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Aiviq in heavy seas on 30 December 2012.
History
United States
NameAiviq
NamesakeInupiaq for "walrus"
OwnerEdison Chouest Offshore
Port of registryGalliano, Louisiana[1]
OrderedJuly 2009
Builder
CostUS$200 million (2009)
Yard number247
Laid down3 February 2010
Launched1 November 2011
Christened24 March 2012
Completed20 April 2012
In service2012–
Identification
StatusIn service[2]
United States
OperatorUnited States Coast Guard (future)[3]
CostUS$125 million (2024) [3]
In service2026– (planned)[3]
HomeportJuneau, Alaska[3]
General characteristics (as built)
TypeAnchor handling tug supply vessel (AHTS)
Tonnage
Length110 m (360 ft 11 in)
Beam24.4 m (80 ft 1 in)
Draught8.6 m (28 ft 3 in)
Depth10.4 m (34 ft 1 in)
Ice classABS A3
Installed power4 × Caterpillar C280-12 (4 × 4,060 kW)
Propulsion
Speed
  • 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph) in open water
  • 5 knots (9.3 km/h; 5.8 mph) in 1 m (3.3 ft) ice
Crew28; accommodation for 64
Aviation facilitiesHelideck
General characteristics (after refit)
TypeMedium icebreaker (USCG)[3]

Aiviq is an American icebreaking anchor handling tug supply vessel (AHTS) owned by Offshore Surface Vessels LLC, part of Edison Chouest Offshore (ECO). The $200 million vessel was built in 2012 by North American Shipbuilding Company in Larose, Louisiana and LaShip in Houma, Louisiana. She was initially chartered by Royal Dutch Shell to support oil exploration and drilling in the Chukchi Sea off Alaska where the primary task of the vessel was towing and laying anchors for drilling rigs, and oil spill response.[4][5][6]

The vessel has been called the world's most powerful privately owned icebreaker.[7]

Construction

[edit]

In July 2009, Edison Chouest Offshore won a $150 million contract for the construction of an icebreaking anchor handling tug supply (AHTS) vessel for Royal Dutch Shell. The 360-foot (110 m) vessel, largest ever built by the company, would be used to support Shell's drilling operations in the Beaufort Sea and Chukchi Sea off Alaska.[8] In January 2010, it was announced that the vessel would be constructed in Louisiana. The hull and the superstructure would be built in the company's own shipyard North American Shipbuilding Company in Larose in two separate units while the final assembly of the vessel would take place at LaShip, also owned by Edison Chouest, in Houma. In all, the construction would take just over two years and provide work for about 800 people.[9]

Laid down on 3 February 2010,[1] the newbuilding "Hull 247" was presented to Shell executives on 30 September 2011. By then, the price of the vessel had climbed to $200 million due to material and equipment factors, such as the price of steel.[10][11] The vessel was launched on 1 November 2011.[1] According to Edison Chouest spokesman Gary Chouest, "It [Aiviq] will be the world's largest and most powerful anchor-handling icebreaker."[5]

In 2011, Shell invited Inupiak schoolchildren to submit essays suggesting names for the vessel. Twelve-year-old Elizabeth Itta submitted the winning essay, describing how the Walrus, "Aiviq" in the Inupiak language, use their tusks to break ice. She won a cash prize for her school and an invitation to attend the ship's launching ceremony on 24 March 2012.[12][13] The vessel went for sea trials in April and was delivered on 20 April 2012.[1][14]

The construction of the new icebreaker and Shell's Arctic drilling operation off Alaska raised concerns about the ability of the United States Coast Guard to operate in ice-infested waters since at the time the Coast Guard had only one operational icebreaker, USCGC Healy.[15]

In April 2015, it was reported that Edison Chouest would build two Polar Class 3 anchor-handling tug supply (AHTS) vessels at the company's LaShip shipyard in Houma, Louisiana. Unlike Aiviq, the new vessels would have been fitted with Rolls-Royce azimuth thrusters instead of conventional shaftlines and rudders.[16] However, in November 2015 it was reported that Edison Chouest might have canceled the vessels following Shell's decision to halt Arctic oil exploration.[17]

Career

[edit]

Grounding of Kulluk

[edit]
Kulluk aground on the southeast side of Sitkalidak Island, Alaska, on 1 January 2013.

