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Alaa Abd El-Fattah

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Alaa Abd El-Fattah
علاء عبد الفتاح
Abd El-Fattah in 2008
Born
علاء أحمد سيف إلاسلام عبد الفتاح

(1981-11-18) 18 November 1981 (age 43)
Cairo, Egypt
NationalityEgyptian, British
CitizenshipEgyptian citizenship, British citizenship - dual citizenship
SpouseManal Bahey El-Din Hassan (div. 2019)
Children1 son
Parents
Relatives

Alaa Ahmed Seif Abd-El Fattah (Arabic: علاء أحمد سيف الإسلام عبد الفتاح, IPA: [ʕæˈlæːʔ ˈæħmæd ˈseːf ʕæbdelfatˈtæːħ]; born 18 November 1981), known professionally as Alaa Abd El-Fattah (Arabic: علاء عبد الفتاح), is an Egyptian-British blogger, software developer and a political activist. He has been active in developing Arabic-language versions of software and platforms.[1]

He was imprisoned in Egypt for allegedly organising a political protest without requesting authorization, though he was released on bail on 23 March 2014.[2] He was rearrested and ordered released on bail again on 15 September 2014,[3] subsequently sentenced to a month of jail in absentia,[4] and received a five-year sentence in February 2015,[5] which he was released from in late March 2019. Abd El-Fattah remained subject to a five-year parole period, requiring him to stay at a police station for 12 hours daily, from evening until morning.[6] On 29 September, during the 2019 Egyptian protests, Abd El-Fattah was arrested by the National Security Agency and taken to State Security Prosecution on charges that were unknown as of 29 September 2019.[7] He was subsequently convicted of "spreading fake news" and jailed for five years. In April 2022 he began a hunger strike. His sentence should have ended on 29 September 2024[8] but the Egyptian authorities refused to free him, pushing the release date to 2027, based on the decision not to include his served pretrial detention.[9]

Background

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Abd El-Fattah was born on 18 November 1981 in Cairo, Egypt.[10] He was raised in a family of well-known Egyptian activists. His father, Ahmed Seif El-Islam Hamad, a human rights attorney who had been arrested in 1983 by State Security Investigations Service officers and tortured and imprisoned for five years, is one of the founders of the Hisham Mubarak Law Center.[11] His mother Laila Soueif, the sister of the novelist and political commentator Ahdaf Soueif,[12] is a professor of mathematics at Cairo University and a political activist.[13] His parents' activism began in the Anwar Sadat era.[14] During a demonstration in 2005, his mother and other women, were attacked by Mubarak supporters; Abd El-Fattah was said to have protected her.[15] One of his sisters is Mona Seif, a founding member of "No Military Trials for Civilians", a group raising awareness for the civilian detainees summoned by military prosecutors and investigating torture allegations involving military police.[16] His other sister, Sanaa Seif, is an activist and film editor who co-founded a newspaper about the Arab spring called 'Gornal'.[17]

Political activism and arrests

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Abd El-Fattah co-founded with his wife Manal Bahey El-Din Hassan[18] (daughter of activist Bahi El-Din Hassan),[19] the Egyptian blog aggregator Manalaa and Omraneya, the first Arab blog aggregators that did not restrict inclusion based on the content of the blog.[20][21] In 2005, the Manalaa blog won the Special Reporters Without Borders Award in Deutsche Welle's Best of Blogs competition.[22] He has supported initiatives that promote citizen journalism on social media and has more than 600,000 people following his personal Twitter and Facebook accounts.

