Alternaria dianthi
| Alternaria dianthi | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Dothideomycetes |
| Order: | Pleosporales |
| Family: | Pleosporaceae |
| Genus: | Alternaria |
| Species: | A. dianthi
|
| Binomial name | |
| Alternaria dianthi F. Stevens & J.G. Hall, (1909)
| |
| Synonyms | |
|
Macrosporium dianthi (F. Stevens & J.G. Hall) Bewley, (1923) | |
Alternaria dianthi, sometimes known as carnation blight, is a fungal pathogen of the genus Dianthus.[1] Alternaria dianthi infections begin as small circular or ovular spots on leaves and stems, which can be red, purple, brown, yellow or gray.[2]
This pathogen has been found in carnation and other Dianthus cultures worldwide, including in India,[3] the United States,[1] New Zealand,[4] the Canary Islands,[5] and Egypt.[6] Fourteen gene sequences of Alternaria dianthi have been published as of April 11, 2014[7]
Symptoms
[edit]Alternaria dianthi can infect healthy plants, and favors humid, warm environments.[1] The multicolored circular spots can grow to infect entire plants, resulting in wilting or death.[2] These spots tend to be smaller than one centimeter, but can be larger, especially around stems.[5] The cankers formed by A. dianthi spread through the stomata of leaf cells, and generally lead to yellowing, wilting, and death of the leaves of infected plants.[8]
Life cycle
[edit]Alternaria dianthi reproduces asexually, forming row-like spores off of hyphae. Spores are formed on blisters on the host as well as within the mycelium. The thin, globular spores are spread through water.[9] Spore production and infection decreases over winter, and has been observed to be highest in rainy summer months.[10]
The spores of A. dianthi germinate optimally around 24 °C (75 °F), and cannot germinate below 4 °C (40 °F) or above 32 °C (90 °F).[1] The fungus has been cultured on simple media such as potato dextrose agar, and does not need Dianthus tissue to germinate.[2][5] Spores come into contact with healthy leaf and stem tissue of Dianthus plants through wind, rain, and contact with infected tissue.[8] The host plant must be wet or moist for spores to germinate.[8] Moderate to high humidity is also a requirement,[1] and one study found that spores would not germinate under 55% humidity.[5] The life cycle takes about four days from germination to the production of new conidia.[5]
Spores produced by Alternaria species are black, and can persist on dead tissue, in soil, and on hard surfaces such as those found in greenhouses.[11]
No observations of pathogens of Alternaria dianthi have been published.[citation needed]
Impact
[edit]Alternaria dianthi was first recorded in the scientific literature by F.L. Stevens and J.G. Hall in 1909, from florists in the United States.[9] The fungus, along with other members of the genus Alternaria, is effectively controlled by the commercial fungicide mancozeb,[8] as well as dithiocarbamates, chlorothalonil, and iprodione.[11] Although A. dianthi has been found in wild and commercial varieties of Dianthus plants worldwide, no studies of the economic impacts or losses due to the disease have been published.[citation needed]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e Bickerton, J. M., 1943: Alternaria blight of Carnations caused by Alternaria dianthi Stevens and Hall. Nature.
- ^ a b c Seung-Hun Yu, Hi-Wan Kang, Hyang-Burm Lee, and Hong-Gi Kim. 1989. Occurrence of Alternaria dianthi on Carnation in Korea. Korean Journal of Mycology. Chungnam National University, Taejon, Korea. Volume 17, Number 4, pp229-232.
- ^ Sharma, B. P. 1994. Diseases on carnation: their management. Indian Horticulture, 38(4).
- ^ Robinson, J. A. (1957). Control of Carnation diseases in New Zealand. New Zealand Plants and Gardens, 2(5), 212-218.
- ^ a b c d e Rodríguez Rodríguez, Juan M. 1980. Ataques de Alternaria Dianthi Stevens y Hall, en cultivos de clavel standard [Attacks of Alternaria Dianthi Stevens and Hall, in standard carnation cultivations]. Xoba: Revista de Agricultura, Canary Islands, Spain. Volume 3, Number 4, pp190-194.
- ^ Hilal, A. A., Kamel, B. K. M. 1990. Alternaria blight and rust diseases of carnation and their control. Agricultural Research Review Vol. 68 No. 3 pp. 543-554
- ^ Alternaria dianthi. Nucleotide database search. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Accessed 11 April 2014.
- ^ a b c d Nelson, P. E. 1960. A recent review of carnation diseases. Florist's Review.
- ^ a b F. L. Stevens and J. G. Hall. 1909. Carnation alternariose. Botanical Gazette, Vol. 47, No. 5, pp. 409-413.
- ^ Chang, N. 1982. The Alternaria leaf-spot of Dianthus caryophyllus L. Journal of Plant Protection.
- ^ a b Albajes, R. 1999. Integrated pest and disease management in greenhouse crops. Volume 14, pp 34-47.