On 27 December 2012, while Aiviq was towing the mobile offshore drilling unit Kulluk off the coast of Kodiak Island, Alaska, the towing line between the icebreaker and the drilling rig parted due to a mechanical failure of the towing shackle.[18] Shortly after the tow had been regained, the main engines of Aiviq failed and the vessel lost propulsion power in 20-foot (6 m) seas. In the following morning, power was successfully restored on one of the four main engines and the vessel was able to hold position in the heavy weather.[19] United States Coast Guard cutter USCGC Alex Haley was dispatched to the scene to monitor the situation.[20] In response to the incident, the Coast Guard, Shell and Edison Chouest established a Unified Command to coordinate the operation.[21] Shell-contracted vessels Guardsman and Nanuq were also en route to the scene.[19]

On 29 December, the Unified Command authorized the drilling rig to drop its anchor to slow its drift towards the coast and ordered the Coast Guard to evacuate the 18 crew members on Kulluk by helicopter as a precaution.[22][23] Sikorsky HH-60 Jayhawk helicopters operated by the Coast Guard also delivered essential equipment parts to Aiviq and later power was restored on all four engines. Together with Nanuq, Aiviq was able to hold the drilling rig stationary during the crew evacuation and later continue towing the vessel away from the coast.[24][25]

On 30 December, the tow lines of Aiviq and Nanuq parted again, and Kulluk began drifting towards the coast. Another tugboat, the 10,000-horsepower Alert operated by Crowley Marine Services,[26] also arrived to the scene from Prince William Sound.[27] Shortly after midnight, Alert was able to secure connection to the 400-foot (120 m) towing line previously used by Aiviq and later in the morning the icebreaker had also reconnected to Kulluk about 19 nautical miles (35 km; 22 mi) southeast from Kodiak Island.[28] USCGC Alex Haley also returned to the scene from Kodiak, where the cutter had repaired her fouled port propeller, and relieved the crew of USCGC Spar as on scene commander. The helicopter crews were also preparing to deploy several technicians aboard the drilling rig to evaluate the condition of the towing lines.[29]

Later in the evening, Kulluk was again set adrift after the Coast Guard ordered Alert to separate from the rig, now only 4 nautical miles (7.4 km; 4.6 mi) from the nearest point of land, to maintain the safety of the nine crew members on board the tug in nearly 30-foot (9.1 m) seas.[29][30] Only moments later, Kulluk was grounded near the uninhabited Sitkalidak Island at a depth of about 32–48 feet (9.8–14.6 m).[31]

The salvage operation was awarded to the Dutch salvage company Smit International.[32] A team of five salvage experts boarded Kulluk on 2 January 2013 to assess the structural integrity of the grounded drilling barge.[32] On 3 January, it was reported that Kulluk had suffered damage since the grounding but its structural integrity had not been compromised and there have been no leaks from the rig's fuel tanks.[33] At the time of the grounding, Kulluk was carrying 139,000 gallons of diesel fuel and 12,000 gallons of lubricating and hydraulic oil.[34] By 4 January, 14 vessels had been mobilized for the recovery operation and the United States Department of Defense provided two Boeing CH-47 Chinook helicopters to transport heavy salvage gear to the site.[35]

Kulluk was successfully refloated on 6 January and towed to a sheltered location in Kiliuda Bay, some 30 nautical miles (56 km; 35 mi) from the original grounding location, on the following day.[36][37] After the rig was brought to a shipyard in Singapore on board a heavy-lift vessel, Shell decided not to repair the damages and sold the drilling unit for recycling in China.[38]

In the investigation report published by the United States Coast Guard on 2 April 2014, the initiating event to the casualty was identified as the failure of a 120-ton apex shackle which was considered undersized for towing Kulluk in such environmental conditions. The 90-feet catenary surge chain used to damp shock loads in the towing line was also deemed insufficient. According to the Coast Guard, the "numerous and compounding preconditions" that led to the casualty also included various operational issues such as the towing plans that were not adequate for the winter towing operation crossing the Gulf of Alaska and the crew's lack of towing experience in the Gulf of Alaska waters particularly during the wintertime.[39]

