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Afrin Dam

Coordinates: 36°37′23″N 36°52′23″E / 36.623103°N 36.873184°E / 36.623103; 36.873184
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Afrin Dam
Satellite view 5 June 2002 - dam circled
Afrin Dam is located in Syria
Afrin Dam
Location of Afrin Dam in Syria
Official name17 April Dam
CountrySyria
LocationAfrin District
Coordinates36°37′23″N 36°52′23″E / 36.623103°N 36.873184°E / 36.623103; 36.873184
PurposeReservoir
StatusOperational
Construction began1997
Opening date24 April 2004
Construction costLS 58.2 billion
Dam and spillways
Type of damEarth fill
ImpoundsAfrin River
Height (foundation)73 metres (240 ft)
Length983 metres (3,225 ft)
Width (crest)22 metres (72 ft)
Width (base)385 metres (1,263 ft)
Spillways1
Spillway typeHalf-fan
Spillway capacity1,329 cubic metres per second (46,900 cu ft/s)
Reservoir
CreatesMaydanki Lake
Total capacity190,000,000 cubic metres (6.7×109 cu ft)
Catchment area1,365 square kilometres (527 sq mi)
Surface area9.25 square kilometres (3.57 sq mi)
Maximum length14 kilometres (8.7 mi)
Maximum width650 metres (2,130 ft)
Normal elevation339 metres (1,112 ft)

The Afrin Dam (Arabic: سد عفرين), officially 17 April Dam (Arabic: سد 17 نيسان), also called Maydanki Dam (Arabic: سد ميدانكي),[a] is an earth-filled water storage and hydroelectric power dam on the Afrin River in northwest Syria. It provides drinking water to almost 200,000 people, irrigates about 30,000 hectares (74,000 acres) of olives, fruit trees and agricultural crops, and supplies 25 MW of hydroelectric power. It is currently under the control of the Turkish Land Forces.[4]

Location

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The dam is north of the town of Afrin in northwest Syria.[5] It is 70 kilometres (43 mi) from the city of Aleppo and 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) from the town of Afrin, near the village of Midaneka (Maydanki). A large part of the region is planted with olive and fruit trees. About 80% of the area depends on rainwater irrigation, and the remainder on wells and pumps. Before the dam was built, the orchards and other crops were irrigated, but the olive trees were not.[6] The Afrin District is populated by Kurds, the furthest west of the Syrian Kurdish regions.[7]

The catchment area is 1,365 square kilometres (527 sq mi), with annual rainfall of 330 to 700 millimetres (13 to 28 in).[6] The Afrin River originates in the south of the Kartal Mountains in Turkey, crosses into Syria where it runs through the city of Afrin, and then crosses back into Turkey. About 250,000,000 cubic metres (8.8×109 cu ft) of the annual flow of the river comes from the Hatay Province of Turkey, while about 60,000,000 cubic metres (2.1×109 cu ft) originates in Syria.[8]

History

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The dam was intended to irrigate land in the river valley in the region between Aleppo and the border with Turkey.[9] The project was approved in 1984 after extensive studies by the Ministry of Irrigation. The dam would control the river flow and prevent flooding, irrigate up to 30,000 hectares (74,000 acres) of land, supply drinking water in the region, provide up to 20 MW of hydroelectric power and would become a tourist attraction.[10]

Construction began in 1997.[8] The dam was built for the General Water Resources Authority at a total cost of LS 58.2 billion, including the cost of land acquisition for the reservoir.[6] 1,800,000 cubic metres (64,000,000 cu ft) of earth and rock was excavated during construction. The dam was inaugurated on 24 April 2004 in the presence of Prime Minister Muhammad Naji al-Otari.[6] Syrian state resolution No. 1849 of 2004 declared that the 17 April Dam Lake was a protected area.[11]

A 2016 report noted that water usage appeared to have dropped due to the Syrian Civil War.[1] On 9 March 2018, during Operation Olive Branch, armed units belonging to the Syrian National Army rebel faction and the Turkish Armed Forces seized control of the dam, capturing it from the Kurdish-majority People's Protection Units (YPG).[12]

