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Ambon, Maluku

Coordinates: 3°41′48″S 128°10′42″E / 3.69667°S 128.17833°E / -3.69667; 128.17833
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(Redirected from Ambon City)
This article is about the city. For the island, see Ambon Island.

Ambon
City
City of Ambon
Kota Ambon
Pattimura statue
panoramic view of Ambon Bay
governor office of Maluku
Coat of arms of Ambon
Coat of arms
Motto: 
Bersatu Manggurebe Maju
Location within Maluku
Location within Maluku
OpenStreetMap
Map
Ambon is located in Maluku
Ambon
Ambon
Location in Maluku and Indonesia
Ambon is located in Indonesia
Ambon
Ambon
Ambon (Indonesia)
Coordinates: 3°41′48″S 128°10′42″E / 3.69667°S 128.17833°E / -3.69667; 128.17833
Country Indonesia
RegionMaluku
Province Maluku
Incorporated7 September 1575
Government
 • MayorBodewin Wattimena [id]
Area
 • Total
359.45 km2 (138.78 sq mi)
Elevation
3 m (10 ft)
Population
 (mid 2023 estimate)
 • Total
354,052
 • Density980/km2 (2,600/sq mi)
 [1]
Area code(+62) 911
Websiteambon.go.id

Ambon (formerly Dutch: Amboina) is the capital and largest city of the Indonesian province of Maluku. This city is also known as Ambon Manise, which means "beautiful" or "pretty" Ambon in the Ambonese language. It covers a land area of 359.45 km2, and had a population of 331,254 at the 2010 Census[2] and 347,288 at the 2020 Census;[3] the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 354,052.[1] The city is divided into five administrative districts (kecamatan) – namely Nusaniwe, Sirimau, Teluk Ambon (Ambon Bay), Baguala (officially Teluk Ambon Baguala) and Leitimur Selatan (South Leitimur). Known as Indonesia's music city,[4][5][6] Ambon became the first city in Southeast Asia to be recognised as the UNESCO City of Music in 2019.[7]

The city is populated by a mix of ethnic Alifuru (original Moluccans), Javanese, Balinese, Butonese, Bugis, Makassar, Papuan, Minahasa, Minang, Flobamora (Flores, Sumba, Alor and Timor ethnics) and those of foreign descent (Chinese, Arabian-Ambonese, Spanish-Ambonese, German-Ambonese, Portuguese-Ambonese and Dutch-Ambonese). Between 1999 and 2002, there was social unrest motivated by racial intolerance.

History

[edit]

Colonial era

[edit]
Amboina in the 17th century under Portugal.

Ambon was colonized by Portugal in 1526 and originally named Nossa Senhora de Anunciada, founded by Portuguese-Moluccan Governor Sancho de Vasconcelos. The Portuguese were driven out by the Dutch in 1605. Except for brief periods of British rule, the island remained under Dutch control until Indonesia's independence in 1945.

Coat of arms of Ambon during colonial era, granted in 1930

During the Dutch period, Ambon was the seat of the Dutch resident and military commander of the Maluku Islands. The town was protected by Fort Victoria, and the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica characterized it as "a clean little town with wide streets, well planted".[8] The population was divided into two classes, orang burger (citizens) and orang negri (villagers), the former being a class of native origin enjoying certain privileges conferred on their ancestors by the old Dutch East India Company. There were also, besides the Dutch, some Arabs, Chinese and a few Portuguese settlers. Ambon was a center of Christian missionary activity, and Ambon and the surrounding islands have many Christians as well as the Muslims that predominate in most of Indonesia.

On 22 December 1902, the Apostolic Prefecture of Dutch New Guinea was established in the city, later to be promoted as the Diocese of Amboina.

Indonesian military forces evacuate refugees from Ambon.

Ambon Island was the site of a major Dutch naval base and was of strategic importance during WW2. In 1941, Dutch forces with the assistance of Australian forces reinforced Ambon in anticipation of a Japanese attack.[9] Japanese forces attacked Ambon as part of their attack on the Dutch East Indies. Despite formidable defenses, Ambon fell when its defenders surrendered after four days of fighting on 3 February 1942.[10] Following the battle, Japanese forces committed numerous acts of atrocities, including the execution of over 300 Dutch and Australian POWs at Laha airfield.[11]

Conflicts since independence

[edit]

In 1950 Ambon was the center of an uprising against Indonesian rule, caused by the self-proclaimed Republic of the South Moluccas. Indonesian troops invaded the city during the Invasion of Ambon and reasserted control in just a few months. Many important buildings such as the Victoria Fort (APRMS main base) were heavily damaged during the confrontation.

