Jump to content

Accession of the United Kingdom to CPTPP

Edit links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Accession of the United Kingdom to the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership
  CPTPP Signatories
  United Kingdom
  Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories
TypeTrade agreement accession protocol
Signed16 July 2023
LocationAuckland (New Zealand) and Bandar Seri Begawan (Brunei)
EffectiveFrom 15 December 2024:
 Brunei
 Chile
 Japan
 Malaysia
 New Zealand
 Peru
 Singapore
 United Kingdom
 Vietnam

From 24 December 2024:
 Australia
Condition60 days after ratification by the UK and all 11 (or 15 months after signature by 6) CPTPP members
Signatories
Parties
DepositaryGovernment of New Zealand
Languages
This article is part of a series on
Politics of the United Kingdom
Lesser arms of the United Kingdom
Constitution
The Crown
Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom

King Charles III

Prince of Wales's feathers

William, Prince of Wales

Executive

Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom

Charles III
(King-in-Council)

Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom

Starmer ministry (L)

Keir Starmer (L)

Angela Rayner (L)
Legislature

(King-in-Parliament)
Crowned portcullis

Charles III

Composition diagram of the House of Lords

Composition diagram of the House of Commons

Judiciary
Charles III
(King-on-the-Bench)

Badge of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom

The Lord Reed

The Lord Hodge

Bank of England

Andrew Bailey

Monetary Policy Committee

Elections and referendums


UK general elections


European Parliament elections (1979–2019)


Scottish Parliament elections


Northern Ireland Assembly elections


Senedd elections


UK referendums
Devolution
England
Northern Ireland
Scotland
Wales
Administration
England
Northern Ireland
Scotland
Wales
Crown Dependencies
Overseas Territories
Foreign relations
flag United Kingdom portal

The accession of the United Kingdom to the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) has been on the current agenda for the enlargement of the CPTPP since 2 June 2021, when the CPTPP Commission decided to move forward with the application of the United Kingdom as an aspirant economy.[1] The United Kingdom officially applied for CPTPP membership on 1 February 2021.[2] Accession negotiations between the UK and the 11 current CPTPP members negotiations were concluded on 31 March 2023.[3][4][5] The UK formally signed the accession protocol on 16 July 2023.[6] The UK and at least 6 of the 11 existing member nations will need to ratify the accession protocol before it takes effect.[7] The UK Government expected the entry into force to take place in the second half of 2024. On 29 August 2024, the UK government announced the agreement is expected to enter into force on 15 December 2024, after securing the final ratification required for membership.[8][9]

The UK will become the first non-original member and European country to join CPTPP. As of 2023 it is one of seven CPTPP applicant countries, together with China, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Taiwan, Ukraine, and Uruguay.[10]

History

[edit]

Following its withdrawal from the European Union on 31 January 2020, the United Kingdom began negotiations on several free trade agreements to remove or reduce tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade, both to establish new agreements and to replace previous EU trade agreements. Withdrawal ended 47 years of membership during which all its trading agreements were negotiated by the European Commission on behalf of the bloc. The UK did not actually withdraw from the European Single Market and the European Union Customs Union (and its trade agreements) until 31 December 2020.

Following its failure to secure a United Kingdom–United States free trade agreement, Britain had been reportedly interested in joining several multilateral free trade agreements including USMCA.[11][12] In January 2018, the government of the United Kingdom stated it was exploring membership of the CPTPP to stimulate exports after Brexit and has held informal discussions with several of the members.[13]

In October 2018, Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe said he would welcome the United Kingdom joining the partnership post-Brexit.[14] In a joint Telegraph article with Simon Birmingham, David Parker, and Chan Chun Sing, the trade ministers of Australia, New Zealand, and Singapore, UK Secretary of State for Trade, Liz Truss, expressed the United Kingdom's intent to join the CPTPP.[15] The UK Department for Trade's chief negotiator Crawford Falconer helped lead the New Zealand negotiations for the predecessor Trans-Pacific Partnership before leaving the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade in 2012.[16]