Abd El-Fattah has been questioned, arrested and detained on several occasions. He was arrested on 7 May 2006 when demonstrating for an independent judiciary and released on 20 June 2006. On 30 October 2011, he was arrested for inciting violence at the 9 October Maspero clashes and released on 25 December 2011.[23] On 26 March 2013, he was arrested for inciting aggression during a protest outside Muslim Brotherhood's headquarters, known as the Mokattam Clashes of March 2013[24] but was later acquitted on all charges.[25] Two days later, on 28 March 2013, he was arrested and charged for torching former presidential candidate Ahmed Shafik's campaign headquarters on 28 May 2012,[26] and received a suspended one-year jail term.[27] On 28 November 2013, he was arrested for rallying, inciting violence, resisting authorities and violating the Anti-protest Law after a demonstration against military trials for civilians outside Shura Council building on 26 November 2013.[28] He was initially released on 23 March 2014, after 115 days in detention. In June 2014, he was sentenced in absentia to 15 years in prison and detained again awaiting his retrial, during which time he went on a hunger strike.[29] In his retrial on 15 September 2014, he was released on bail.[30]

In 2021, an anthology of his writing—some smuggled out from his jail cell — translated into English by anonymous supporters, was published, under the title You Have Not Yet Been Defeated.[31] It has a foreword by Naomi Klein.[32]

In July 2022, an Arabic translation of the book was published by Jusur, a Lebanese publishing house based in Beirut, under the title Shabah' Al-Rabea'.[33]

During his two-month detention in 2011, his son Khaled was born[34] and during his three-month detention in 2014, his father Ahmed Seif El-Islam Hamad died.[35]

May 2006 arrest and reaction

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A picture of Abd El-Fattah that was used by activists demanding his release

On 7 May 2006, Abd El-Fattah was arrested during a peaceful protest after he called for an independent judiciary. His arrest, along with that of several other bloggers and activists, spurred solidarity protests by others around the world,[36][37] some of whom created the blog "Free Alaa" devoted to calling for his release from jail.[38][39] Abd El-Fattah was released on 20 June 2006, after spending 45 days in jail. His wife Manal was quoted by the London Independent as saying: "There's no going back now, we'll definitely be continuing our activities."[40]

2011 revolution

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See also: Human rights in Egypt under the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces
Abd El-Fattah in Tahrir Square.

According to Egyptian newspaper al-Ahram Weekly, Abd el-Fattah's name "is in many ways synonymous with Egypt's 25 January Revolution." Abd El-Fattah participated in nearly every demonstration after the revolution began.[41] He was not in Egypt on 25 January 2011, when the anti-regime protests began and when the Egyptian government shut down the internet in the country. However, he was able to collect information from family and friends by land-line phones and published to the outside world the events occurring in Egypt during the first days of the revolution.[citation needed] A few days later, he returned to Egypt and was in Tahrir Square, the epicenter of the protests, on 2 February. While demonstrating there, he participated in defending the square from attacks by security forces and pro-regime assailants, an event known in Egypt as "camel battle."[42]

Abd El-Fattah continued his participation in the Egyptian revolution, until Mubarak stepped down from the presidency. He thereafter settled in Egypt, where he maintained his participation in the demonstrations against the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces' (SCAF) way of running the country after Mubarak's fall.[40]

October 2011 arrest

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On 30 October, Abd El-Fattah was arrested on charges of inciting violence against the military during the 9 October Maspero demonstrations, during which hundreds of people were injured and 27 died in the worst violence since Mubarak left office. Abd El-Fattah refused to recognise the legitimacy of his interrogators or answer their questions and was then to be held for 15 days, a period that indefinitely renewable.[43] He was accused of having incited fighting in Maspero, of assaulting soldiers and damaging military property.[44] As in his 2006 imprisonment, his mother spoke out in his support, and initiated a hunger strike in opposition to the court-martialling of civilians on 6 November.[45] His father and sisters also participated in the 2011 protests.[14] At his first hearing, Abd El-Fattah's father, the human rights attorney Ahmed Seif El-Islam presented the military court with video tapes, one of which contained footage of Armored Personnel Carriers running over protesters and another of state television anchors "inciting violence." He also accused the head of military police of being directly responsible for the violence and accused the Supreme Council of Armed Forces of obstruction of justice for instituting a curfew the night of the attack in order to "hide all the evidence of the army's crimes."[46]