In the same report, it was also concluded that the likely cause for Aiviq's loss of main engine power was sea water in the fuel oil. After the casualty, sea water contamination was found in settling tanks, day tanks, main engine primary filters and main engine injectors. The design of the vessel allowed considerable amount of sea water to enter the stern deck and subsequently to the fuel oil tanks through overflow vents in heavy weather. There were also problems with fuel management practices onboard Aiviq.[39]

Kulluk's movement south for the winter was at least in part motivated by an effort to avoid State of Alaska property taxes on oil and gas extraction equipment.[40]

2015 Proposed sale to the US Coast Guard

[edit]

On 14 May 2015, US Congressman Duncan Hunter of California, began advocating for the acquisition of Aiviq by the US Coast Guard (USCG) due to an availability gap caused by USCG's deactivation of the icebreaker USCGC Polar Sea.[41] USCG repeatedly turned down Hunter's continued proposals, citing the vessel's unsuitability for military operations and being less-capable than USCGC Healy, with Coast Guard Admiral Charles Michel stating Aiviq is "Not suitable for military service without substantial refit. [...] We have very specific requirements for our vessels, including international law requirements for assertion of things like navigation rights. This vessel does not just break ice."[41][42]

Controversy arose after it was published that Congressman Hunter had received campaign funding from Aiviq's owner, Edison Chouest Offshore, and contributors connected to the owner, six days before initially advocating the vessel's sale to USCG.[43] Edison Chouest's contributions to Hunter have made them the congressman's second largest donor.[44] The company's donations came as Congressman Hunter was under investigation for misuse of campaign funds.[45] On 12 July 2016, Hunter's advocacy for the vessel's acquisition was joined by US Congressman Don Young of Alaska.[46] Aiviq's owner was Congressman Young's largest campaign donor at that time.[47]

Congressman Hunter's office estimated it would cost US$33 million a year to lease, or US$150 million to buy Aiviq outright.[48][49]

Proposed sale to Canada

[edit]

Since 2016, Davie Shipbuilding has offered Aiviq together with other out-of-work offshore icebreakers to the Canadian Coast Guard as a replacement for CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent.[50] However, recent reports indicate that the Canadian Coast Guard is not interested in the vessel.[51] In June 2018, it was announced that the Canadian government ended up partnering with Davie Shipbuilding, but using three ships from Viking Supply Ships.[52]

Later career

[edit]

After years of lay-up, Aiviq was chartered by Australian Antarctic Division to support Davis Station refueling and other Antarctic missions during the 2021–2022 and 2022–2023 seasons.[53][54]

2024 Proposed sale to the US Coast Guard

[edit]

On 1 March 2024 the United States Coast Guard issued a notice that they planned to solicit Offshore Surface Vessels LLC for a contract to acquire and service a domestically produced, commercially available icebreaker.[55] Aiviq is the only such vessel to meet these previously specified criteria.[56]

The Coast Guard was appropriated $125 million in fiscal year 2024 to purchase Aiviq. The vessel will be homeported in Juneau, Alaska and is expected to reach initial operational capability in 2026.[3]

General characteristics

[edit]

Aiviq is 110 metres (360 ft 11 in) long overall and 95.5 metres (313 ft 4 in) between perpendiculars. Her hull has a beam of 24.4 metres (80 ft) and depth of 10.4 metres (34 ft 1 in).[1] Fully laden, she draws 8.6 metres (28 ft 3 in) of water.[57] Since Aiviq is an anchor handling tug and supply vessel, she is fitted with a large towing winch located amidships as well as chain lockers and storage tanks for both liquid and dry bulk cargo under the main deck.[58] Her gross tonnage is 12,892, net tonnage 3,867 and deadweight tonnage 4,129 tonnes.[1]

Aiviq is powered by four 12-cylinder Caterpillar C280-12 four stroke medium speed diesel engines, each producing 4,060 kW (5,440 hp) at 1,000 rpm. The engines are coupled to two 4.6-metre (15 ft) Schottel controllable-pitch propeller in nozzles via Flender reduction gearboxes.[1][59] The propulsion system gives Aiviq a service speed of 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph) in open water and 5 knots (9.3 km/h; 5.8 mph) in 1-metre (3 ft 3 in) level ice, and a bollard pull of 200 metric tons.[57] She also has two 2,000 kW shaft generators and four 1,700 kW Caterpillar 3512C auxiliary diesel generators that provide power for onboard consumers, including the firefighting system. She has three bow thrusters, one of them of azimuthing fold-down type, and two stern thrusters that give her dynamic positioning capability. For redundancy and improved handling, she has two high-lift rudders.[1][4][58] The propellers of Aiviq are reportedly designed to be quieter than normal in order to be less disruptive to local marine life.[60]