On 13 January 2019, body filling, water intake structure, reinforced concrete and mechanical cover systems were completed and repaired by the Turkish State Hydraulic Works (DSI), who renamed it the Upper Afrin Dam.[13][14]

After the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake, the Afrin Dam suffered damage, with visible cracks on its surface, raising concerns that the dam could collapse. Activists and journalists were prevented from visiting the dam by the Syrian National Army. Water levels were reportedly low at the time.[15]

Dam

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The earth-filled dam is 73 metres (240 ft) high, with a crest length of 983 metres (3,225 ft). It has a width of 385 metres (1,263 ft) at the base and 22 metres (72 ft) at the crest. The top of the dam is at an altitude of 339 metres (1,112 ft). The outlet tower has a cross-section of 20 by 20 metres (66 by 66 ft) and a height of 89.5 metres (294 ft). The half-fan spillway has capacity of 1,329 cubic metres per second (46,900 cu ft/s).[6]

A tunnel with a diameter of 5.5 metres (18 ft) and length of 280 metres (920 ft) provides for emergency discharge. Another tunnel, with a diameter of 15 metres (49 ft) and length of 295 metres (968 ft). is used to discharge drinking and irrigation water. There are also wells and tunnels for inspection and drainage of water infiltrating the dam. An innovative network of electrical measurement devices is installed in the body of the dam and the different facilities, including those for measuring temperature and seismic activity. The hydroelectric plant provides 25 MW of power.[6]

Reservoir

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The reservoir has a capacity of 190,000,000 cubic metres (6.7×109 cu ft).[8] It is 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) long, and 650 metres (2,130 ft) wide in the center section.[6] It covers an area of 925 hectares (2,290 acres).[16] The maximum flow is 1,840 cubic metres per second (65,000 cu ft/s).[6] The irrigated area is 31,263 hectares (77,250 acres) in the Afrin district. Irrigation plans are 52% olive trees, 11% fruit trees, 31% crops such as wheat, barley, beets, watermelons and cotton, and 6% other vegetables.[6] Drinking water is supplied to about 197,000 people.[6]

Tourism

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Maydanki Lake is a popular domestic recreational spot, often visited by Aleppians in the summer for picnics and swimming. Local tourism diminished as result of the civil war, however, and mostly collapsed during Operation Olive Branch. Nevertheless, the region's tourism sector had begun to recover by July 2018, with two of the lake's ten cafes and restaurants reopened.[17]

Notes

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  1. ^ The dam is also called the 17 April Dam, or Medanki Dam.[1] As of 2017 Google Maps showed the reservoir as "Maydanki Lake", after the village of Maydankê on the northwest side.[2] Other sources call it the dam lake of Maydanke or Meydankê.[3]
  1. ^ a b Karatas 2016, p. 117.
  2. ^ 36.636995, 36.893959 – Google.
  3. ^ List of names of villages and towns...
  4. ^ "Major dam and water source captured in Syria".
  5. ^ Al Dbiyat & Geyer.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j سد 17 نيسان.
  7. ^ Balanche 2016.
  8. ^ a b c 7: Orontes River Basin, p. 228.
  9. ^ Sofer 1999, p. 208.
  10. ^ سد 17 نيسان في منطقة عفرين.
  11. ^ Resolution No. 1849 of 2004.
  12. ^ "Turkey takes Afrin dam, nears city: media reports". Rudaw. 9 March 2018.
  13. ^ "Afrin'de su hatları iyileştiriliyor". www.trthaber.com (in Turkish). 5 April 2018. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  14. ^ "statues of dam by state news agency".
  15. ^ Hamo, Farouq (8 February 2023). "Turkish-backed SNA prevents journalists from covering cracks in dam in Syria's Afrin". North Press Agency. Retrieved 24 February 2023.
  16. ^ Afrin dam – Syrian Civil Society.
  17. ^ Khaled al-Khateb (26 July 2018). "Day trippers flock to Afrin's orchards as Aleppo restores security". al-Monitor. Retrieved 29 July 2018.

Sources

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