Ahmed Mohamed Mohamoud
Ahmed Mohamed Mohamoud (Somali: Axmed Maxamed Maxamuud, Arabic: احمد محمد محمود; 1938 – 15 November 2024), known by his nickname Silanyo (Arabic: سيلانيو), was a Somali politician who served as the President of Somaliland from 2010 to 2017. He was a long-time member of the government in Mogadishu, having served as Minister of Commerce of Somalia in the 1960s, and among other Cabinet positions. During the 1980s, he also served as the Chairman of the Somali National Movement.[3]
Standing as an opposition candidate, he was elected as President of Somaliland in Somaliland's 2010 presidential election.[4]
Background
[edit]Early life
[edit]Ahmed Mohamed Mohamoud was born in 1938 in the Mideastern town of Burco, situated in what was then the former British Somaliland protectorate.[3] Nicknamed "Silanyo" (meaning lizard in Somali),[5] he hailed from the Adan Madobe sub-division of the Habar Jeclo clan of Isaaq clan-family.[6][7] Ahmed M. Mohamoud Silanyo is the third child of six. His father was a merchant marine; so the family lived a half-nomadic, half-settled lifestyle. He was the only child in the family to attend a formal education, fostered by an uncle who was a strong influence on his early life. His brothers followed their father's footsteps as merchant marines. He was Muslim.[8]
Education
[edit]Between 1946 and 1957, Mohamoud studied at schools in Sheekh and Amud, where he completed his secondary levels.[3]
Upon graduation, he moved to England to pursue higher studies. From 1958 to 1960, Mohamoud enrolled in London University and obtained an advanced General Certificate of Education (GCE). He then studied at University of Manchester, where he earned both a Bachelor's Degree (1960–1963) and a Master's Degree (1963–1965) in Economics.[3][9]
Personal life and death
[edit]He met his wife, Amina-Weris Sh. Mohamed, in the late 1960s. Like him, she completed her education as a registered nurse and midwife in England. They married in Mogadishu in 1968. She has been a strong partner[weasel words], by his side throughout the long and turbulent times of his political career.[10]
Mohamoud died in Hargeisa, Somaliland on 13 November 2024, at the age of 86.[11]
Political career
[edit]General
[edit]
In a professional capacity, between 1965 and 1969, Mohamoud served as an official at the Ministry of Planning and Coordination in Mogadishu during Somalia's early civilian administration. He was also the national Minister of Planning and Coordination (1969–1973), Minister of Commerce (1973–1978 and 1980–1982), and the Chairman of the National Economic Board (1978–1980) in the succeeding socialist government.[3][12] Although a member of Siad Barre's cabinet for many years, he was believed to not be involved in any acts of violence and embezzlement.[13] Therefore, allowing him to satisfy both the government and opposition at the time, paving way for his chairmanship of the Somali National Movement.[13]
From 1984 to 1990, Mohamoud was the Chairman of the Somali National Movement (SNM), serving as the liberation group's longest-serving chairman.[8][14]
Between 1993 and 1997, Mohamoud was a member of the House of Representatives of Somaliland. He also worked as the Somaliland Minister of Finance from 1997 to 1999, in which position he initiated a program of fiscal reform. Between 1999 and 2000, Mohamoud served as Somaliland's Minister of Planning and Coordination, a position from which he resigned in 2001.[3][15]
Prominent seminars, symposia, conferences
[edit]During his years of public service, Mohamoud participated in a broad array of forums relating to a variety of developmental aspects of the world. He utilizing training programs under the patronage of United Nations (United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR), the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), and the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (ECA)), as well as benefiting from a Leadership Grant organized by the African-American Institute that related to developmental fields, including visits to various regional state and federal governmental bodies throughout the United States.[15]
- Conferences attended
- United Nations, Organization of African Union (OAU)[citation needed]
- The Arab League[citation needed]
- Islamic and Non-Aligned Movement Conferences[citation needed]
- Somalian congress in diaspora on behalf of Somalian government[citation needed]
- Leader of Somalian delegation
- UN Special Sessions, New York, NY[citation needed]
- OAU, Arab League, European Economic Commission (EEC), and the ministerial meetings of the Organisation of African, Caribbean and Pacific States (ACP).[citation needed]
- The 1976 Non-Aligned Conference, Lima, Peru[citation needed]
- United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) in Nairobi, Kenya, 1977[15]
Roles during the Somaliland Nationhood Government
[edit]1982–1984: Chairman of Somali National Movement (SNM), UK Branch
[edit]During the earlier years of the SNM, Mohamoud established offices and organized SNM committees throughout Europe, North America, and the Arab World to raise international awareness of the liberation movement and the brutality of Somalia's Siyad Barre regime against its own people through presentations to international human rights groups, the press media, various European government bodies, including the British Parliament and the European Inter-Parliamentary Union, and relevant organizations in the Arab and Islamic world.[citation needed]