The spokesman for the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights called for the release of Abd El-Fattah and all others imprisoned for exercising free speech,[47] while Amnesty International issued a condemnation of his imprisonment and accusing SCAF of involvement in the Maspero clashes.[48] In reaction to his imprisonment, thousands of protesters took part in demonstrations in Cairo and Alexandria demanding Abd El-Fattah's release. Human rights activists and bloggers outside of Egypt have also called for his release.[41] While incarcerated in the Bab al-Khalq Prison, he wrote a letter to fellow Egyptian activists, claiming that SCAF had "hijacked" the revolution. He also compared his current imprisonment with the jail time he served in 2006, saying "I never expected to repeat the experience of five years ago. After a revolution that deposed the tyrant, I go back to his jails?"[48]

Following protests against Abd El-Fattah's incarceration, military authorities allowed his case to be handled by a civilian court instead of military tribunal. On 13 December, the court dropped two charges against him, including incitement and illegal assembly. The court extended his detention for another 15 days and maintained the charges of stealing weapons and shooting at soldiers. While Abd El-Fattah remained in custody, his son Khaled was born, named after Khaled Said, the slain blogger who had become a symbol of the Egyptian revolution.[49]

On 25 December 2011, a judge representing the public prosecutor's office ordered the release of Abd El-Fattah to take place the following day. He remained under a travel ban.[50][51]

November 2013 arrest

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In November 2013, Abd El-Fattah was arrested again for allegedly encouraging a demonstration against the new constitution outside the Egyptian Parliament.[52] 20 policemen raided Abd El-Fattah's home, broke the door down, and proceeded to confiscate the family's computers and mobile phones. When Abd El-Fattah asked to see the arrest warrant, the police physically assaulted him and his wife.[53]

September 2014 prize nomination

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In September 2014, he was nominated by European United Left–Nordic Green Left for the Sakharov Prize, along with the Tunisian rapper Weld El 15 and the Moroccan rapper L7a9d.[54] The following month, the nomination was withdrawn after controversy over some 2012 tweets by Abd El-Fattah at the time of Israel's bombing of Gaza. He complained that the tweets had been taken out of context.[55]

February 2015 sentencing

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On 23 February 2015, Abd El-Fattah was sentenced to five years in prison.[56] He was released on 29 March 2019.[57]

September 2019 re-arrest

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On the morning of 29 September 2019, during the 2019 Egyptian protests which Abd El-Fattah had not taken part in,[7] Abd El-Fattah's family released a statement to announce that he was kidnapped after leaving the Dokki police station.[58] Since his release in March 2019, Abd El-Fattah had been required to follow daily police probation of 12 hours per day in the Dokki police station for five years. Later on 29 September, Abd El-Fattah's sister Mona Seif declared that he had been arrested by the State Security Prosecution and that Abd El-Fattah's family did not know what he was charged with.[7] He was tortured by a welcome parade in Tora Prison.[59][60]

December 2021 sentencing

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Alaa Abd El-Fattah was sentenced to five years of imprisonment for spreading "false news undermining national security" in December 2021, while lawyers Mohamed El-Baqer and blogger Mohamed “Oxygen” Ibrahim were sentenced to four years each, according to Abdel Fattah's sister Mona Seif.[61][62][63][64] During his detention, at Tora Prison, he became a British citizen, through his British-born mother.[63] On 2 April 2022, he began a hunger strike in protest at being kept in solitary confinement, and refused access to books, and the opportunity to exercise; demanding to be allowed a visit by United Kingdom Consular staff.[65][66] As of 2 May, his hunger strike continued, he had received no medical attention despite losing weight and becoming "very weak", and had said his farewells to his family.[66]

On 18 May 2022, 10 MPs and 17 members of the House of Lords urged the UK government to take action to help Alaa Abd El-Fattah. In a letter to foreign secretary Liz Truss, they stated that the British-Egyptian activist was being held in "inhumane" conditions. It also mentioned that the British Embassy in Egypt has been requesting consular access to Alaa, but it was denied by the Egyptian authorities.[67] Lord Simon McDonald, former Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs and Head of the Diplomatic Service, said that because of the international law on multiple citizenship Egypt does not have to recognise his British citizenship while he is in Egypt, where he holds citizenship.[68]