In April and May 1958 during the Permesta rebellion in North Sulawesi, the USA supported and supplied the rebels. Pilots from a Taiwan-based CIA front organisation, Civil Air Transport, flying CIA B-26 Invader aircraft, repeatedly bombed and machine-gunned targets in and around Ambon. On 27 April a CIA raid set fire to a military command post, a fuel dump and a Royal Dutch Shell complex.[12] The attack on Shell was deliberate: the CIA had orders to hit foreign commercial interests in order to drive foreign trade away from Indonesia and undermine its economy.[13] The next day, the same CIA pilot bombed Shell interests at Balikpapan in East Kalimantan on Borneo, which persuaded Shell to suspend tanker services from there.[14]

On 28 April a CIA air raid damaged an Indonesian Army barracks next to a marketplace.[15] On 30 April a CIA air raid hit the airstrip.[16] On 7 May a CIA air raid attacked Ambon airstrip, seriously damaging a Douglas C-47 Skytrain and an Indonesian Air Force North American P-51 Mustang and setting fire to a number of fuel drums.[17] On 8 May a CIA B-26 tried to bomb an Indonesian Navy gunboat in Ambon harbour.[18] Its bomb missed but it then machine-gunned the boat, wounding two crew.[18] The Indonesian National Armed Forces reinforced Ambon City's anti-aircraft defences with a number of 12.7 mm (0.5 in) machine guns.[18] On 9 May a CIA B-26 attacked the city again.[18] The machine-gunners returned fire and an Indonesian Air Force P-51 Mustang chased the B-26, but it escaped.[18]

On 15 May a CIA B-26 attacked a small ship, the Naiko, in Ambon Bay.[19] The Naiko was a merchant ship that the Indonesian Government had pressed into military service, and she was bringing a company of Ambonese troops home from East Java.[20] A CIA bomb hit the Naiko's engine room, killing one crew member and 16 infantrymen[20] and setting the ship on fire.[19] The B-26 then attacked Ambon city, aiming for the barracks. Its first bomb missed and exploded in a market-place next door.[19] The next landed in the barracks compound but bounced and exploded near an ice factory.[19] The B-26 in the May air raids was flown by a CAT pilot called Allen Pope.[20] On 18 May Pope attacked Ambon again. First he raided the airstrip again, destroying the C-47 and P-51 that he had damaged on 7 May.[21] Then he flew west of the city and tried to attack one of a pair of troop ships being escorted by the Indonesian Navy.[22] Indonesian forces shot down the B-26 but Pope and his Indonesian radio operator survived and were captured.[23] Pope's capture immediately exposed the level of CIA support for the Permesta rebellion. Embarrassed, the Eisenhower administration quickly ended CIA support for Permesta and withdrew its agents and remaining aircraft from the conflict.[24]

As part of the transmigration program in the 1980s, the Suharto government relocated many migrants, most of them Muslim, from densely overpopulated Java.[citation needed]

Between 1999 and 2002, Ambon was at the centre of sectarian conflict across the Maluku Islands.[25][26] There was further religious violence in 2011.[27]

Geography and climate

[edit]

Topography

[edit]

Most of the land area can be classified as hilly to steeply sloping, while 17% of the land area can be classified as more flat or shallow-sloped.

Climate

[edit]

Ambon experiences a tropical rainforest climate (Af) according to Köppen Climate Classification as there is no real dry season. The driest month is November with total precipitation of 114 mm (4.5 in), while the wettest month is June with total precipitation of 638 mm (25.1 in). As it is located near the equator, the temperature throughout the year is constant. The hottest month is December, with an average temperature of 27.2 °C (81.0 °F), while the coolest month is July, with an average temperature 25.0 °C (77.0 °F).[28]

