Alexandrium fundyense
| Alexandrium fundyense | |
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| Species: | A. fundyense
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| Alexandrium fundyense | |
Alexandrium fundyense is a species of dinoflagellates. It produces toxins that induce paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), and is a common cause of red tide. A. fundyense regularly forms massive blooms along the northeastern coasts of the United States and Canada,[1][2] resulting in enormous economic losses and public health concerns.[3]
Enzyme electrophoretic data[4] and RNA genetic analysis[5][6] show Alexandrium fundyense and A. tamarense to be closely related, while mating compatibilities even suggest them to be varieties of a single heterothallic species.[7]
Recent molecular work shows that this species belongs to the Alexandrium tamarense complex (Atama complex, including A. tamarense, Alexandrium fundyense, Alexandrium catenella) and that none of the three original morphospecies designations forms monophyletic groups in the present SSUbased and previous LSU-based[8] phylogenetic trees, i.e. these species designations are invalid. This currently needs further investigation.[9]
Formation of dinocysts was observed in grazing experiments with oysters.[10] The cyst dynamics of this species have been studied in the Gulf of Maine.[11] Genetic studies of bloom development of this species show rapid selection occurring at a timescale of a few weeks.[12]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ ANDERSON, D.M., KULIS, D.M., DOUCETTE, G.J., GALLAGHER, J.C. & BALECH, E. 1994 Biogeography of toxic dinoflagellates in the genus Alexandrium from the northeastern United States and Canada; Marine Biology, 120: 467-478.
- ^ Martin, J.L., Page, F.H., Hanke, A., Strain, P.M., LeGresley, M.M., 2005. Alexandrium fundyense vertical distribution patterns during 1982, 2001 and 2002 in the offshore Bay of Fundy, eastern Canada. Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topicical Studies in Oceanography 52 (19–21), 2569–2592.
- ^ Anderson, D.M., Kaoru, Y., White, A.W., 2000. Estimated annual economic impacts from harmful algal blooms (HABs) in the United States. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Technical Report. WHOI-2000-11. p. 97.
- ^ HAYHOME, B.A., ANDERSON, D.M., KULIS, D.M. & WHITTEN, D.J. 1989 Variation among congeneric dinoflagellates from the northeastern United States and Canada. I. Enzyme electrophoresis; Marine Biology, 101: 427-435.
- ^ SCHOLIN, C.A. & ANDERSON, D.M. 1994 Identification of group- and strain-specific genetic markers for globally distributed Alexandrium (Dinophyceae). I. RFLP analysis of SSU rRNA genes; Journal of Phycology, 30: 744-754.
- ^ SCHOLIN, C.A., HERZOG, M., SOGIN, M. & ANDERSON, D.M. 1994 Identification of group- and strain-specific genetic markers for globally distributed Alexandrium (Dinophyceae). II. Sequence analysis of a fragment of the LSU rRNA gene; Journal of Phycology, 30: 991-1011.
- ^ ANDERSON, D.M., KULIS, D.M., DOUCETTE, G.J., GALLAGHER, J.C. & BALECH, E. 1994 Biogeography of toxic dinoflagellates in the genus Alexandrium from the northeastern United States and Canada; Marine Biology, 120: 467-478.
- ^ Lilly, E.L., Halanych, K.M., Anderson, D.M., 2007. Species boundaries and global biogeography of the Alexandrium tamarense complex (Dinophyceae). J. Phycol. 43 (6), 1329–1338.
- ^ Miranda, Lilibeth N.; Zhuang, Yunyun; Zhang, Huan; Lin, Senjie (2012). "Phylogenetic analysis guided by intragenomic SSU rDNA polymorphism refines classification of Alexandrium tamarense species complex". Harmful Algae. 16: 35–48. doi:10.1016/j.hal.2012.01.002.
- ^ Persson, A.; Smith, B.C.; Wikfors, G.H.; Quilliam, M. (2006). "Grazing on toxic Alexandrium fundyense resting cysts and vegetative cells by the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica)". Harmful Algae. 5 (6): 678–684. doi:10.1016/j.hal.2006.02.004.
- ^ Anderson D. M., Stock C. A., Keafer B. A., et al. Alexandrium fundyense cyst dynamics in the Gulf of Maine. Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topicical Studies in Oceanography. 2005a;52:2522-2542.
- ^ Erdner, DL; Richlen, M; McCauley, LAR; Anderson, DM (2011). "Diversity and Dynamics of a Widespread Bloom of the Toxic Dinoflagellate Alexandrium fundyense". PLOS ONE. 6 (7): e22965. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...622965E. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0022965. PMC 3146535. PMID 21829565.
Further reading
[edit]- Butman, Bradford; Aretxabaleta, Alfredo L.; Dickhudt, Patrick J. (May 2014). "Investigating the importance of sediment resuspension in Alexandrium fundyense cyst population dynamics in the Gulf of Maine". Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography. 103 (Harmful Algae in the Gulf of Maine: Oceanography, Population Dynamics, and Toxin Transfer in the Food Web): 79–95. Bibcode:2014DSRII.103...79B. doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.10.011. PMC 4185196. PMID 25288829.
- Shankar, Sugandha; Townsend, David; Thomas, Maura (17 July 2014). "Ammonium and maintenance of bloom populations of Alexandrium fundyense in the Gulf of Maine and on Georges Bank: results of laboratory culture experiments". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 507: 57–67. Bibcode:2014MEPS..507...57S. doi:10.3354/meps10853. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
- Encyclopedia of Life entry on Alexandrium fundyense