On 14 June 2022, at least 25 celebrities and political thinkers from across the world urged the British foreign secretary Liz Truss to help secure the release of Alaa Abd el-Fattah. Mark Ruffalo, Judi Dench, Stephen Fry and Carey Mulligan were among the celebrities who penned the letter calling on the United Kingdom to condemn the British-Egyptian activist's prolonged detention in Egypt. As of 14 June, Alaa's hunger strike continued, and his family feared that he might die after weeks on just water and rehydration salts. Alaa's sister, Sanaa Seif, also urged Liz Truss to publicly demand that the activist is saved from death by being released, as he was convinced that he would not leave the Egyptian prison alive.[69]

On 6 November 2022, as Egypt hosted world leaders for the COP27 summit, Abdel Fattah stopped drinking water, after more than six months of a hunger strike.[70] His sister Sanaa Seif raised concerns that he might die within days. She said she “hopes and trusts” that PM Rishi Sunak would secure Abdel Fattah's release during his visit to Egypt for COP27.[71] Seif also spoke about her fears that the Egyptian authorities may be torturing Abdel Fattah and force-feeding him behind the closed doors. She asked for a proof of life of her brother.[72] The UN human rights chief Volker Türk also called on Egypt to immediately release Alaa Abdel Fattah, stating that his life was "at acute risk".[73] On 10 November, prison officials told Abdel Fattah's family he had received "medical intervention with the knowledge of a judicial authority," indicative of either force-feeding or intravenous rehydration.[74] On 15 November, his family received a letter from him saying he had ended his hunger strike and he would explain why at their next visit.[75]

On 23 November 2022, 67 French parliamentarians[76] called on European authorities and governments, to intervene for Alaa's immediate release, and to transport him on a European plane to a country of his choice, due to the deterioration of his health in Egyptian prison and the possibility of his re-arrest.[77]

Alaa's sister, Sana Seif, approached Europe and the United Nations to push for the release of her brother. She also called for the UNHRC to investigate into the imprisonment of her brother and other political prisoners in Egypt. Sanaa re-started the #FreeAlaa campaign and claimed that "international pressure is needed". On 16 March 2023, the Geneva Ministry of foreign Affairs confirmed that Germany had exchanged its views on these initiatives with Sana Seif in Geneva.[78] Based on the sentencing he was supposed to be released on 29 September 2024[8] but the Egyptian authorities decided not to include his pretrial detention pushing the release date to 2027.[9]

Awards

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Even while in the prison, he is named the 2024 PEN Pinter writer of courage.[79]