In June 2020, the government of the United Kingdom issued a policy paper[17] reaffirming the UK's position on accession to the CPTPP. There were three reasons given:

  • Securing increased trade and investment opportunities that will help the UK economy overcome the unprecedented challenge posed by coronavirus. Joining CPTPP would open up new opportunities for UK exporters in strategically important sectors and helping to support an industrial revival in the UK
  • Helping the United Kingdom diversify trading links and supply chains, and in doing so increasing economic security at a time of heightened uncertainty and disruption in the world.
  • Assisting the UK's future place in the world and advancing the UK's longer-term interests. CPTPP membership is an important part of our strategy to place the UK at the centre of a modern, progressive network of free trade agreements with dynamic economies. Doing so would turn the UK into a global hub for businesses and investors wanting to trade with the rest of the world.

Furthermore, the British government stated that in 2019, each region and constituent country of the United Kingdom exported at least £1 billion ($1.25 billion) worth of goods to CPTPP member countries.[18] The UK government also highlighted that British companies held close to £98 billion worth of investments in CPTPP countries in 2018[19] and that in 2019, the UK did more than £110 billion ($137 billion) worth of trade with countries in the CPTPP free trade area.[20] In December 2020 the UK's Secretary of State for Trade Liz Truss further expressed her desire for the UK to formally apply in early 2021.[21] In a speech, held on 20 January 2021, Truss announced the UK planned to submit an application for participation "shortly".[22] In October 2020 the United Kingdom and Japan already signed the UK–Japan Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement which was a roll over of the agreement between the EU and Japan.

The British government had not produced an impact assessment explaining or quantifying the benefits it expects for the UK economy from accession to CPTPP.[23] It has been disputed whether accession is worth pursuing for economic reasons.[24] Farmer, environmental and consumer groups, and the Scottish government, raised concerns that the UK government would need to agree to lowering standards on pesticides, pig welfare and food labelling.[25][26]

Negotiations

[edit]
  CPTPP Signatories
  United Kingdom
  Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories

On 1 February 2021, the United Kingdom formally applied to join CPTPP.[2] The UK is the first non-founding country to apply to join the CPTPP. If successful, Britain would become the second largest CPTPP economy, after Japan.[27] Japan had expressed support for the UK's potential entry into CPTPP in 2018,[28] and as 4th CPTPP Commission (2021) chair, Japan's minister in charge of negotiations on the trade pact, Yasutoshi Nishimura, expressed hope on Twitter that Britain will "demonstrate its strong determination to fully comply with high-standard obligations" of the free trade accord, and mentioned that "I believe that the UK's accession request will have a great potential to expand the high-standard rules beyond the Asia-Pacific."[29]

In June 2021, the CPTPP states agreed to open accession talks. A working group was established to discuss tariffs and rules governing investment and trade. The United Kingdom was forecast to accede to the CPTPP at 2022 at the earliest.[30]

Prior to its withdrawal, the United Kingdom had agreed 36 free trade agreements with countries and trade blocs, the majority of which entered force on 1 January 2021.[31] 33 of these free trade agreements were continuity agreements. These used a mutatis mutandis concept to quickly replicate the existing EU agreements, only having to call out those minor areas of differentiation.[32][33] This meant that the UK had continuity free trade agreements with 6 CPTPP members, these were: Canada, Chile, Mexico, Peru, Singapore, and Vietnam.

The UK and Japan had also signed the Comprehensive Economic Partnership agreement in October 2020 which was mostly based on European Union–Japan Economic Partnership Agreement, but was branded as "marking an historic moment" as the "UK's first major trade deal as an independent trading nation".[34][35] In addition, two further new agreements were signed with Australia, on 17 December 2021, and New Zealand, on 28 February 2022.[36][37] This meant that the UK had free trade agreements signed with all members of CPTPP, except for Brunei and Malaysia, by the end of February 2022.

