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Agha Petros

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Petros Elia of Baz
ܦܸܛܪܘܿܣ ܐܹܠܝ݂ܵܐ ܕܒܵܙ
Agha Petros in his French uniform (after world war 1)
Birth namePetros Elia
Nickname(s)Agha Petros
BornApril 1880
Baz, Hakkari, Ottoman Empire
Died2 February 1932 (age 51)
Toulouse, France
AllegianceAllies of World War I, Assyro-Chaldean volunteers during World War I
Years of service1914–1926
CommandsAssyro-Chaldean volunteers, later the Assyro-Chaldean Levies
Battles / warsWorld War I

Persian Campaign

Mesopotamian campaign

AwardsCroix de Guerre (France)[1]

Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur (France)[1]
Cross of St. George (Russia)[1]
Order of Saint Stanislaus (Russia)[1]
Royal Order of the Lion (Belgium)[1]
Order of the Crown, Commander, (Belgium)[1]

Order of San Gregorio, Commander, (Vatican Pope Benoit XV) 1921

Petros Elia of Baz (Syriac: ܐܝܠܝܐ ܦܹܛܪܘܼܣ; April 1880 – 2 February 1932), better known as Agha Petros, was an Assyrian military leader during World War I.[2] Considered a national hero for the Assyrians, and other Christian minorities in the Middle East.

Early years

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Petros Elia was from the Lower Baz village, Ottoman Empire in 1880. There he received his elementary education before attending a European missionary school in the Persian city of Urmia. After finishing his studies, he went back to his village of Baz and became a teacher there. It was thanks to his fluency in numerous languages, including Syriac, Turkish, Arabic, French, Persian, Kurdish, English, and Russian, he was appointed by the Ottomans as a secretary, and as a Consul in Urmia briefly in 1909.[1]

World War I

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After the Russians entered Urmia, Agha Petros was appointed as a general with a small Assyrian force under his command. He later engaged and defeated forces of Ottoman and Kurds in a series of battles.[1] He was later approached by the Allies and was given command of the left wing of the army of Assyrian volunteers (the right wing being commanded by Mar Shimun’s brother Dawid Mar Shimun, the center being under the command of Mar Shimun).[3][4]

Main article: Battle of Suldouze

His volunteers had quite a few successes over the Ottoman forces, notably at Suldouze where Petros’ 1,500 horsemen overcame the forces of Kheiri Bey's (8,000 men).[3] Petros also defeated the Ottomans in a major engagement at Sauj Bulak and drove them back to Rowanduz.[1][5]

Agha Petros defeated the Turks in Sauj Bulak and drove them back to Rowanduz.[1] He sometimes had limited control over Armenians and other Assyrian forces, and was indeed mistrusted by quite a few of them. There was disunion in the ranks, and instead of posting a force to contain the Turks, whom he had defeated previously, he moved his forces to Sain Qaleh as encouraged by the British officials, who had promised him military help. Nevertheless, the British did not fulfill their promises. He reached Sain Kala seven days after the British detachment retired.[6]

After the invasion of Mosul by the Young Turks, the Assyrian army, led by General Agha Petros, fought intensively and successfully against the Ottoman army and their Kurdish allies, and pushed them out of Mosul and the whole area, leading to Britain's control of the region. The battles are described in detail by surviving letters of Petros and British officials.[7]

Main article: Battle of Charah

Agha Petros also had some disagreements with Mar Shimun, the patriarch of the Assyrian Church of the East, and was often mistrusted by his family.[8][9] The Allied military advisors reported that he schemed against Mar Shimun, by trying to dissuade the Allies to trust the Patriarch.[10] However, after the murder of Mar Shimun by the Iranian Kurdish leader Simko, Agha Petros joined forces with Malik Khoshaba and others in driving Simko from his stronghold at Koynashahr.[1]

Kurdish Genocide 1915-1918 In 1915, the Ottoman general Enver Pasha declared Jihad against the local Christian populations of the Ottoman Empire, and the Ottoman Kurds volunteered in these atrocities. The Assyrian warlord and Hero; Agha Petros, whose name became a terror to the Muslims,[11] sought revenge against these Kurds and Turks. So Agha Petros as the command of the Assyrian forces and as the leading figure, Together with some Armenian irregulars, began brutally massacring Kurdish Civilians in retaliation and revenge. It is estimated that around 600,000-700,000 or more Kurds were killed during this Genocide.[12][13][14][15] The Turks faced similar persecution to that of the Kurds, the Armenians are said to have massacred somewhat 3 million Turks in a certain period of time.