Aiviq is classified by the American Bureau of Shipping. Her ice class, ABS A3, indicates that she is strengthened for navigation in polar ice conditions with the presence of multiyear ice floes. Furthermore, the notation "Ice Breaker" states that she is designed and constructed for breaking ice to open navigable channels for other ships.[1][42]

References

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aiviq.
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Aiviq (12185769)". ABS Record. American Bureau of Shipping. Retrieved 2012-06-20.
  2. ^ a b "Aiviq (9579016)". Equasis. Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy. Retrieved 2012-04-14.
  3. ^ a b c d e f "U.S. Coast Guard announces Juneau homeporting for future icebreaker". United States Coast Guard. 14 August 2024. Retrieved 15 August 2024.
  4. ^ a b Breaking the Ice Archived 2014-12-31 at the Wayback Machine. WorkBoat.com, 15 May 2012. Retrieved 2012-06-20.
  5. ^ a b Lisa Demer (2011-12-06). "Shell to unveil icebreaker for Arctic Alaska offshore drilling: Vessel will work waters off Alaska during oil exploration". Anchorage Daily News. Archived from the original on 2012-01-07. Retrieved 2012-01-26. ()
  6. ^ Susan Buchanan (2012-01-17). "Shell Awaits New Giant Icebreaker". Marinelink. Archived from the original on 2012-01-27. Retrieved 2012-01-26. ()
  7. ^ Pierre LeBlanc (2018-01-02). "An Out-of-the-Blue Icebreaker Opportunity". Maritime Executive. Archived from the original on 2018-01-07. Retrieved 2018-11-28. The m/v Aiviq is a Polar Class 3 icebreaker built by North American Shipbuilders in 2012. It is reported to be the world's most powerful icebreaker privately owned.
  8. ^ Chouest scores new icebreaker contract Archived 2014-08-08 at the Wayback Machine. dailycomet.com, 22 July 2009. Retrieved 2013-01-01.
  9. ^ Icebreaker to be built locally[permanent dead link]. dailycomet.com, 22 January 2010. Retrieved 2013-01-01.
  10. ^ Shell execs get glimpse of 'all new' icebreaker ship design Archived 2014-08-08 at the Wayback Machine. WWLTV, 1 October 2011. Retrieved 2013-01-01.
  11. ^ Shell hopes to break the ice on Arctic drilling. Chron, 30 September 2011. Retrieved 2013-01-01.
  12. ^ "Winner of Ice Breaker Naming Contest". Shell Oil. 2011-12-09. Archived from the original on 2012-05-14. Retrieved 2012-01-27. ()
  13. ^ USA: Edison Chouest Offshore Shipyard Christens Shell's New Icebreaker Aiviq Archived 2012-07-12 at the Wayback Machine. ShipbuildingTribune.com, 26 March 2012. Retrieved 2013-01-01.
  14. ^ Giant ice-class AHTS on sea trials following completion by Chouest Archived 2012-02-14 at the Wayback Machine. MarineLog, 1 April 2012. Retrieved 2012-04-14.
  15. ^ Shell-Led Arctic Push Finds U.S. Shy in Icebreakers: Energy. Bloomberg BusinessWeek, 18 July 2012. Retrieved 2013-01-01.
  16. ^ Rolls-Royce to supply propulsion and deck machinery to a new vessel for Edison Chouest Archived 2016-06-03 at the Wayback Machine. Rolls-Royce, 4 March 2015. Retrieved 2016-05-14.
  17. ^ Chouest said to have canceled Arctic AHTS duo. MarineLog, 9 November 2015.
  18. ^ M/V Aiviq Tow-Gulf of Alaska Archived 2013-02-02 at the Wayback Machine. Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, 28 December 2012. Retrieved 2013-01-05.
  19. ^ a b MV Aiviq loses power at sea. Aiviq Tow - Gulf of Alaska, Unified Command, 28 December 2012. Retrieved 2012-12-28.
  20. ^ Coast Guard assists tug and tow in Gulf of Alaska Archived 2013-01-02 at the Wayback Machine. United States Coast Guard, 28 December 2012. Retrieved 2013-01-01.
  21. ^ Unified Command established. Unified Command, 28 December 2012. Retrieved 2013-01-01.
  22. ^ Unified Command Statement #3. Unified Command, 29 December 2012. Retrieved 2013-01-01.
  23. ^ Unified Command authorizes Kulluk to drop anchor to slow drift. Unified Command, 29 December 2012. Retrieved 2013-01-01.
  24. ^ Incident response continues, second engine running on Aiviq. Unified Command, 29 December 2012. Retrieved 2013-01-01.