On 18 February 2022, confirmation came from the Japanese government, as Chair of the United Kingdom's Accession Working Group on behalf of the CPTPP members, that the UK had moved into the second (and final) 'market access' phase of negotiations with the CPTPP.[38]

On 31 March 2023, the United Kingdom concluded negotiations to join the CPTPP, as the 11 members reached an agreement to Britain's accession.[3][4] Each of the existing member nations will need to ratify the UK's addition to the partnership before it takes effect.[7]

The United Kingdom negotiated on behalf of the Crown Dependencies and the British Overseas Territories during free trade agreement discussions. On 31 March 2023, the UK government announced it had secured an extension mechanism, which could extend the whole agreement to any Crown Dependency or Overseas Territory.[39] On the same day, Guernsey and Jersey confirmed their intentions to participate in CPTPP.[40][41] In May 2023, a UK government spokesman confirmed that "the deal will cover goods trade between the Crown Dependencies and CPTPP countries, with a mechanism to include trade in services in future."[42]

On 17 April 2023 on the occasion of G7 Foreign Ministers' Meeting in Karuizawa, Foreign Secretary, James Cleverly attended a bilateral meeting with Japan's Minister for Foreign Affairs, Yoshimasa Hayashi. The two ministers affirmed to continue advancing the UK's accession process to the CPTPP, and they engaged in a candid discussion from a strategic perspective.[43]

The United Kingdom formally signed the CPTPP accession protocol during the ministerial meeting of members in New Zealand on 16 July 2023.[44][6]

Accession protocol

[edit]

After the UK became a signatory on 16 July 2023, the accession protocol process allows for 15 months for each member nation to ratify the agreement before it enters into force 60 days later. Therefore, member nations have until 16 October 2024 to ratify the agreement. The protocol can enter into force in one of two ways:

  1. If the UK and each of the existing member nations ratifies the “Protocol on the Accession of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership” within the 15 months.
  2. If the UK and at least six (6) CPTPP member countries ratify the agreement within the 15 months. Member countries that ratify later will become parties to the protocol 60 days after their ratification.

The agreement has been ratified by the latter process and therefore is expected to enter into force on 15 December 2024. [45][46][9][47]

Application timeline

[edit]
Event Date Ref.
Application submitted 1 February 2021 [2]
Accession process opened 2 June 2021 [1]
Negotiations concluded 31 March 2023 [4][5]
Formal signature 16 July 2023 [48][44][6]
Existing member ratifications
9 / 11
 [8][47]
UK domestic ratification 20 March 2024 [49]
UK deposition of accession instrument 16 May 2024 [47]
Full membership 15 December 2024 [9]

Ratification process

[edit]
Signatory Ratified Institution In favour Against AB Deposited Effective Ref.
 Australia 9 October 2024 House of Representatives Majority approval (Standing vote) 25 October 2024 24 December 2024 [50][8][47]
10 October 2024 Senate Majority approval (Standing vote)
24 October 2024 Royal assent Granted
 Brunei October 2024 No parliamentary approval required October 2024 15 December 2024 [8][47]
 Canada House of Commons
Senate
Royal assent
 Chile 3 April 2024 No congressional approval required 3 April 2024 15 December 2024 [8][47]
 Japan 20 November 2023 House of Representatives Majority approval (Standing vote) 15 December 2023 15 December 2024 [51][52][53][8]
6 December 2023 House of Councillors Majority approval (Standing vote)
 Malaysia 17 September 2024 Cabinet of Malaysia 17 September 2024 15 December 2024 [54][55][56][8]
 Mexico Senate
Presidential Assent
 New Zealand 4 June 2024 No parliamentary approval required 4 June 2024 15 December 2024 [57][8]
 Peru 20 August 2024 President Granted 28 August 2024 15 December 2024 [58][59][47][8]
 Singapore 17 January 2024 No parliamentary approval required 17 January 2024 15 December 2024 [60][61][8][47]
 Vietnam 25 June 2024 National Assembly 459 0 1 1 August 2024 15 December 2024 [62][47][8][47]

