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Alan Lambowitz

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Alan Lambowitz
Alan.Lambowitz.biochemistry
Born (1947-12-24) December 24, 1947 (age 76)
Brooklyn, New York, United States
Alma mater

Alan Lambowitz is a professor for the University of Texas at Austin in Molecular Biosciences and Oncology and has been instrumental in many bio-molecular processes and concepts, such as intron splicing and mitochondrial ribosomal assembly.[1]

Education

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Alan Lambowitz was born in Brooklyn, New York on December 24, 1947. Growing up he attended Stuyvesant High School, a school specialized in science. Following high school, he attended Brooklyn College for his undergraduate degree in Chemistry. Upon completing this degree in 1968, Lambowitz promptly began graduate school at Yale where he continued his love for science in the laboratory. He received a Ph.D. from Yale and then decided to move his work to the Johnson Research Foundation at the University of Pennsylvania.[1]

Career

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During his postdoctoral work, Lambowitz investigated a common mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation and discovered that the mechanism was incorrect. Lambowitz once again moved in 1973 to Rockefeller University. Here he had the opportunity to work with David Luck, a prominent name in the discovery of mitochondrial DNA.[2] After a stint at Rockefeller University, Lambowitz pursued a fellowship at the National Institute of Mental Health, followed by an acceptance of a faculty position at St Louis University School of Medicine under the department of biochemistry.[1] Here he took part in work surrounding Neurospora strains and examining the mitochondrial DNA that exists within them. In 1986 Lambowitz took a position with the Ohio Eminent Scholar and Professor of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry at Ohio State University. A majority of his work here centered around mitochondrial plasmid DNA found within fungal strains.[3] Upon returning to St. Louis, Lambowitz promptly began studying splicing mechanisms of ribosomal RNA processing systems. Although he's not responsible for the discovery of splicing, the research that follows this within the bacterial community can largely be attributed to him, especially when regarding groups 2 introns.[4] Lambowitz made the move to Austin, Texas in 1997 becoming the director of The Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology there. Here he has cultivated a group of professionals that work on molecular biological research and received multiple merit awards in the process.[5][3]

Honors and awards

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Lambowitz graduated Summa cum laude with honors from Brooklyn College.[1] In 1995 he was named a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.[1] Following this in 2001 he was named a Fellow within the American Association for the Advancement of Science.[1] In 2004, he was named a Fellow of the American Academy for Microbiology and named a Member of both the National Academy of Sciences and the Academy of Medicine, Engineering and Science of Texas.[1] Most recently he was awarded with the Wilbur Cross Medal by Yale University for his outstanding achievements in scholarship, teaching, academic administration, and public service.[1][6]

Research and scientific endeavors

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Lambowitz has spent a majority of his career focusing on a very common bacteria known as Neurospora Crassa, or common bread mold. Through utilizing this bacteria as a research specimen, Lambowitz has helped pioneer many new theories as well as discount some older, incorrect theories.

Group ll Intron Research

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Much of the function of introns is still unknown to the scientific community today. This is precisely why Lambowitz focuses a majority of his research surrounding group 2 introns.[7][8] Group 2 introns are a specific type of intron that is able to self-spice out of RNA segments and also are able to facilitate splicing and insertion into DNA in order to be replicated and passed on through ancestral pathways.[9] These particular introns are especially important in understanding a variety of concepts within the microbiological community.

Lambowitz focuses on a variety of these concepts while in the lab, such as Group ll Intron reverse transcriptase mechanisms or RNA sequencing. One of the first concepts surrounding group 2 introns that Lambowitz began studying was their size and proliferation within cells.[10] Group 2 introns specifically are often found in bacterial genomes, as well as in chloroplasts and mitochondrial genomes of eukaryotes. It was hypothesized that group 2 introns originated from proteobacteria that were incorporated into host genomes through the process of endosymbiosis. Once in the host genome, these introns went through a degeneration sequence, but promptly proliferated in large amounts after this degeneration. This allowed for the creation of an intron rich environment. Lambowitz and colleagues were able to determine that group 2 introns specifically were a longer form of intron, especially in ancestral form. This is specific to group 2 introns and is thought to be a result of their self-splicing mechanisms. Lambowitz furthered his research into group 2 introns, specifically exploring how these introns could help tell the story of ancestral bacterial lines using RNA sequencing.[11] Along with colleagues, Lambowitz discovered that group 2 introns use a specific intron encoded protein in order to self-splice out of RNA. After understanding that these proteins serve to splice introns out of RNA,[12][13] Lambowitz also discovered that the protein is capable of reverse transcriptase type functions in order to insert introns into host DNA.[14] This discovery was crucial in understanding how these introns carried through ancestral lineage. Also, an important connection to know was the relationship between intron encoded proteins and the size of group 2 introns seen in host cells. When these introns are capable of encoding for their own intron encoded proteins the introns tend to be much longer.