Climate data for Ambon, Maluku, Indonesia (Extremes: 1912-1936)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 35.5
(95.9) 		35.5
(95.9) 		35.0
(95.0) 		33.9
(93.0) 		32.3
(90.1) 		30.5
(86.9) 		30.0
(86.0) 		30.5
(86.9) 		31.1
(88.0) 		32.8
(91.0) 		34.4
(93.9) 		35.5
(95.9) 		35.5
(95.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 31.3
(88.3) 		31.4
(88.5) 		31.1
(88.0) 		30.7
(87.3) 		29.8
(85.6) 		28.5
(83.3) 		27.5
(81.5) 		27.8
(82.0) 		29.1
(84.4) 		30.3
(86.5) 		31.1
(88.0) 		31.5
(88.7) 		30.0
(86.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) 27.0
(80.6) 		27.0
(80.6) 		26.9
(80.4) 		26.7
(80.1) 		26.4
(79.5) 		25.6
(78.1) 		25.0
(77.0) 		25.1
(77.2) 		25.7
(78.3) 		26.5
(79.7) 		27.0
(80.6) 		27.2
(81.0) 		26.3
(79.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 24.1
(75.4) 		24.1
(75.4) 		23.8
(74.8) 		23.9
(75.0) 		24.0
(75.2) 		23.6
(74.5) 		23.2
(73.8) 		23.1
(73.6) 		23.3
(73.9) 		23.8
(74.8) 		24.1
(75.4) 		24.2
(75.6) 		23.8
(74.8)
Record low °C (°F) 22.2
(72.0) 		22.8
(73.0) 		22.2
(72.0) 		21.6
(70.9) 		20.0
(68.0) 		20.5
(68.9) 		20.0
(68.0) 		19.4
(66.9) 		18.9
(66.0) 		18.9
(66.0) 		21.1
(70.0) 		20.0
(68.0) 		18.9
(66.0)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 127
(5.0) 		119
(4.7) 		135
(5.3) 		279
(11.0) 		516
(20.3) 		638
(25.1) 		602
(23.7) 		401
(15.8) 		241
(9.5) 		155
(6.1) 		114
(4.5) 		132
(5.2) 		3,459
(136.2)
Average rainy days 12 13 12 12 19 21 22 21 16 10 10 13 181
Average relative humidity (%) 79 80 83 85 87 86 85 84 83 81 80 82 83
Mean monthly sunshine hours 192 186 211 177 158 120 115 112 150 192 219 202 2,034
Source 1: Deutscher Wetterdienst[28]
Source 2: Danish Meteorological Institute[29]

Administrative districts

[edit]
Government office in Ambon.

The city is divided into five districts (kecamatan), tabulated below with their areas and their 2010 Census[2] and 2020 Census populations,[3] together with the official estimates as at mid 2023.[1] The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, the number of administrative villages in each district (totaling 20 urban kelurahan, 20 negari and 10 rural desa), and its post codes.

Kode
Wilayah		 Name of
District
(kecamatan)		 Area
in
km2		 Pop'n
Census
2010		 Pop'n
Census
2020		 Pop'n
Estimate
mid 2023		 Admin
centre		 No.
of
villages		 Post
code
81.71.01 Nusaniwe 88.35 89,866 90,250 91,415 Amahusu 13 (a) 97114 - 97118
81.71.02 Sirimau 86.81 140,064 146,426 147,996 Karang Panjang 14 (b) 97121 - 97129
81.71.03 Teluk Ambon Baguala 40.11 53,472 57,591 60,022 Passo 7 (c) 97231 - 97233
81.71.04 Teluk Ambon
(Ambon Bay)		 93.68 38,451 43,363 44,525 Wayame 8 (d) 97233 - 97237
81.71.05 Leitimur Selatan
(South Leitimur)		 50.50 9,401 9,658 10,094 Leahari 8 (e) 97129 & 97237

Notes: (a) comprising 8 kelurahan and 5 negeri. (b) comprising 10 kelurahan, 3 negeri and one desa.
(c) comprising 1 kelurahan, 2 negeri and 4 desa. (d) comprising 1 kelurahan, 2 negeri and 5 desa. (e) all negeri.

Like other regions in the (Maluku Islands), areas in Ambon are still considered to have the status of states, led by kings and queens.