Domestic Process in the United Kingdom

[edit]
Trade (Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership) Act 2024
Act of Parliament
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Long titleAn Act To Enable the implementation of, and the making of other provision in connection with, the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership.
Citation2024 c. 6
Introduced byKemi Badenoch, Business Secretary (Commons)
Lord Johnson, Minister of State for Investment (Lords)
Territorial extent United Kingdom
(England and Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland)
Dates
Royal assent20 March 2024
Status: Partly in force
History of passage through Parliament

In an article published on 4 November in the UK newspaper the Daily Express, the UK Business and Trade Secretary Kemi Badenoch confirmed that the process of ratification for CPTPP accession was to commence shortly – stating that "in the coming weeks, we will bring forward a Bill to confirm our membership of CPTPP and ensure businesses can start seizing the historic opportunities the deal offers."[63]

On 7 November, the UK government (via a proclamation from King Charles III) announced in the State Opening of Parliament that a bill would be brought forward to ratify the UK's accession to the CPTPP – saying that "My ministers will take steps to make the economy more competitive, taking advantage of freedoms afforded by the United Kingdom's departure from the European Union, a bill will be brought forward to promote trade and investment with economies in the fastest growing region in the world."[64]

The name of the bill was confirmed in press briefings ahead of the King's Speech to be the "Trade (Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership) Bill"[65][66]

The fact that an Act of Parliament is required in order to bring effect to the CPTPP accession, means that there are clauses agreed to within the accession protocol that require primary legislation in order to bring the agreement fully into place. This means that the accession protocol itself, as well as the CPTPP Bill, will need to pass through Parliament in order to complete the ratification process. And the bill completed all the parliamentary stages and received Royal Assent on 20 March 2024.[66]

As part of the Trade Act 2021, and as amended into the Agriculture Act 2020, the UK government must ensure that two reports are produced prior to commencing the CRaG process of treaty ratification:

  • A report from the Trade and Agriculture Commission (TAC) on whether, or to what extent, the measures in the UK-CPTPP accession agreement that are applicable to trade in agricultural products are consistent with the maintenance of UK levels of statutory protection in relation to animal or plant life or health; animal welfare; and environmental protections
  • Following the TAC report, a government produced report summarising the expected impact (if any) the agreement will have in relation to animal or plant life or health; animal welfare; and environmental protections

The TAC were formally requested to commence work on the CPTPP report on 17 July 2023, with an expected delivery date of the report of no later than 30 November 2023.[67]

On 17 May 2024, the United Kingdom completed the formal ratification of its accession to CPTPP, and deposited its instrument of accession in New Zealand.[68]

Timeline

Signatory Application Negotiations Signature Institution Passed In favour Against AB Deposited Effective Ref.
 United Kingdom 1 February 2021 Opened 2 June 2021 16 July 2023 House of Lords 23 January 2024 Majority approval (Voice vote) 16 May 2024 15 December 2024 (expected) [69][70][66][71][47][9]
Concluded 31 March 2023 House of Commons 19 March 2024 Majority approval (Voice vote)
Royal assent 20 March 2024 Granted

Membership

[edit]

The United Kingdom attended its first CPTPP meeting after signing the accession protocol on 15 November 2023 in California, on the sidelines of the 30th Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit in San Francisco.[72][73]

Response

[edit]

Domestic economists and media outlets criticised Prime Minister Rishi Sunak's assertion that CPTPP "demonstrates the real economic benefits of our post-Brexit freedoms", citing the International Agreements Committee report that states that the percentage increase in the United Kingdom's GDP provided by CPTPP membership is only 0.08%.[74][75][76] Economist Sam Lowe also pointed out that this figure is low due to the UK already having bilateral free trade agreements with all member states, with the exceptions of Brunei and Malaysia.[77] In a report released with the 2023 Autumn statement, the Office for Budget Responsibility calculated that Britain's economy would gain just 0.04% to GDP in the "long run", which it defined as after 15 years of membership.[78] Trade expert David Henig stated that benefits from Britain's accession to the trade bloc impact had been "hugely overhyped", adding that "some companies will benefit, but the effects will be very small".[79]