To further accomplish this, Mohamoud embarked on a program of recruitment of important personalities and groups in southern Somalia to join the SNM movement—a 1982 through 1991 Somali liberation faction founded and led predominantly by Isaaq members to protect the national interests of the Somalilanders against the oppressive Siyad Barre regime. Having successfully toppled the Siyad Barre regime in 1991, the SNM had been pivotal in reconstituting the Republic of Somaliland that on 1 July 1960, united with Somalia. Presently, Somaliland is a sovereign democratic country, but is internationally recognized as an autonomous region of Somalia.[15]
1984–1990: Chairman of Somali National Movement (SNM)
[edit]During the following years Mohamoud would become the SNM's longest-serving Chairman, in command throughout the most tumultuous, expansive, and decisive period of the liberation movement. In 1984, the SNM was in its infancy, having been established only two years earlier. The struggle was nebulous. This period was being steered through its most trying times. Its most momentous events occurred in October 1984 with the first major, simultaneous, and coordinated invasion of the SNM troops into the mountainous regions of Somaliland and its major expansion of SNM fronts in the southern and northwest regions of Awdal and the Northwest.[citation needed]
With tensions rising, a 1986 accord negotiated in Jabuuti between the Siyad Barre regime of Somalia and Mengistu Haile Mariam of Ethiopia to end the support of the respective rebellions against their regimes had for all intent and purposes entailed the dismemberment the SNM. Having lost its Ethiopian sanctuary, as a consequence of this agreement, in May 1988, the SNM waged a historically daring invasion on Togdheer and Northwest regions of Somaliland. With this secretly and meticulously planned attack—a shocking surprise to both Siyad Barre and Mingeste Haile Miriam regimes – SNM fighters easily took Burao (Burco) and Hargeisa (Hargeysa) cities. Although the SNM was finally pushed out of the two cities, the lightning attack proved to be the deathblow of the Siyad Barre regime. The end result being the peaceful transfer of power, in a spirit of unity, at the 1990 SNM Congress – a lasting peace that survives today.[15]
1990–1996: Re-establishing Somaliland's sovereignty
[edit]While attending the Congress of Somaliland (Burao, May 1991), Mohamoud acted as a key player in re-establishing Somaliland's sovereignty as an independent state. In 1992, he initiated, and then organized, the famous Forum for Peace that generated a cease-fire agreement between the warring parties in the so-called Xarbal Aqnaam War in the port city Berbera and its environs. From 1993 through 1996, he would act as a Member of Somaliland House of Representatives. During this time, in 1996, he initiated a reconciliation movement that brought about an end to the internal conflict at Beer – 18 miles southeast of Burao (Togdheer Region), where a formal agreement of cessation of hostilities and an exchange of prisoners would be finalized.[15][16]
1997–1999: Minister of Finance
[edit]In 1997, Mohamoud had change roles, becoming the Minister of Finance for Somaliland devising and implementing a viable solution to stem out the runaway inflation threatening the economy of Somaliland. Further, shifting focus to the military, he sought to resolve the vexing problem of rationed supplies to the armed forces and begun to initiate a program for fiscal reform.[15][16]
1999–2000: Minister of Planning and Coordination
[edit]Changing roles once more, Mohamoud began to act as the Minister of Planning and Coordination for Somaliland, working to establish mechanisms for the coordination of aid programs between the government and foreign-aid donors. He initiated the formulation of a three-year development plan, organized a first of its kind and well-attended international conference on aid for Somaliland held in Hargeisa, attended and addressed the Somalia Aid Coordination Body (SACB) in Nairobi, Kenya – as the first-ever Somaliland Government Minister to do so, and lead a Somaliland government delegation that met with the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) representatives in Nairobi, Kenya.[15][16]
2000–2002: Mediator and various other roles
[edit]During the period of working with Somaliland's 2nd president, President Mohamed Haji Ibrahim Egal, Mohamoud played important and decisive roles as a mediator in preventing crisis with respect to incidents relating to the relationship between Djibouti and Somaliland, Somaliland and Ethiopia, SNM veterans and the Egal administration, and between the Somaliland House of Representatives and the Egal government. He would spend, however, a period overseas, delivering speeches and addressing communities of the Somaliland diaspora in Europe and the United States raising awareness on the achievements and developments of the county. Upon his return to Somaliland he immediately mounted a campaign toward the resolution of a looming national crisis between the Egal administration and its political opponents, a crisis which came close to starting afresh a new round of internal conflict.[15]
2002–2010: Founder and chairman of the Kulmiye Party and its presidential candidate
[edit]The youngest political organization in the country, the Kulmiye Party was established in early 2002 with a focus on conveying the campaign's platform to the countryside and rural regions. Notably, Mohamoud pursued a no smear campaign policy toward other political parties, thus conducting a peaceful election, while applauding public education on the merits of the multi-party system and the democratic process. However, Mohamoud lost the election by a mere 80 votes to President Dahir Rayaale Kahin.[citation needed]
