Ambrosio Flores

Ambrosio Flores
Ambrosio Flores
Governor of Rizal
	In office; June 1901 – 1904
Preceded by	Position established
Succeeded by	Arturo Dancel
Governor of Manila
	In office; August 10, 1898 – February 4, 1899
Supreme Commander Philippine Revolutionary Army
	In office; June 6, 1899 – June 9, 1899
President	Emilio Aguinaldo
Preceded by	Lieutenant General Antonio Luna
Succeeded by	Generalissimo Emilio Aguinaldo
Assistant Secretary of War and Chief of General Staff
	In office; August 1898 – June 1899
President	Emilio Aguinaldo
Preceded by	Antonio Luna
Succeeded by	Venancio Concepcion
Member of the Malolos Congress from Batangas
	In office; September 15, 1898 – November 13, 1899 Serving with Mariano Lopez, Gregorio Aguilera and Eduardo Gutierrez
Personal details
Born	March 20, 1843; Manila, Captaincy General of the Philippines
Died	June 24, 1912 (aged 69); Pasig, Rizal, Philippine Islands
Political party	Federalista Party
Education	University of Santo Tomas
Occupation	Soldier, writer, politician
Profession	Lawyer
Military service
Allegiance	First Philippine Republic
Branch/service	Philippine Revolutionary Army; Spanish Army
Years of service	1896–1900(Philippines); 1860-1896 (Spain)
Rank	Brigadier General (Philippine Revolutionary Army); First Lieutenant (Spanish Army)
Battles/wars	Philippine Revolution; Philippine–American War

Ambrosio Flores y Flores (March 20, 1843 – June 24, 1912) was a Filipino general in the Philippine Revolution and the first governor of the province of Rizal.^[1]

Biography

Ambrosio Flores was born on March 20, 1843, in Manila, the capital of the Philippine Islands. His parents were Ignacio Flores, a corporal in the Spanish army, and Josefa Flores. He studied Latin with Fr. Esteban del Rosario, as his private tutor, in Ternate, Cavite.^[2] He later studied philosophy at the University of Santo Tomas. After some time, he changed his studies and went to study medicine.

On May 12, 1860, following his father's career, he enlisted in the Spanish army in the 9th Infantry Regiment of Isabel II where his father is a lieutenant.^[2] He was promoted to officer status on July 14, 1875. He served in Mindanao fighting the rebellious Muslims in the region. His military career for more than three decades included flag bearer of Jolo Regiment No. 6. He was also a defensor de oficio (lawyer for the defense) in military courts until 1894. He then held the rank of First Lieutenant. Soon after, he opened an elementary school in Quiapo, Manila.

Flores was active in the Progaganda Movement and in 1894 traveled through the country with Faustino Villareal to spread the work and ideas of José Rizal. Years earlier, he had become a Freemason because of his hatred of the abusive Spanish friars in the Philippine colony.

Masonry

Flores was exposed to the work carried out by masonic lodges under the Gran Oriente de España, which are mainly composed of Spanish military men. He was convinced that Masonry is the institution needed by the Filipinos at that time. So when Nilad Lodge No. 144, the first masonic lodge for Filipinos, was established in Manila, Flores was the first to join adopting Musa as his masonic name.^[2]

In April 1892, he became the first master of the lodge Solidaridad and in-charge of Bathala II. On April 16, 1893, he became the Grand Master of Grand Consejo Regional.

Philippine Revolution

When the Philippine Revolution broke out, Flores was arrested and held captive for 17 months. After his release, he joined the revolutionary troops and was appointed general. He became one of the confidants of Emilio Aguinaldo. He later resigned from the revolutionary army. On August 10, 1898, he was appointed governor of Manila Province. On September 8, 1898, Flores transferred the capital of Manila Province from Marikina to San Juan Del Monte. As governor of Manila, he made divisions of municipalities and later turned them into battalions in preparation of the war against the Americans. He held his position as governor of Manila Province until February 4, 1899.^[3]