Business and Trade Committee chair Liam Byrne criticised the Government for "dodging" scrutiny of the UK's accession to CPTPP, demamding MPs should have had more time to debate the treaty.[80]

In contrast, the Centre for European Reform estimated that the costs of leaving the European Union have reduced the UK's GDP by 5.5%, provoking criticism from prominent media outlets as to the extent of the benefits of CPTPP, particularly as an alternative to the European Economic Area.[81][82] However, due to the high growth of the UK economy in comparison to Germany between 2016 and 2022, these estimates have been repudiated by Brexit advocates.[83] In March 2024, the Office for Budget Responsibility reported that the UK is "broadly on track" to show a 4% reduction in the UK economy's potential productivity, as well as a 15% fall in trade compared to if the UK had stayed within the EU, maintaining its estimation despite facing criticism from Brexit supporters as being overly pessimistic; the OBR noted that growth in UK goods trade is well below other advanced economies and 10% down on 2019 levels at the end of 2023.[84] The National Institute of Economic and Social Research estimated that the negative impact of Brexit gradually escalates, reaching some 5-6 per cent of GDP or about £2,300 per capita by 2035.[85] Trade Journalist Alan Beattie states that the 5 per cent of GDP long-run cost of leaving the EU single market and customs union is not compensated by trade agreements such as CPTPP, regardless of who joins it in the future, pointing out that the long run collective gain of CPTPP, the Australia, and New Zealand deals are worth just 0.2 per cent to UK GDP. Beattie argues that CPTPP, and any future trade agreement, that create obstacles to realigning with the European single market are harmful to the economy of the United Kingdom in the long term.[86]

Environmental campaigners criticised the UK government for agreeing to eliminate all import tariffs on palm oil from Malaysia, a product blamed for widespread deforestation, prompting outrage from green campaigners.[87][88] The British government's decision violates the United Kingdom's COP27 pledge to end deforestation by 2030, which it had committed to less than a year prior in Glasgow.[89][90]

Further concerns were raised by trade unions over clauses in the deal that will allow large companies to sue the UK government behind closed doors if they believe their profits have suffered from changes to laws or regulations. The TUC's general secretary, Paul Nowak, noted that these clauses could allow large companies to sue on grounds such as an increase in the minimum wage or bringing energy companies back into public ownership.[91]

British Secretary of State for Business and Trade Kemi Badenoch argues Britain's decision to join the CPTPP gives it a strengthened presence and influence in the Asia-Pacific region which is rapidly growing in significance both economically and politically.[92] Additionally, Badenoch also claims the deal is the most significant commercial agreement signed by the UK since Brexit, with a potential to grow in importance as the rise of Pacific Rim countries continues, with applications from China and Taiwan highlighting further market opportunities that Britain could gain access to through CPTPP.[74][93]