District States
Nusaniwe Urimessing, Benteng, Wainitu, Kudamati, Waihaong, Manggadua, Nusanive, Amahusu, Latuhalat, Seilale
Sirimau Waihoka, Amantelu, Rijali, Karangpanjang, Batumeja, Batugajah, Ahusen, Honipopu, Uritetu, Pandankasturi, Galala, Hative, Batumerah, Soya
Teluk Ambon Baguala Waiheru, Nania, Negrilama, Passo, Lateri, Latta, Halong
Teluk Ambon
(Ambon Bay) 		Laha, Tawiri, Greater Hative, Wayame, Rumatiga, Tihu, Poka, Hunuth
South Leitimor Hatalai, Naku, Kilang, Ema, Hukurila, Hutumuri, Rutong, Leahari

Nusanive

[edit]

Nusanive District consists of the western part of the Leitimur Peninsula. The eight urban kelurahan form part of the built-up area of Ambon city in the centre of the north shore of that peninsula, while the eight negeri (desa) consist of the more rural areas to the west and south of that core. Three of these negeri have the same names as kelurahan in the core.

Kode
Wilayah		 Name of
kelurahan
or desa		 Area
in
km2		 Pop'n
Estimate
mid 2022[30]		 Post
code
81.71.01.2001 Neg. Latuhalat 13.00 9,312 97118
81.71.01.2002 Neg. Seilale 2.41 1,532 97118
81.71.01.2003 Neg. Nusanive 16.00 5,658 97117
81.71.01.2004 Neg. Amahusu 8.00 5,522 97117
81.71.01.2005 Neg. Urimessing 46.16 7,249 97113
81.71.01.1006 Kel. Nusanive 16.00 6,084 97117
81.71.01.1007 Kel. Wainitu 0.30 8,846 97115
81.71.01.1008 Kel. Benteng 0.87 15,247 97117
81.71.01.1009 Kel. Kudamati 0.67 14,531 97116
81.71.01.1010 Kel. Mangga Dua 8.00 3,181 97114
81.71.01.1011 Kel. Urimessing 0.27 4,754 97113
81.71.01.1012 Kel. Waihaong 0.15 4,894 97112
81.71.01.1013 Kel. Seilale 0.18 3,443 97111

Sirimau

[edit]

Sirimau District consists of the north-central part of the Leitimur Peninsula, and thus equates roughly to the core of the Ambon city built-up area.

Kode
Wilayah		 Name of
kelurahan
or desa		 Area
in
km2		 Pop'n
Estimate
mid 2022[31]		 Post
code
81.71.01.2001 Neg. Hative Kecil 1.53 12,470 97128
81.71.02.2002 Desa Galala 0.12 1,720 97128
81.71.02.2003 Neg. Batu Merah 16.67 73,279 97128
81.71.02.2009 Neg. Soya 55.65 10,253 97129
81.71.02.1010 Ke1. Pandan Kasturi 4.00 7,809 97128
81.71.02.1011 Kel. Rijali 0.28 7,583 97123
81.71.02.1012 Kel. Amantelu 1.15 8,436 97122
81.71.02.1013 Kel. Karang Panjang 0.43 7,458 97121
81.71.02.1014 Kel. Waihoka 0.75 5,254 97129
81.71.02.1015 Kel. Batu Meja 0.85 10,754 97125
81.71.02.1016 Kel. Batu Gajah 0.45 7,222 97127
81.71.02.1017 Kel. Uritetu 0.35 5,938 97124
81.71.02.1018 Kel. Honipopu 0.34 5,526 97126
81.71.02.1019 Kel. Ahusen 0.24 4,038 97127

Teluk Ambon Baguala or simply Baguala

[edit]

Teluk Ambon Baguala District (usually shortened to Baguala District) consists of the northeastern part of the Leitimur Peninsula, together with the isthmus connecting it to the main (Leihitu) portion of the island and the adjoining part of Leihitu.

Kode
Wilayah		 Name of
kelurahan
or desa		 Area
in
km2		 Pop'n
Estimate
mid 2023[32]		 Post
code
81.71.03.2001 Neg. Passo 11.38 21,957 97232
81.71.03.2002 Neg. Halong 16.00 10,935 97231
81.71.03.2003 Desa Latta 0.10 1,952 97231
81.71.03.2004 Desa Negeri Lama 4.50 1,793 97232
81.71.03.2005 Desa Nania 0.12 4,519 97232
81.71.03.2006 Desa Waiheru 6.00 12,809 97233
81.71.03.1018 Kel. Lateri 2.01 6,057 97231

Teluk Ambon

[edit]

Teluk Ambon District consists entirely of a portion of Leihitu (and thus not including any part of the Leitimur Peninsula), and faces the core area of the city across Ambon Bay.