Despite this setback, Mohamoud would be a supporting for the women's voices in Somaliland, as the Kulmiye Party was the only party to appoint a woman as Vice-Chair. During the next elections, Mohamoud was rewarded by garnering the largest national votes, only less than the total votes the incumbent party obtained during the previous presidential election. Through his stewardship, the Kulmiye Party has grown to be the largest party in Somaliland. Despite the ruling party's continuous hold to power after its term expired, and its unwillingness to hold free and fair elections, Mohamoud continued to pursue political change through the democratic process by working closely with traditional elders and the international community, whose interest is peace and stability in the Horn of Africa. Thus, when he ran as the Kulmiye Party candidate for president he was able to defeat incumbent President Dahir Rayaale Kahin of the United Peoples' Democratic Party (UDUB) in the 2010 presidential election.[15]
2010–2017: Fourth president of the Republic of Somaliland
[edit]Mohamed's term ended with the presidential election of 13 November 2017, which had been delayed from 28 March 2017.[17] A snapshot of some of the salient achievements of the Silanyo Administration are depicted in the next section.[citation needed]
President of Somaliland
[edit]
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The Silanyo administration currency stabilization
[edit]One of the first policy implementations of the administration was the introduction of the Somaliland Shilling to the entire country. Prior to this time, the old Somalia Shillings were honoured in the eastern regions of the country. In 2011, President Silanyo issued an executive order, and passed by Parliament, making the Somaliland Shilling the legal tender of the country.[18]
Major infrastructure improvements
[edit]Construction of offices for many of the country's twenty-four ministries, since the 1991 government ministries were housed in ill-suited offices built in a different era by the British colonial administration for fewer administrative departments. The Silanyo Administration budgeted and implemented construction of offices for many of the ministries that were in inadequate facilities.[citation needed]
The administration not only repaired or rebuilt roads connecting major towns, but also built roads leading to small towns in the country side. Furthermore, the Administration encouraged and helped partially fund community based road construction. More importantly however, the government started building a 240-mile (384 km.) tarmac road linking Burao (Burco) City to the provincial town of Erigavo (Ceerigaabo), the capital of Sanaag Region in the east of the country.[19]
As part of the infrastructure improvement, the administration enlarged and enhanced security of Egal International Airport, in Hargeisa and Berbera Airport.[20]
Enacted legislation that made primary education free.[21]
Implemented new rank and salary systems for the Somaliland Armed Forces, the Somaliland Police, and the Custodial Corps.[22]
Water development program
[edit]Because there are no perennial rivers and rainfall is unreliable, water is a highly precious commodity in Somaliland. Water supply systems throughout the country are, therefore, dependent on underground sources. Cognizant of the recurring droughts and inadequate water supply systems of cities and towns, the Silanyo Administration introduced a water development policy. The central policy of the Administration's water development program is, inter alia, drilling bore holes and damming dry – river beds that drain water into the sea during the two rainy seasons.[23]
In order to realize such policy achievements, the administration embarked on expanding, through additional drilling, the water supply systems of the six major towns: Hargeisa, Borama, Berbera, Burao, Las Anod, and Erigavo.[citation needed]
In particular, to alleviate the chronic water shortage in the capital city, Hargeisa, the administration drilled more wells and installed bigger and rust resistant pipe lines in the Geed Deeble water works and is damming the Humboweyne (Xumboweyne) dry river, north east of Hargeisa.[citation needed]
The administration intends to establish a grid work of wells throughout the country as well as damming as many of the numerous dry-bed rivers emanating from Golis Range that otherwise empty into the sea.[23]
Joint venture with Dubai Port World (D P World) for the management of Berbera Port
[edit]The administration has entered into a joint venture agreement with Dubai Port World (DP World) whereby D.P World for thirty years takes over the management of Berbera Port; builds a 400-meter new terminal with a container section, Free Trade Zone, and rehabilitates the old port.[24]
In addition, the United Arab Emirates has agreed to build a 250 km (156 mile) road connecting Berbera and the border town of Wajaale.[citation needed]
These major agreements enhance the capacity of the port and employment opportunities, but more importantly enable trade to flourish between Somaliland and Ethiopia's population of 102 million.[25]
Death
[edit]According to his family, the former President of Somaliland Ahmed Mohamed Mohamoud 'Ahmed Siilaanyo' died at the age of 86 in Hargeisa on November 15, 2024, after a long illness.[26][27][28]
References
[edit]- ^ "Ministry of Finance of Somaliland − Former Ministers". Ministry of Finance. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
- ^ 37. Somalia/Somaliland (1960–present).