Member state relations

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Decision by the Commission of the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership regarding the United Kingdom's Formal Request to Commence the Accession Process" (PDF). CPTPP Commission. 2 June 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
  2. ^ a b c "Formal Request to Commence UK Accession Negotiations to CPTPP". GOV.UK. 1 February 2021. Archived from the original on 7 December 2023. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  3. ^ a b Bartlett-Imadegawa, Rhyannon (29 March 2023). "CPTPP trade bloc to give UK green light to join". Nikkei Asia. Archived from the original on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2023.
  4. ^ a b c Lanktree, Graham (29 March 2023). "Britain secures agreement to join Indo-Pacific trade bloc". Politico. Archived from the original on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2023.
  5. ^ a b "Joint Ministerial Statement on the UK's accession process to the CPTPP" (PDF). Cabinet Secretariat. 31 March 2023. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
  6. ^ a b c "'A significant milestone for UK trade': Britain signs deal to join £12trn Indo-Pacific trading block". Sky News. 16 July 2023. Archived from the original on 16 July 2023. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  7. ^ a b "Britain set to join trans-Pacific trade pact". CBC News. 30 March 2023. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Department for International Trade (31 March 2023). "The UK and the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP)". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 7 November 2024. Retrieved 7 November 2024.
  9. ^ a b c d Alexander, Douglas (29 August 2024). "UK to join CPTPP by 15 December". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 29 August 2024. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
  10. ^ "Ukraine Submits Request to Join CPTPP Trade Pact". The Japan News. 7 July 2023. Archived from the original on 7 July 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
  11. ^ Hughes, Laura; Williams, Aime; Parker, George; Foster, Peter (21 September 2021). "UK pins hope on joining US-Mexico-Canada trade pact". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  12. ^ Heffer, Greg (22 September 2021). "UK considers joining existing US-Mexico-Canada trade deal as hopes of standalone post-Brexit agreement fade". Sky News. Archived from the original on 22 September 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
  13. ^ Gregory, Julia (3 January 2018). "Britain exploring membership of the TPP to boost trade after Brexit". The Guardian. London. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 3 January 2018. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
  14. ^ McCurry, Justin (8 October 2018). "UK welcome to join Pacific trade pact after Brexit, says Japanese PM". The Guardian. Tokyo. Archived from the original on 8 October 2018. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
  15. ^ Truss, Liz (28 April 2020). "Enemies of free trade must not be allowed to use coronavirus to bring back protectionism". The Telegraph. London. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 29 April 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  16. ^ Watkins, Tracy (3 April 2012). "Diplomats take the gloves off". Stuff. New Zealand. Archived from the original on 15 September 2020. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
  17. ^ "UK approach to joining the CPTPP trade agreement". GOV.UK. 17 June 2021. Archived from the original on 17 June 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  18. ^ "Foreign direct investment involving UK companies (directional): outward – Office for National Statistics". Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  19. ^ "UK total trade: all countries, non-seasonally adjusted – Office for National Statistics". Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 26 July 2019. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  20. ^ ""HM Revenue & Customs: UK Imports and Exports by Region, year to March 2020"". HM Revenue and Customs. Archived from the original on 29 January 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  21. ^ @trussliz (15 December 2020). "🇬🇧 🇲🇽 Our trade deal with Mexico means we have now secured agreements with 58 countries. It's our 7th deal with a..." (Tweet). Archived from the original on 15 December 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2020 – via Twitter.
  22. ^ Truss, Elizabeth (20 January 2020). "The UK-Japan Free Trade Summit". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 20 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  23. ^ "Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP)". Institute for Government. 6 July 2020. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  24. ^ "Comprehensive and Progressive Transpacific Partnership Submission to the Department for International Trade" (PDF). Trade Union Congress. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 July 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  25. ^ "Trade Policy Response to UK Government Consultations on Future Free Trade Agreements" (PDF). Department for International Trade. November 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 July 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  26. ^ "Food standards petition". NFU Online. 17 June 2020. Archived from the original on 29 September 2023. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  27. ^ David, Dharshini (30 January 2021). "UK applying to join Asia-Pacific free trade pact CPTPP". BBC News. Archived from the original on 30 January 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  28. ^ "Brexit: Japan 'would welcome' UK to TPP says Abe". BBC News. 8 October 2018. Archived from the original on 8 October 2018. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  29. ^ "Britain to apply to join CPTPP Asia-Pacific free trade bloc". The Japan Times. 31 January 2021. Archived from the original on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  30. ^ "UK begins process to join Asia-Pacific trade bloc". BBC News. 2 June 2021. Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