Kode
Wilayah		 Name of
kelurahan
or desa		 Area
in
km2		 Pop'n
Estimate
mid 2021[33]		 Post
code
81.71.04.2001 Desa Hunuth (Durian Patah) 2.00 3,800 97233
81.71.04.2002 Desa Poka 2.78 5,290 97233
81.71.04.2003 Neg. Rumah Tiga 28.39 10,455 97234
81.71.04.2004 Desa Wayame 7.50 7,293 97234
81.71.04.2005 Neg. Tawire 5.68 6,774 97235
81.71.04.2006 Neg. Hative Besar 30.00 6,949 97234
81.71.04.2007 Neg. Laha 17.00 6,833 97236
81.71.04.2008 Kel. Tihu 0.33 1,364 97237

Leitimur Selatan

[edit]

Leitimur Selatan District consists of the southeastern and eastern parts of the Leitimur Peninsula.

Kode
Wilayah		 Name of
kelurahan
or desa		 Area
in
km2		 Pop'n
Estimate
mid 2021[34]		 Post
code
81.71.05.2001 Neg. Hukurila 7.50 680 97129
81.71.05.2002 Neg. Ema 3.00 730 97129
81.71.05.2003 Neg. Kilang 5.00 802 97129
81.71.05.2004 Neg. Naku 5.00 756 97129
81.71.05.2005 Neg. Hatalai 5.00 1,131 97129
81.71.05.2006 Neg. Hutumuri 15.00 4,741 97237
81.71.05.2007 Neg. Rutong 5.00 896 97237
81.71.05.1008 Neg. Leahari 5.00 715 97237

Religion

[edit]

Based on the 2010 census, the city was populated by 331,254 people; in the 2020 Census, this had reached 348,288 people, and the official estimate was 354,052 as at mid 2023.[1] In 2010, the religious breakdown in Ambon was 60.78% Christians (with 58.37% being Protestants and 2.41% Catholics), 39.02% Muslims and 3% others.

The Cathedral of Ambon
Religions in Ambon
Religion Percent
Protestant
 
 58.37%
Islam
 
 39.02%
Catholic
 
 2.41%
Others
 
 3%

Economy

[edit]

Economic growth rate of Ambon City in 2014 was 5.96%. Gross Domestic Regional Product in 2014 both at current market price and at constant market price was increasing gradually. The increase, if compared to 2013 GDRP at current market price equal to 12.76 percent and 5.96 percent for GDRP at constant market price. The GDRP at current market price in Ambon 2014 was equal to Rp.9.9 trillion, whereas for GDRP at constant 2010 market price, it was equal to Rp.7.77 trillion.[35]

In 2014, the gross domestic product per capita of Ambon based on current prices grew by 8.3 percent, while for the constant price in Ambon City grew by 1.7 percent. GDP per capita of Ambon City in 2014 is 25.16 Million (U $1,836.43). The poverty rate in the city of Ambon is 4.42% which is the smallest percentage of poverty in the province of Maluku.[35]

All twenty one economic sectors in 2014 saw positive growth for GDRP of Ambon. For GDRP at current market price, the highest contribution was provided by the electricity and gas Sector with 34.2 percent, while the lowest was human health and Social Work activities with 6.61 percent.[citation needed]

Education

[edit]

The literacy rate was 99.63% in 2010. However, the school enrollment rate in Ambon City was only 73% in 2010, whereas the national average was 96%. In 2011, the enrollment rates in Ambon City were 98.72% in the primary education level, 95% in junior high, 78% in high school, and 45% in college or university.[citation needed]

Currently, the city has 17 higher education institutions. These are:

State-owned institutions

  1. Pattimura University
  2. Ambon State Polytechnic

Private Institutions

  1. College of Protestant Christianity Ambon
  2. Trinity College of Administrative Sciences
  3. Abdul Aziz Kataloka College of Administrative Sciences
  4. Rutu Nusa College of Economics Management
  5. Pasapua College of Health
  6. University of Darussalam Ambon
  7. Christian University of Indonesia Maluku
  8. Maritime Academy Maluku
  9. Caritas Secretary and Management Academy
  10. Ambon College of Computer Sciences
  11. Indonesian Islamic Religion Institute Ambon
  12. Industrial Academy ( AKPER RUKMIT ) Ambon
  13. Evangelical Theology College Indonesia
  14. Bethel Theology College Ambon
  15. St. Yohanes College Ambon

Places of interest

[edit]
Fort Victoria is a Portuguese and Dutch heritage fortress located in the heart of Ambon City

Transportation

[edit]

Ambon is served by Pattimura International Airport.

