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Al-Safiriyya

Coordinates: 31°59′36″N 34°51′04″E / 31.99333°N 34.85111°E / 31.99333; 34.85111
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Al-Safiriyya
السافريّة
Etymology: from a personal name [1]
1870s map
1940s map
modern map
1940s with modern overlay map
A series of historical maps of the area around Al-Safiriyya (click the buttons)
Al-Safiriyya is located in Mandatory Palestine
Al-Safiriyya
Al-Safiriyya
Location within Mandatory Palestine
Coordinates: 31°59′36″N 34°51′04″E / 31.99333°N 34.85111°E / 31.99333; 34.85111
Palestine grid135/155
Geopolitical entityMandatory Palestine
SubdistrictJaffa
Date of depopulationNot known[4]
Area
[3]
 • Total
12,842 dunams (12.842 km2 or 4.958 sq mi)
Population
 (1945)
 • Total
3,070[2][3]
Current LocalitiesTzafria,[5] Kfar Chabad,[5] Ahi'ezer[5] Tochelet[5] Sharir[6] Shafrir (at the site of what is now Kfar Chabad) has been absorbed in the previous, and in the suburbs of Rishon LeZion[5]

Al-Safiriyya was a Palestinian Arab village in the Jaffa Subdistrict. It was depopulated during Operation Hametz in the 1948 Palestine War on May 20, 1948.[5] It was located 11 km east of Jaffa, 1.5 km west of Ben Gurion Airport.

Starting in 1949, the ruins of the site were overbuilt by the Israeli town of Kfar Chabad.

History

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Al-Safiriyya may have been known to the Byzantines and Crusaders as Sapharea or Saphyria.[5][7] However, later comparative linguistic analysis excluded this possibility.[8]

Hani Al-Kindi, an early Muslim scholar and acetic, was buried in Al-Safiriyya. The Umayyad caliph Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz (717–720) had offered him the Governorship of Palestine, but Al-Kindi had declined it.[5]

Ottoman era

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Al-Safiriyya was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517 with all of Palestine. In 1552, al-Safiriyya was an inhabited village, and 21 carats of its tax revenues were also endowed to the Haseki Sultan Imaret in Jerusalem. Administratively, the village belonged to the Sub-district of Ramla in the District of Gaza.[9]

In 1596 it appeared in the tax registers under the name of Safiriyya, as being in the nahiya ("subdistrict") of Ramla, which was under the administration of the liwa ("district") of Gaza. It had a population of 53 household;[10] an estimated 292 persons, who were all Muslims. They paid a fixed tax-rate of 33,3 % on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, summer crops, sesame, vineyards, fruit trees, goats and beehives, in addition to occasional revenues; a total of 18,800 akçe. All of the revenue went to a waqf.[10][5]

In 1051 AH/1641/2, the Bedouin tribe of al-Sawālima from around Jaffa attacked the villages of Subṭāra, Bayt Dajan, al-Sāfiriya, Jindās, Lydda and Yāzūr belonging to Waqf Haseki Sultan.[11]

In 1838 Safiriyeh was among the villages Edward Robinson noted from the top of the White Mosque, Ramla.[12] It was further noted as a Muslim village, in the Lydda District.[13]

In 1863 Victor Guérin found the village to have 450 inhabitants. He noted that the mosque was shaded by an old mulberry tree, and around the village were plantations of tobacco and watermelons.[14]

An Ottoman village list from about 1870 showed that es-Safirije had 29 houses and a population of 134, though the population count included men only.[15][16]

In 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described it as an adobe village, with olives to the south.[17]

Nasra Hussein Ahmad Zayed, born Safiriyya 1913 CE. Pictured in 1934, wearing a wedding dress.

British Mandate era

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Al-Safiriyya 1929 1:20,000
Al-Safiriyya 1945 1:250,000

In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Safriyeh had a population of 1,306, all Muslims,[18] increasing in the 1931 census to 2,040 inhabitants, still all Muslims, in 489 houses.[19]

In the 1945 statistics it had a population of 3,070 Muslims,[2] with 12,842 dunams of land.[3] Of this, Arabs used 3,539 for growing citrus and banana, 3,708 for plantations and irrigable land, 3,032 for cereals,[20] while 95 dunams were classified as built-up areas.[21]

Al-Safiriyya had two elementary schools, one for boys founded in 1920 which had an enrollment of 348 boys in 1945, and another school was for girls, founded in 1945 with 45 girls.[5]

1948, aftermath

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Benny Morris gives both date and time of depopulation as unknown.[4] Aref al-Aref writes that Al-Safiriyya was occupied by the Yishuv in April, 1948, at the same time as Yazur and Bayt Dajan.[22]

On September 13, 1948, Al-Safiriyya was one of 14 Palestinian villages that Ben-Gurion asked to be destroyed, in order to block the return of the villagers.[23]

Tzafria, Kfar Chabad, Tochelet, Ahi'ezer and the suburbs of Rishon LeZion today occupy Al-Safiriyya land.[5]

In 1992 the village site was described: "The two schools – long concrete structures with rectangular doorways and windows – still stand and have been refurbished. A number of houses, some made of adobe bricks and others of concrete, also remain and are aither deserted or inhabited by Jewish families. They are architecturally simple and have rectangular doors and windows; most of their roofs are flat. Cactuses and a variety of trees line an old village road, and the site is generally dotted by sycamore and cypress trees. Parts of the surrounding land are covered by construction but some parts are cultivated by Israelis."[24]

References

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  1. ^ Palmer, 1881, p. 217
  2. ^ a b Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 28
  3. ^ a b c Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 53
  4. ^ a b Morris, 2004, p. xviii, village #220. Morris gives both cause and date of depopulation as "not known".
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Khalidi, 1992, p. 253
  6. ^ Morris, 2004, p. xxii, settlement #113
  7. ^ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol. 3, p. 45
  8. ^ Marom, Roy; Zadok, Ran (2023). "Early-Ottoman Palestinian Toponymy: A Linguistic Analysis of the (Micro-)Toponyms in Haseki Sultan's Endowment Deed (1552)". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 139 (2).
  9. ^ Marom, Roy (2022-11-01). "Jindās: A History of Lydda's Rural Hinterland in the 15th to the 20th Centuries CE". Lod, Lydda, Diospolis. 1: 8.
  10. ^ a b Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 155
  11. ^ Marom, Roy (2022-11-01). "Jindās: A History of Lydda's Rural Hinterland in the 15th to the 20th Centuries CE". Lod, Lydda, Diospolis: 13-14.
  12. ^ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol. 3, p. 30
  13. ^ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol. 3, 2 appendix, p. 121
  14. ^ Guérin, 1868, pp. 32, 319
  15. ^ Socin, 1879, p. 159
  16. ^ Hartmann, 1883, p. 138 found 115 (!) houses
  17. ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. 254
  18. ^ Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Jaffa, p. 20
  19. ^ Mills, 1932, p. 15
  20. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 96
  21. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 146
  22. ^ al-Aref, cited in Khalidi, 1992, p. 253
  23. ^ Morris, 2004, p. 354
  24. ^ Khalidi, 1992, pp. 253-254

Bibliography

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