  31. ^ "UK trade agreements in effect". GOV.UK. 3 November 2022. Archived from the original on 3 November 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
  32. ^ Eiser, David; McEwen, Nicola; Roy, Graeme (7 April 2021). "The Trade Policies of Brexit Britain: the Influence of and Impacts on the Devolved Nations" (PDF). Brill Publishers. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 May 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  33. ^ Emmerson, Carl; Johnson, Paul; Mitchell, Ian; Phillips, David (May 2016). "Brexit and the UK's Public Finances" (PDF). Institute for Fiscal Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 June 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  34. ^ "UK and Japan sign free trade agreement". GOV.UK. 23 October 2020. Archived from the original on 23 October 2020. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
  35. ^ Truss, Elizabeth (11 September 2020). "UK and Japan agree historic free trade agreement". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 10 May 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  36. ^ Trevelyan, Anne-Marie (17 December 2021). "UK and Australia sign world-class trade deal". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 16 December 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  37. ^ "UK-New Zealand Free Trade Agreement". GOV.UK. 20 October 2021. Archived from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  38. ^ Trevelyan, Anne-Marie (18 February 2022). "Trade Secretary secures major trade bloc milestone ahead of Asia visit". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  39. ^ "Conclusion of Negotiations on the Accession of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the Comprehensive and Progressive Trans-Pacific Partnership". GOV.UK. 31 March 2023. Archived from the original on 24 July 2023. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  40. ^ "Bailiwick of Guernsey to participate in UK's CPTPP free trade agreement". GOV.GG. 31 March 2023. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  41. ^ "Jersey included in UK's agreement with the CPTPP". GOV.JE. 31 March 2023. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  42. ^ Fernandez, John (31 March 2023). "Guernsey disappointed with UK's CPTTP deal delay". BBC News. Archived from the original on 24 May 2023. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  43. ^ "Japan-UK Foreign Ministers' Meeting". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. 17 April 2023. Archived from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  44. ^ a b Clinch, Matt (16 August 2023). "Britain signs deal to join £12 trillion Indo-Pacific trade bloc". CNBC. Archived from the original on 16 July 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
  45. ^ "United Kingdom accession to the CPTPP". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 16 July 2023. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  46. ^ "Protocol on the accession of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership" (PDF). New Zealand Government. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 February 2024. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
  47. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. "Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Archived from the original on 8 November 2024. Retrieved 8 November 2024.
  48. ^ Badenoch, Kemi (16 July 2023). "UK signs treaty to join vast Indo-Pacific trade group as new data shows major economic benefits". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 16 July 2023. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  49. ^ Hands, Greg; Badenoch, Kemi (20 March 2024). "UK takes major step towards joining Indo-Pacific trade bloc". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 20 March 2024. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
  50. ^ "Customs Tariff Amendment (Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership Expansion) Bill 2024". Parliament of Australia. Archived from the original on 9 October 2024. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
  51. ^ "条約 第212回国会 1 環太平洋パートナーシップに関する包括的及び先進的な協定へのグレートブリテン及び北アイルランド連合王国の加入に関する議定書の締結について承認を求めるの件". Shugiin (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 17 April 2024. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  52. ^ "環太平洋パートナーシップに関する包括的及び先進的な協定へのグレートブリテン及び北アイルランド連合王国の加入に関する議定書の締結について承認を求めるの件: 参議院". Sangiin (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 17 April 2024. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  53. ^ Longbottom, Julia [@JuliaLongbottom] (15 December 2023). "12月15日、英国の #CPTPP 加入に関して、日本が全ての国内手続きを完了したことを、協定の寄託国であるニュージーランドに通報しました.駐日英国大使として、日本が加盟国の中で最初に手続きを終えたことを、大変嬉しく思います" (Tweet) (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 18 December 2023. Retrieved 15 December 2023 – via Twitter.