Twin towns – sister cities

[edit]
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Indonesia

Ambon is twinned with:[37]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, Kota Ambon Dalam Angka 2024 (Katalog-BPS 1102001.8171)
  2. ^ a b Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.
  3. ^ a b Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.
  4. ^ "Bekraf canangkan Ambon kota musik dunia". 28 July 2016. Archived from the original on 18 October 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
  5. ^ "Menuju Kota Musik Dunia, Ketua DPR RI Resmikan Dua Gedung Musik di Ambon | TERASMALUKU.COM | Semua Membacanya". Archived from the original on 18 October 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
  6. ^ "Lantik DPD PAPPRI, Tantowi Yahya Akui Ambon Kota Musik". 27 May 2013. Archived from the original on 18 October 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
  7. ^ "UNESCO designates 66 new Creative Cities | Creative Cities Network". Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 31 October 2019.
  8. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Amboyna" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  9. ^ Koninklijke Nederlands Indonesisch Leger 1948, pp. 284.
  10. ^ Wigmore 1957, p. 434.
  11. ^ Klemen 2000.
  12. ^ Conboy & Morrison 1999, p. 115.
  13. ^ Conboy & Morrison 1999, p. 116.
  14. ^ David Ormsby-Gore, Minister of State for Foreign Affairs (11 June 1958). "Commons Sitting: Oral Answers to Questions – Indonesia (British Vessels)". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). United Kingdom: Commons. col. 202–203. Retrieved 21 November 2011.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) Archived 1 November 2023 at the Wayback Machine
  15. ^ Conboy & Morrison 1999, p. 117.
  16. ^ Conboy & Morrison 1999, p. 118.
  17. ^ Conboy & Morrison 1999, p. 121.
  18. ^ a b c d e Conboy & Morrison 1999, p. 122.
  19. ^ a b c d Conboy & Morrison 1999, p. 129.
  20. ^ a b c Conboy & Morrison 1999, p. 128.
  21. ^ Conboy & Morrison 1999, p. 136.
  22. ^ Conboy & Morrison 1999, pp. 136–137.
  23. ^ Conboy & Morrison 1999, pp. 139, 141.
  24. ^ Conboy & Morrison 1999, p. 143.
  25. ^ "Ambon rioting leaves 100 dead in Indonesia". World Socialist Website. 30 January 1999. Archived from the original on 10 January 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2006.
  26. ^ Guerin, Bill (15 February 2002). "The Spice Islands legacy of violence". Asia Times. Archived from the original on 5 March 2002.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  27. ^ Rayda, Nivell (2 October 2011). "Religious Strife a Daily Reality in Ambon". Jakarta Globe. Archived from the original on 24 September 2016.
  28. ^ a b "Klimatafel von Ambon / Insel Ambon, Molukken / Indonesien" (PDF). Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 December 2019. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
  29. ^ "STATIONSNUMMER 97724" (PDF). Danish Meteorological Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
  30. ^ Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2023, Kecamatan Nusaniwe Dalam Angka 2023 (Katalog-BPS 1102001.8171010)
  31. ^ Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2023, Kecamatan Nusaniwe Dalam Angka 2023 (Katalog-BPS 1102001.8171010)
  32. ^ Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2024, Kecamatan Teluk Ambon Baguala Dalam Angka 2024 (Katalog-BPS 1102001.8171020)
  33. ^ Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2022, Kecamatan Teluk Ambon Dalam Angka 2022 (Katalog-BPS 1102001.8171031)
  34. ^ Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2022, Kecamatan Leitimur Selatan Dalam Angka 2022 (Katalog-BPS 1102001.8171021)
  35. ^ a b Anonymous.2015. Ambon City in Figures 2015.Indonesia: BPS Ambon Regional Office
  36. ^ Trimahanani, Emy (22 December 2020). "Siwang Paradise, Wisata Favorit Warga Kota Ambon". Berita Daerah. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
  37. ^ "Tak Hanya Darwin, Vlissingen - Belanda Juga Telah jadi Sister City dengan Ambon" (in Indonesian). Tribun Ambon. 30 July 2023. Archived from the original on 20 February 2024. Retrieved 20 February 2024.

Sources

[edit]
[edit]
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