Bibliography

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  • You Have Not Yet Been Defeated. Seven Stories Press. 2021. ISBN 9781644212455.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Worldchanging essay Archived 14 May 2006 at the Wayback Machine "Arabization – It's Harder than just Right to Left" December 2004
  2. ^ "Activist Alaa Abdel-Fattah released on bail". Ahram Online. 23 March 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
  3. ^ "Updated: Egypt court orders release of Alaa Abdel-Fattah, Noubi, Metwali on bail". Ahram Online. 15 September 2014. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
  4. ^ "Alaa Abd El Fattah sentenced to month in prison". Mada Masr. 2 October 2014. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  5. ^ "Alaa Abdel Fattah: Egypt jails activist-blogger for five years". BBC News. 23 February 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2015.
  6. ^ "Released but imprisoned daily: Alaa Seif on the need for new imaginations". Mada Masr. 19 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  7. ^ a b c "Writer and activist Alaa Abd El Fattah arrested from police probation". Mada Masr. 29 September 2019. Archived from the original on 29 September 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
  8. ^ a b "Egypt: Lawyer fears activist Alaa Abd el-Fattah will be held beyond prison release date". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 29 September 2024.
  9. ^ a b "Egypt refuses to free jailed activist Alaa Abdel Fattah: sister". Yahoo News. 29 September 2024. Retrieved 29 September 2024.
  10. ^ @alaa (22 June 2011). "@EgyptianLiberal 18 Nov 1981" (Tweet) – via Twitter. [The date used here as birth date is presented without explanation -- just the date -- at the post.][better source needed]
  11. ^ "Human rights defender in Egypt: Ahmed Seif El-Islam" Archived 6 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine Amnesty International. 9 December 2008
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  13. ^ Alexandra, Nick. "An Egyptian revolutionary: A woman who relentlessly campaigned for justice for over 30 years is one of the true heroines of the revolution". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 21 April 2014.
  14. ^ a b Murphy, Kim, "A family nurtured in rebellion". Los Angeles Times. 13 February 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
  15. ^ Bronstein, Scott (16 June 2011). "For Egyptian online warrior, father's torture fueled activism". CNN. Retrieved 17 June 2011.
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  18. ^ "There is always light: Manal Bahey Al-Din Hassan on digital rights in Egypt". AccessNow.org. 13 April 2017.
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  20. ^ "Manalaa.net". Manalaa.net. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
  21. ^ "Core to Commonplace: The Evolution of Egypt's Blogosphere". Arab Media and Society. 2008.
  22. ^ "EGYPTIAN COUPLE AWARDED FOR BEST FREE EXPRESSION BLOG - IFEX". 5 December 2011. Archived from the original on 5 December 2011. Retrieved 17 October 2024.
  23. ^ Hashash, Sara, "Egypt to free jailed blogger" The Sunday Times. 25 December 2011.
  24. ^ Sanchez, Luiz, "Lawyers to defend case of summoned activists" Archived 24 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine Daily News Egypt. 28 March 2013.
  25. ^ "12 activists acquitted over Brotherhood HQ attack" Archived 24 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine Ahram Online. 7 July 2013.
  26. ^ Ashraf, Fady, "Shafiq's HQ fire trial postponed". Archived 24 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine Daily News Egypt. 3 September 2013.
  27. ^ El-Sayed Gamal El-Din "Activists Alaa Abdel-Fattah, Mona Seif receive suspended jail sentence" Archived 24 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine Ahram Online. 5 January 2014.
  28. ^ Rose, Aaron T., "Alaa Abdel Fattah arrest prompts outcry from human rights groups" Archived 24 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine Daily News Egypt. 30 November 2013.
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  31. ^ Aspden, Rachel (12 November 2021). "You Have Not Yet Been Defeated by Alaa Abd el-Fattah review – a message to the world from an Egyptian prison". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 May 2022.
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  33. ^ "دار "جسور" تطلق النسخة العربية من كتاب علاء عبدالفتاح "شبح الربيع": مختارات من مقالاته وتدويناته وأقواله أمام النيابة والمحاكم – درب" (in Arabic). Retrieved 19 November 2022.
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  37. ^ blogpost Archived 26 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Ethan Zuckerman's blog, 5 August 2006 9:24 am.
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  39. ^ Sabbah, Haitham (10 May 2006). "Google-bombing for Alaa: Press Release | Sabbah Report". Sabbah.biz. Archived from the original on 7 February 2012. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
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  41. ^ a b Dawoud, Khaled. The Face of Protest Archived 3 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Al-Ahram Weekly. 17 November 2011.
  42. ^ "Trial begins over Egypt's 'camel battle'". Al Jazeera. 11 September 2011. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
  43. ^ Shenker, Jack (31 October 2011). "Egyptian revolutionary Alaa Abd El Fattah arrested by junta". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
  44. ^ Associated Press in Cairo (2 November 2011). "Jailed Egyptian activist's mother on hunger strike". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
  45. ^ Fleishman, Jeffrey, "Egyptian mother on hunger strike to free blogger son from prison" Archived 13 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Los Angeles Times, 9 November 2011 7:35 am. Retrieved 9 November 2011.