  25. ^ Update #6: 18 personnel on Kulluk safely evacuated, Aiviq's 4 engines functioning. Unified Command, 29 December 2012. Retrieved 2013-01-01.
  26. ^ Alert. Tugboat-information.com. Retrieved 2013-01-01.
  27. ^ Update #9: Kulluk tow lines separated; Alert on scene. Unified Command, 30 December 2012. Retrieved 2013-01-01.
  28. ^ Update #10: Kulluk under tow by Aiviq and Alert. Unified Command, 31 December 2012. Retrieved 2013-01-01.
  29. ^ a b Coast Guard crews continue battling fierce storm to assist Kulluk near Kodiak, Alaska Archived 2013-01-05 at the Wayback Machine. United States Coast Guard, 31 December 2012. Retrieved 2013-01-01.
  30. ^ Kulluk is adrift; four miles from nearest point of land. Unified Command, 31 December 2012. Retrieved 2013-01-01.
  31. ^ Unified Command Update #12: Kulluk grounded, vessel condition not yet confirmed. Unified Command, 31 December 2012. Retrieved 2013-01-01.
  32. ^ a b Update #18: Salvage Assessment Team Safely Boards Drilling Unit Archived 2013-01-06 at the Wayback Machine. Unified Command, 2 January 2013. Retrieved 2013-01-04.
  33. ^ Kulluk Has Suffered Damage Since Grounding, Hasn't Leaked Oil Archived 2013-01-07 at the Wayback Machine. KTUU.com, 3 January 2012. Retrieved 2013-01-04.
  34. ^ Unified Command Update #13. Unified Command, 1 January 2013. Retrieved 2013-01-01.
  35. ^ Update #21: Extensive Air and Sea Activity as Kulluk Recovery Operations Continue Archived 2013-02-16 at archive.today. Unified Command, 4 January 2013. Retrieved 2013-01-05.
  36. ^ "Grounded Shell oil-drilling ship refloated". The Associated Press. Retrieved 7 January 2013.
  37. ^ Update #34: Kulluk arrives safely at Kiliuda Bay, will undergo assessment Archived 2013-01-11 at the Wayback Machine. Unified Command, 7 January 2013. Retrieved 2013-01-07.
  38. ^ Shell responds to BOEM. Petroleum News, 5 January 2014. Retrieved 2014-04-12.
  39. ^ a b Report of Investigation into the Circumstances Surrounding the Multiple Related Marine Casualties and Grounding of the MODU KULLUK on December 31, 2012. United States Coast Guard, 2 April 2014. Retrieved 2018-10-31.
  40. ^ Anderson, Ben (January 3, 2013). "Did Alaska tax liability influence Shell Oil's latest Arctic fiasco?". Alaska Dispatch. Retrieved November 15, 2011.
  41. ^ a b Morgan Cook (13 October 2016). "Hunter pushes Coast Guard to lease or buy ship owned by top campaign donor". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Archived from the original on 22 January 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2018. [Coast Guard Adm. Charles] Michel said the Coast Guard's commandant had personally visited the vessel and found it "not suitable for military service without substantial refit." He said the Coast Guard does not operate non-military icebreakers.
  42. ^ a b "Rep. Young Pushes Coast Guard to Consider the Aiviq". The Maritime Executive. 13 July 2016. Archived from the original on 22 January 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2018. Without modification, the Aiviq is somewhat less capable than the Coast Guard medium icebreaker Healy, and is not in the same class as the heavy icebreaker due to retire next decade, the Polar Star.
  43. ^ Morgan Cook (13 October 2016). "Hunter pushes Coast Guard to lease or buy ship owned by top campaign donor". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Archived from the original on 22 January 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2018. The Chouest funds were all received May 8, 2015 — six days before the Coast Guard was to have an acquisitions hearing before a Congressional subcommittee chaired by Hunter.
  44. ^ Morgan Cook (13 October 2016). "Hunter pushes Coast Guard to lease or buy ship owned by top campaign donor". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Archived from the original on 22 January 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2018. Contributors connected to the Aiviq's owner, Louisiana-based shipbuilder Edison Chouest Offshore, have given at least $18,000 to Hunter's campaign since January 2015. That's a fraction of the $911,000 that Hunter raised during that time period. It makes Chouest the second most generous supporter of Hunter, according to review by The San Diego Union-Tribune of campaign finance records.