- ^ a b c d e f "Somaliland Election Results Released: Siilaanyo Is New President". Bridge Business Magazine. 3 August 2010.
- ^ "Opposition leader elected Somaliland president". AFP. Archived from the original on 25 May 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2010.
- ^ Mohamed, MOHAMED-ABDI (1992). "HISTOIRE DES CROYANCES EN SOMALIE Religions traditionnelles et religions du Livre" (PDF). Centre de Recherches d'Histoire Ancienne. p. 70. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 September 2017.
- ^ Höhne, Markus Virgil (2015). Between Somaliland and Puntland : marginalization, militarization and conflicting political vision. London. p. 90. ISBN 978-1-907431-13-5. OCLC 976483444.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Lewis, I.M. (1994). Blood and Bone: The Call of Kinship in Somali Society. Red Sea Press. pp. [https://archive.org/details/bloodbonecallofk00ioan/page/211 211212. ISBN 0932415938.
- ^ a b Legum, Colin (1989). Africa Contemporary Record: Annual Survey and Documents, Volume 20. Africa Research Limited. p. B-394. ISBN 9780841905580.
- ^ Nololeed, Taariikh (January 2003). "Ahmed Silanyo: CV". Kumilye Party. Archived from the original on 26 July 2007. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
- ^ "H.E. Amina-Weris Sheikh Mohamed First Lady, Republic of Somaliland Remarks to Girl Summit 2014". Nafis Network. June 2016. Archived from the original on 11 September 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
- ^ "Former Somaliland President Siilaanyo is dead". East Leigh Voice. Retrieved 15 November 2024.
- ^ International Academy at Santa Barbara (1981). "Somalia". Current World Leaders. 24 (1–6): 152.
- ^ a b Lewis, I. M. (1994). Blood and Bone: The Call of Kinship in Somali Society. The Red Sea Press. ISBN 978-0-932415-93-6.
- ^ Silanyo, Ahmed M. "A Proposal to the Somali National Movement: On a Framework for a Transitional Government in Somalia" (PDF). Wardheernews. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 May 2012. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Nololeed, Taariikh (January 2003). "Ahmed Silanyo: CV". Kumilye Party. Archived from the original on 26 July 2007. Retrieved 7 May 2007.
- ^ a b c Duale, M (May 2006). "History Somaliland President Ahmed M Silanyo". Somaliland Nation News.
- ^ "Somaliland Detailed Election Results". African Elections Database. Retrieved 18 September 2013.
- ^ Ali, Hassan (April 2011). "Somaliland to Replace all Somali Shilling". Somaliland Press. Archived from the original on 4 November 2016. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
- ^ "Hargeisha Odweine Burao Road Receives Second Cash Injection". Somaliland Press. July 2016.
- ^ "Somaliland President Silanyo Annual Address Speech". Somaliland Press. Archived from the original on 4 November 2016. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
- ^ Goth, Mohamed (October 2013). "Somaliland Benefits of Free Primary Education". Somaliland Press. Archived from the original on 4 November 2016. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
- ^ Goth, Mohamed (February 2016). "Somaliland President Silanyo Makes Cabinet Reshuffle and Appoints New Presidential Spokesman". Somaliland Press.
- ^ a b Goth, Mohamed (February 2015). "Somaliland President Silanyo Inaugurates Nations First Rain Water Harvesting Project". Somaliland Press. Archived from the original on 4 November 2016. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
- ^ Goth, Mohamed (July 2016). "Somaliland Political Economic Impact Berbera Port Agreement for Country". Somaliland Press.
- ^ Goth, Mohamed (August 2016). "Somaliland Major Function Support Berbera Port Investiture". Somaliland Press.
- ^ Reporter, Eastleigh Voice (15 November 2024). "Former Somaliland President Siilaanyo is dead". The Eastleigh Voice News. Retrieved 16 November 2024.
- ^ "Taariikh-Nololeedkii: Axmed Maxamed Maxamuud (Siilaanyo) oo nus qarni ka badan door shariifa ku lahaa siyaasadda Soomaaliya iyo Somaliland". BBC News Somali (in Somali). 16 November 2024. Retrieved 16 November 2024.
- ^ "Taariikh Nololeedka Axmed Siilaanyo". www.voasomali.com. Retrieved 16 November 2024.
- 1938 births
- 2024 deaths
- 21st-century Somaliland politicians
- Peace, Unity, and Development Party politicians
- 21st-century presidents of Somaliland
- Chairmen of the Somali National Movement
- Somali National Movement
- Alumni of the University of Manchester
- Somalilander Sunni Muslims
- Ministers of finance of Somaliland
- Ethnic Somali people
- British Somaliland people of World War II
- People from Burao
- Presidents of Somaliland