  46. ^ "Egypt: Activist Detained for Inciting Violence | Pulitzer Center". Pulitzer Center. Archived from the original on 12 December 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
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  48. ^ a b Shenker, Jack. Egyptian activist Alaa Abd El Fattah accuses army of hijacking revolution Archived 25 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine. The Guardian. 2 November 2011.
  49. ^ Mackey, Robert (13 December 2011). "Egypt Drops Some Charges Against Blogger", The New York Times. Archived 20 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
  50. ^ "Judge releases arrested blogger Alaa Abd El Fattah". almasryalyoum.com. 25 December 2011. Retrieved 25 December 2011.
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  52. ^ Kingsley, Patrick (29 November 2013). "Egyptian activist arrested amid government crackdown on dissent". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 November 2013.
  53. ^ "Update: Alaa Abd El Fattah arrested, being held at CSF barracks". Mada Masr. 29 November 2013. Archived from the original on 29 November 2013. Retrieved 29 November 2013.
  54. ^ Benin, Joel (10 October 2014), "Can Arabs be Human Rights Defenders?", Jadaliyya. Archived 5 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine.
  55. ^ Abdel Fattah, Alaa (7 October 2014), "On the Sakharov Prize", Jadaliyya. Archived 4 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine.
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  57. ^ "Egyptian pro-democracy activist free after 5 years in prison". The Hindu. 29 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
  58. ^ "Egyptian activist Alaa Abdel Fattah disappeared from police station, says family". Middle East Eye. 29 September 2019.
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  60. ^ "Alaa Abd El Fattah and his lawyer recount humiliation and beatings in maximum-security prison". Mada Masr. 10 October 2019. Archived from the original on 10 October 2019. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
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  63. ^ a b O'Grady, Siobhán (3 May 2022). "As Egypt frees prisoners, fears grow for prominent activist left behind". The Washington Post. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
  64. ^ Seif, Mona [@monasosh] (20 December 2021). "Another 5 years sentence" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  65. ^ "Opinion | A voice of the Arab Spring is being wrongfully detained. Let him go free". The Washington Post. 8 April 2022. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
  66. ^ a b Trew, Bel (2 May 2022). "British citizen on hunger strike in Egypt jail says farewell to family". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2 May 2022. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
  67. ^ "Alaa Abdel Fattah: UK urged to help jailed British-Egyptian activist". BBC News. 18 May 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
  68. ^ World at One. Interviewed by Dymond, Jonny. BBC Radio 4. 11 November 2022. Event occurs at 43m59s-44m44s. Retrieved 11 November 2022. Lord Simon McDonald: [Alaa Abd El-Fattah] is also an Egyptian citizen in Egypt. International law means that when you are in a country whose citizenship you carry, you are subject completely to the laws of that country. So the Egyptians are within their rights to say buzz off. Whilst he is in Egypt, his Egyptian citizenship trumps his UK citizenship. The British government has not accepted that, the British government is still active on his behalf and ministers raise this case multiply. We've heard that in recent days, but because of international law, because he holds Egyptian citizenship, there is a limit to what the British government can do.
  69. ^ Trew, Bel (15 June 2022). "'The hunger strike may be his last act': Celebrities urge Liz Truss to secure release of Briton in Egypt jail". The Independent. Retrieved 15 June 2022.
  70. ^ "COP27: Jailed activist Alaa Abdel Fattah stops drinking water". BBC News. 6 November 2022. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
  71. ^ "Alaa Abdel Fattah: British-Egyptian activist's family pin hopes on PM". BBC News. 7 November 2022. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
  72. ^ Michaelson, Ruth (8 November 2022). "Alaa Abd el-Fattah's family fear he may be being force-fed in Egyptian prison". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
  73. ^ "Alaa Abdel Fattah: British-Egyptian activist's life at acute risk - UN". BBC News. 8 November 2022. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
  74. ^ Ott, Haley (10 November 2022). "Alaa Abdel-Fattah, activist on hunger strike in Egypt prison, given 'medical intervention,' family told". CBS. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
  75. ^ Gritten, David (16 November 2022). "Alaa Abdel Fattah: Jailed British-Egyptian activist ends hunger strike - letter". BBC News. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
  76. ^ "Pour la libération immédiate d'Alaa Abd el-Fattah1" (PDF). Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies. 23 November 2022. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
  77. ^ "67 European parliamentarians, calling for the immediate release of Alaa Abd el-Fattah". Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies. 23 November 2022. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
  78. ^ Holleis, Jennifer (18 March 2023). "Egypt: New push to free activist Alaa Abdel-Fattah". DW. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  79. ^ Knight, Lucy (10 October 2024). "Imprisoned British-Egyptian activist named PEN writer of courage 2024". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 16 October 2024.
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