  45. ^ Morgan Cook (13 October 2016). "Hunter pushes Coast Guard to lease or buy ship owned by top campaign donor". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Archived from the original on 22 January 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2018. The money entered Hunter's campaign coffers at the height of a problem he has since acknowledged with thousands of dollars of campaign funds that were spent on personal expenses — such as $1,137 for oral surgery the following month.
  46. ^ Morgan Cook (13 October 2016). "Hunter pushes Coast Guard to lease or buy ship owned by top campaign donor". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Archived from the original on 22 January 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2018. At the subcommittee hearing July 12, Hunter had an ally in Rep. Don Young, R-Alaska, who also believes the Coast Guard does not require military-grade vessels for ice breaking. He described Michel's justification for not wanting to lease the Aiviq because it's not a military vessel as "a bulls--- answer." Since 2015, Edison Chouest Offshore was Young's top campaign contributor, donating at least $28,300, according to Opensecrets.org.
  47. ^ "Rep. Don Young - Alaska District 01 - Contributors 2015 - 2016". OpenSecrets. Archived from the original on 22 January 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
  48. ^ Joe Gould (30 September 2016). "US Lawmaker Wants Pre-Owned Ice Ship Over Coast Guard Objections". Defense News. Archived from the original on 2018-01-22. Retrieved 22 January 2018. Hunter claims the cost to charter an existing vessel, called the Aiviq, would be $33 million per year to lease and $150 million to buy.
  49. ^ Morgan Cook (13 October 2016). "Hunter pushes Coast Guard to lease or buy ship owned by top campaign donor". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Archived from the original on 22 January 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2018. Last month, Hunter asked Republican House leadership for money to be included in "any suitable and forthcoming appropriations vehicle" for lease or purchase of a medium icebreaker, according to a Sept. 20 letter Hunter's office released to the Union-Tribune on Thursday. The letter estimated the costs to charter the Aiviq at $33 million per year to lease, or $150 million to buy.
  50. ^ Aiviq - Polar Icebreaker. Davie Shipbuilding. Retrieved 2016-06-13.
  51. ^ Brise-glaces et Davie : des doutes sur la volonté d'Ottawa. Radio-Canada, 26 March 2018. Retrieved 2018-03-28.
  52. ^ "Canada taps Davie for three AHTS-conversion medium icebreakers". Marine Log. Simmons-Boardman Publishing. 2018-06-22.
  53. ^ "Schedules for - 2021/22". Australian Antarctic Program. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
  54. ^ "2022–2023". Australian Antarctic Program. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
  55. ^ "USCG Intent to Sole Source Commercially Available Polar Icebreaker". SAM.gov. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
  56. ^ "U.S. Coast Guard Plans to Buy Edison Chouest's Icebreaker Aiviq". Maritime Executive. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
  57. ^ a b Shell Takes Delivery of New Ice Class Vessel Archived 2012-05-14 at the Wayback Machine. Shell, 24 March 2012. Retrieved 2012-04-14.
  58. ^ a b Appendix K: Ice management plan Archived 2012-10-10 at the Wayback Machine. Shell Offshore Inc. Pages 41–43. Retrieved 2013-01-05.
  59. ^ Aiviq: Pride of Shell's Alaskan drilling fleet. Professional Mariner, 16 October 2012. Retrieved 2013-01-01.
  60. ^ Ted Land (2011-11-14). "Shell Offshore: Arctic Icebreaker Takes Shape". KTUU. Archived from the original on 2012-01-19. Retrieved 2012-01-27.
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