Shortly afterwards, he was again drafted into the revolutionary army and made a brigadier general. Flores fought in the battles of Polo and Calumpit in Bulacan.^[4] After the death of General Antonio Luna, Flores became Commander in Chief of the Philippine Army and Secretary of War in the Philippine government of Aguinaldo. However, the U.S. military proved too strong for the Philippine troops. The victory of U.S. military forced Flores to go to Tarlac with the remnants of the revolutionary army and his family. In April 1899, Flores, Col. Manuel Arguelles, and Col. Florentino Torres went to U.S. Gen. Arthur MacArthur to ask for cessation of hostilities. They were interviewed by Gen. Elwell Otis.^[5]

He saw that further resistance was futile and in 1900, along with several other generals and leaders, including Francisco Macabulos and Pantaleon Garcia, surrendered to the Gen. MacArthur in Nueva Ecija.

Governorship of Rizal

In December 1900, along with Florentino Torres, T. H. Pardo de Tavera, Cayetano Arellano, Felipe Buencamino, and Benito Legarda among others, Flores co-founded the Federalista Party.^[2] He became the Director of the party, and headed its newspaper La Democracia. With the help of the party, Flores was appointed Governor of Rizal Province, then later elected for the same position.

While governor, which lasted until 1904, he was active in the "pacification" of the Philippines. The so-called "Ladrones" (revolutionaries who refused to surrender)^[6] were imprisoned during his term. This made Flores unpopular with the population as governor.

Later years and death

After his governorship, he completed a law degree and passed his entrance exam for the Philippine Bar at the age of 62. On July 1, 1911, he was appointed Justice of the Peace in Pasig. In May 1908, he organized the Silanganan Lodge No. 305 in Pasig, and became its first master.^[2] He was re-elected multiple times but his ill-health prevented him from serving for a fifth term. On June 24, 1912, Flores died aged 69.

References

^ INQUIRER.net (2019-03-20). "DID YOU KNOW: 100th birth anniversary of Ambrosio Flores". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved 2021-08-17.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Fajardo, Reynaldo. "Ambrocio Flores: The First Filipino Grand Master" (PDF). The Cabletow. 63 (2): 4–18.
^ Den (2013-01-18). "Pinoy Folk Tales: Filipino Martyr: AMBROSIO FLORES". Pinoy Folk Tales. Retrieved 2022-03-14.
^ "Ambrocio Flores was born in Manila March 20, 1843". The Kahimyang Project. 2012-03-19. Retrieved 2021-08-17.
^ "April 28, 1899". The Philippine Diary Project. 1899-04-28. Retrieved 2022-03-14.
^ Weber, Benjamin D. (August 2018). "Fearing the Flood: Transportation as Counterinsurgency in the US–Occupied Philippines". International Review of Social History. 63 (S26): 191–210. doi:10.1017/S0020859018000287. ISSN 0020-8590.

Sources

Arsenio Manuel, Dictionary of Philippine Biography, Volume Three, Filipiniana Publications, Quezon City (1986)
Carlos Quirino, Who's Who in Philippine History, Tahanan Books, Manila (1995)
National Historical Institute, Filipinos in History, Vol. 1-3, Manila, NHI (1992)
Hector K. Villaroel, Eminent Filipinos, Textbook Publishers, Quezon City (1965)

[1] INQUIRER.net (2019-03-20). "DID YOU KNOW: 100th birth anniversary of Ambrosio Flores". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved 2021-08-17.

[:0-2] Fajardo, Reynaldo. "Ambrocio Flores: The First Filipino Grand Master" (PDF). The Cabletow. 63 (2): 4–18.

[3] Den (2013-01-18). "Pinoy Folk Tales: Filipino Martyr: AMBROSIO FLORES". Pinoy Folk Tales. Retrieved 2022-03-14.

[4] "Ambrocio Flores was born in Manila March 20, 1843". The Kahimyang Project. 2012-03-19. Retrieved 2021-08-17.

[5] "April 28, 1899". The Philippine Diary Project. 1899-04-28. Retrieved 2022-03-14.

[6] Weber, Benjamin D. (August 2018). "Fearing the Flood: Transportation as Counterinsurgency in the US–Occupied Philippines". International Review of Social History. 63 (S26): 191–210. doi:10.1017/S0020859018000287. ISSN 0020-8590.

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