.

[nypost-14] New York Post. May 9, 1998. "Playing Chesimard with Cuba." p. 14.

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v t e Cuba–United States relations
Diplomatic posts	Embassy of Cuba, Washington, D.C. Ambassadors of Cuba to the United States Embassy of the United States, Havana Ambassadors of the United States to Cuba United States Interests Section in Havana Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs
Diplomacy	Cuban–American Treaty of Relations (1903) Hay-Quesada Treaty Cuban–American Treaty of Relations (1934) Good Neighbor policy Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance El Diálogo Cuba–United States Maritime Boundary Agreement Tripartite Accord (1988) Cuban thaw JetBlue Flight 387
Conflicts	Spanish–American War Ostend Manifesto USS Maine Monument to the Victims of the USS Maine (Havana) United States Senate Committee on Cuban Relations The Paquete Habana Army of Cuban Occupation Medal Propaganda United States Military Government in Cuba Second Occupation of Cuba Cuban Pacification Medal (Army) Banana Wars Negro Rebellion Sugar Intervention Cuban Revolution Aftermath La Coubre explosion Cuban exodus Cuban exile Golden exile Bay of Pigs Invasion Brigade 2506 Cuban Democratic Revolutionary Front Cuban Revolutionary Council Operation 40 Operation Mongoose Operation Northwoods Operation Ortsac Operation Peter Pan JMWAVE Polita Grau José Antonio Llama Bay of Pigs Monument Bay of Pigs Museum Jamaican political conflict United States invasion of Grenada United States embargo against Cuba
Incidents	Cubana de Aviación Flight 493 Matthew Edward Duke Cuban Missile Crisis Crateology Banco Nacional de Cuba v. Sabbatino Zemel v. Rusk Cuba–United States aircraft hijackings Pan Am Flight 281 Trans World Airlines Flight 106 Southern Airways Flight 49 Cubana de Aviación Flight 455 Leyla Express and Johnny Express incidents Mariel boatlift Garcia-Mir v. Meese Cuban boat people Sandy Pollack Regan v. Wald 1994 Cuban rafter crisis Operations Safe Haven and Safe Passage Bill Gaede 1996 shootdown of Brothers to the Rescue aircraft Cuban Five Elián González Ana Montes Carlos Alvarez Elsa Alvarez Kendall Myers Alan Gross Havana syndrome American fugitives in Cuba Assassination attempts on Fidel Castro
Legislation	Teller Amendment Platt Amendment Cuban Assets Control Regulations Cuban Adjustment Act Wet feet, dry feet policy Helms–Burton Act Freedom to Travel to Cuba Act Cuban Democracy Act Trade Sanction Reform and Export Enhancement Act
Related	Americans in Cuba Cuban Americans Little Havana Cuban migration to Miami Havana on the Hudson Cuban–American lobby Guantánamo Bay Timeline Guantanamo Bay Naval Base Guantanamo Bay detention camp 1999 Baltimore Orioles–Cuba national baseball team exhibition series Alpha 66 Antonio Maceo Brigade Brothers to the Rescue Balseros Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba Congressional Cuba Democracy Caucus Coordination of United Revolutionary Organizations Cuban American National Foundation Cuban dissident movement Cuban Liberty Council CubaOne Foundation Cuban Power Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil Engage Cuba Fair Play for Cuba Committee Friends of Democratic Cuba Havana Jam Omega 7 Radio Free Dixie Radio y Televisión Martí US-Cuba Democracy PAC Varela Project Venceremos Brigade ZunZuneo Cuban football players who defected to the United States Filibuster (military) NOAAS Oregon II (R 332) Silver certificate Troika of tyranny Cuban Baseball Hall of Fame Boquerón, Cuba Straits of Florida Third Border Initiative State Sponsors of Terrorism United States and state-sponsored terrorism Luis Posada Carriles Orlando Bosch Cuba–OAS relations United Nations Security Council Resolution 144 Overthrow The Cuba Wars Balseros 638 Ways to Kill Castro
Category:Cuba–United States relations