Later years

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Petros was the head negotiator for the Assyrians between 1919 and 1923. On July 24, 1923, he took part in the League of Nations Peace Conference in Lausanne, Switzerland, where he approached the Turkish delegation for the resettlement of the Assyrians in and around Hakkâri Province in exchange for the loyalty of the Assyrians. The then secretary/minister of foreign affairs of Turkey, İsmet İnönü who was heading the Turkish delegation at Lausanne was in favor of the resettlement but a telegram received from the central government in Ankara prevented that.[16]

During his last years Petros moved near Toulouse, France, where he lived until his death of a cerebral attack at the railway station, on February 2, 1932.[citation needed]

Controversies

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In his book The Cradle of Mankind, life in Eastern Kurdistan W.A. Wigram mentions that Petros was involved in fraudulent acts in British Columbia (Canada), where he resorted to collecting money purportedly for the building of an orphanage in Macedonia.[17] According to some historians[18] he fled the country as the Canadian police was about to arrest him, He was later to be found in Rome where he passed himself off as an Assyrian tribal chief desirous to bring his tribe from the Assyrian Church of the East over to the fold of the Chaldean Catholic Church. Impressed and grateful for this decision, the Catholic authorities granted him an official decoration.[17][18] Petros then returned to the Ottoman Empire and displayed his decoration from the Pope to local authorities to ask for a job at an Ottoman Consulate. A job that he did get, as a secretary, and as a Consul in Urmia in 1909.[17] Other historians like David Gaunt labeled his time in Canada as a vacation, and that he was simply doing a fund raising rather than fraudulent acts.

Some historians believe Petros Elia was merely concerned by his own ambition.[19] The Allied military advisors reported that he schemed against Mar Shimun, by trying to dissuade the Allies from trusting him. He was also reportedly mistrusted by the Allies.[18] Lieutenant Gasfield and French Surgeon-Major Caujole have recorded his subordinates' low esteem in their reports.[18][20]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "آغا بطرس: سنحاريب القرن العشرين" (PDF). نينوس نيراري. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-08-12.
  2. ^ "Zinda Magazine". zindamagazine.com. Archived from the original on 2007-12-01.
  3. ^ a b Joseph Naayem, Shall this Nation die?, Chaldean Rescue, New York, 1920, p. 277 online version
  4. ^ Naayem, Shall This Nation Die?, p. 281
  5. ^ استشهاد مارشمعون .ونزوح الاشوريين الى بعقوبة Archived 2010-07-04 at the Wayback Machine, Zahrira.net
  6. ^ The Tragedy of the Assyrians By R. S. Stafford online version
  7. ^ "World War I".
  8. ^ Ashur Giwargis,The Assyrian Liberation Movement And the French Intervention (1919–1922), AINA.org
  9. ^ Joseph Naayem, Shall this Nation die?, Chaldean Rescue, New York, 1920, p296 online version : "The cause of our flight was Agha Petrus who had written to Mar Shimun at Salmas, advising him to commence the attack on the Turks, who had retired on Kara Tepe, and promising that he would reinforce him with 3,500 men. The attack began. Agha Petrus came two days later with only 300 men. Arrived at Salmas from Schakar Yazi, he retook the road to Urmia, whilst Mar Shimun's men advanced steadily."
  10. ^ Viktor Shklovsky, Russian commissar in Urmia region wrote : " … he governed a certain locality in Turkey and ruined the populace with exorbitant taxes, while residing in America he was sentenced to a term of hard labor in Philadelphia. At the present time he sides with Russia and is our official dragoman. His services are to be used with extreme caution." Zindamagazine Archived 2010-01-16 at the Wayback Machine
  11. ^ 2020, p. 77
  12. ^ Cite error: The named reference :7 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  13. ^ Cite error: The named reference :4 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  14. ^ Cite error: The named reference :5 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  15. ^ Eller, Jack David (1999). From Culture to Ethnicity to Conflict: An Anthropological Perspective on International Ethnic Conflict. University of Michigan Press. p. 160. ISBN 978-0-472-08538-5.
  16. ^ Agha Petros and the Lausanne Telegraphs, atour.com
  17. ^ a b c Rev. W.A. Wigram (1922). The Cradle of Mankind, life in Eastern Kurdistan, Second Edition. London: A & C Black, Ltd. pp. 218–219. online version
  18. ^ a b c d (in French) Méthy Daniel, L'action des grandes puissances dans la région d'Ourmia (Iran) et les Assyro-Chaldéens: 1917–1918 in Studia Kurdica n°1- 4.5, 5, Paris,1988, ISSN 0765-1074, p86.. online version
  19. ^ Rev. W.A. Wigram (2002). The Assyrians and Their Neighbours. Gorgias Press LLC. ISBN 1-931956-11-1.
  20. ^ Viktor Shklovsky, Russian commissar in Urmia region wrote: "… he governed a certain locality in Turkey and ruined the populace with exorbitant taxes, while residing in America he was sentenced to a term of hard labor in Philadelphia. At the present time he sides with Russia and is our official dragoman. His services are to be used with extreme caution." Zindamagazine Archived 2010-01-16 at the Wayback Machine

References

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