Viral and Disease Utilization of Group ll Intron Splicing

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After laying the foundation for group 2 introns and the functions they provide, Lambowitz has branched off into using these mechanisms in order to discover ancestral lineage of bacteria, as well as to pursue research surrounding RNA Diagnostic approaches to disease identification.[15][16][17][18][19] These aspects are crucial in developing faster disease recognition techniques, therefore saving more lives in the long run.

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h "Alan Lambowitz". sites.cns.utexas.edu. Retrieved 2021-04-13.
  2. ^ "Lambowitz Lab". sites.cns.utexas.edu. Retrieved 2021-04-13.
  3. ^ a b Yao, Jun; Wu, Douglas C; Nottingham, Ryan M; Lambowitz, Alan M (2020-09-02). Nilsen, Timothy W; Manley, James L; Garcia-Blanco, Mariano A (eds.). "Identification of protein-protected mRNA fragments and structured excised intron RNAs in human plasma by TGIRT-seq peak calling". eLife. 9: e60743. doi:10.7554/eLife.60743. ISSN 2050-084X. PMC 7518892. PMID 32876046.
  4. ^ Zagorski, Nick (2006-02-07). "Profile of Alan M. Lambowitz". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (6): 1669–1671. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103.1669Z. doi:10.1073/pnas.0508183103. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1413635. PMID 16449389.
  5. ^ "Lambowitz Wins MERIT Award". Lambowitz Wins MERIT Award. Retrieved 2021-04-13.
  6. ^ "Wilbur Cross Medal for Alumni Achievement | Yale Graduate School of Arts & Sciences". gsas.yale.edu. Retrieved 2021-04-13.
  7. ^ Lambowitz , Alan, Zimmerly, Steven (2004). "Mobile Group ll Introns". Annual Review of Genetics. 38: 1–35. doi:10.1146/annurev.genet.38.072902.091600. PMID 15568970 – via Annual Reviews.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Saldanha, Roland; Mohr, Georg; Belfort, Marlene; Lambowitz, Alan M. (1993). "Group I and group II introns". The FASEB Journal. 7 (1): 15–24. doi:10.1096/fasebj.7.1.8422962. ISSN 1530-6860. PMID 8422962. S2CID 37226223.
  9. ^ "Alan Lambowitz". www.nasonline.org. Retrieved 2021-04-13.
  10. ^ M. Belfort; V. Derbyshire; M. Parker; B. Cousineau; A. Lambowitz (2002-01-01). "Mobile Introns: Pathways and Proteins". Mobile DNA II. American Society of Microbiology. pp. 761–783. doi:10.1128/9781555817954.ch31. ISBN 978-1-55581-209-6.
  11. ^ Belfort, Marlene; Lambowitz, Alan M. (April 2019). "Group II Intron RNPs and Reverse Transcriptases: From Retroelements to Research Tools". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. 11 (4): a032375. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a032375. ISSN 1943-0264. PMC 6442199. PMID 30936187.
  12. ^ Irimia, M.; Roy, S. W. (2014-06-01). "Origin of Spliceosomal Introns and Alternative Splicing". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. 6 (6): a016071. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a016071. ISSN 1943-0264. PMC 4031966. PMID 24890509.
  13. ^ Nishida, Hiromi; Yun, Choong-Soo (May 2011). "Extraction of tentative mobile introns in fungal histone genes". Mobile Genetic Elements. 1 (1): 78–79. doi:10.4161/mge.1.1.15431. ISSN 2159-256X. PMC 3190279. PMID 22016849.
  14. ^ Lentzsch, Alfred M.; Yao, Jun; Russell, Rick; Lambowitz, Alan M. (December 2019). "Template-switching mechanism of a group II intron-encoded reverse transcriptase and its implications for biological function and RNA-Seq". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 294 (51): 19764–19784. doi:10.1074/jbc.ra119.011337. ISSN 0021-9258. PMC 6926447. PMID 31712313.
  15. ^ "Are heat-loving bacteria the key to biofuels?". Futurity. 2010-06-14. Retrieved 2021-04-13.
  16. ^ González-Delgado, Alejandro (2020-05-22). "Spacer acquisition from RNA mediated by a natural reverse transcriptase-Cas1 fusion protein associated with a type III-D CRISPR-Cas system in Vibrio vulnificus YJ016". 25th Annual Meeting of the RNA Society. doi:10.26226/morressier.5ebd45acffea6f735881b0f6. S2CID 240862843.
  17. ^ "Scientists find missing evolutionary link using tiny fungus crystal". www.purdue.edu. Retrieved 2021-04-13.
  18. ^ Pfeffer, Suzanne R (2019-05-07). Pfeffer, Suzanne R; Settleman, Jeffrey (eds.). "Decision letter: Distinct mechanisms of microRNA sorting into cancer cell-derived extracellular vesicle subtypes". eLife. 9 e47544. doi:10.7554/elife.47544.030.
  19. ^ Wu, Douglas C.; Lambowitz, Alan M. (2017-08-21). "Facile single-stranded DNA sequencing of human plasma DNA via thermostable group II intron reverse transcriptase template switching". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 8421. Bibcode:2017NatSR...7.8421W. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-09064-w. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5566474. PMID 28827600.
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