  54. ^ "Malaysia Joins Six Other CPTPP Parties On Accession Of The United Kingdom (UK) To The CPTPP, Now An Economic Bloc Of USD15-Trillion GDP" (PDF). Ministry of Investment, Trade & Industry. 20 September 2024. Retrieved 26 September 2024.
  55. ^ Bernama (20 September 2024). "Malaysia Joins Six Countries To Ratify UK's Accession Into CPTPP". The Malaysian Reserve. Archived from the original on 22 September 2024. Retrieved 22 September 2024.
  56. ^ Ng, Jason (20 September 2024). "Malaysia ratifies UK's accession into trans-Pacific trade deal". The Edge Malaysia. Archived from the original on 20 September 2024. Retrieved 22 September 2024.
  57. ^ McClay, Todd [@toddmcclaymp] (4 June 2024). "New Zealand has ratified the UK's accession to #CPTPP, bringing 🇬🇧 a step closer to joining CPTPP as a Party. 🇳🇿🤝🇬🇧continue to work closely to promote trade, open and competitive markets, rules-based trade & economic integration in our region and beyond" (Tweet). Retrieved 4 June 2024 – via Twitter.
  58. ^ President of Peru (21 August 2024). "Decreto Supremo que ratifica el Protocolo de Adhesión del Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte al Tratado Integral y Progresista de Asociación Transpacífico y la Carta Bilateral con el Reino Unido sobre la aplicación del artículo 18.38 respecto al Periodo de Gracia". El Peruano (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 24 August 2024. Retrieved 24 August 2024.
  59. ^ Editora Perú (23 August 2024). "Peru ratifies protocol for UK's accession to CPTPP". Andina. Lima. Archived from the original on 25 August 2024. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
  60. ^ "Singapore becomes second country to ratify UK membership to CPTPP". GOV.UK. 23 January 2024. Archived from the original on 23 January 2024. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
  61. ^ "Singapore ratifies UK's accession to transpacific free trade pact". The Business Times. 23 January 2024. Archived from the original on 23 January 2024. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
  62. ^ "Quốc hội tán thành để Liên hiệp Vương quốc Anh và Bắc Ailen gia nhập CPTPP". Voice of Vietnam (in Vietnamese). 25 June 2024. Archived from the original on 25 June 2024. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
  63. ^ Badenoch, Kemi (4 November 2023). "Time to exploit our free trade deal opportunities from Brexit". Daily Express. Archived from the original on 5 November 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  64. ^ Glassman, Thea (7 November 2023). "King Charles Delivered His First King's Speech: Read Transcript". The Messenger. Archived from the original on 7 November 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  65. ^ "King's Speech 2023: Full list of bills". Politics.co.uk. 7 November 2023. Archived from the original on 7 November 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  66. ^ a b c "Trade (Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership) Bill". Parliament of the United Kingdom. 8 November 2023. Archived from the original on 9 April 2024. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
  67. ^ "CPTPP: Secretary of State for Business and Trade's request for TAC advice". GOV.UK. 16 July 2023. Archived from the original on 7 November 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  68. ^ Hands, Greg (17 May 2024). "Businesses set to benefit as UK concludes tax agreement with Peru and ratifies deal to join major Indo-Pacific trade bloc". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 17 May 2024. Retrieved 17 May 2024.
  69. ^ Parker, George; Williams, Aime (31 January 2021). "UK applies to join trans-Pacific trade group". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 30 January 2021. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
  70. ^ Milligan, Ellen; Murray, Brendan (31 March 2023). "UK to Join Indo-Pacific Trade Bloc in Major Post-Brexit Pact". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
  71. ^ Frank-Keyes, Jessica (20 March 2024). "'Red-letter day': UK accession to CPTPP trade pact passes into law". City A.M. Archived from the original on 20 March 2024. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
  72. ^ Badenoch, Kemi (15 November 2023). "UK attends first CPTPP meeting since signing up to the massive Indo-Pacific trade bloc in July". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 15 November 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
  73. ^ Shalal, Andrea (15 November 2023). "UK's Badenoch to attend trans-Pacific CPTPP meeting on sidelines of APEC". Reuters. Archived from the original on 15 November 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
  74. ^ a b Parker, George; Wright, Robert (31 March 2023). "UK strikes agreement to join Asia-Pacific trade bloc". Financial Times. London. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
  75. ^ Smith, Chris (26 January 2022). "UK membership of the trans-Pacific trade agreement". UK Parliament. Archived from the original on 5 June 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
  76. ^ UK accession to the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP): Scrutiny of the Government's Negotiating Objectives. UK Parliament (Report). 17 November 2021. Archived from the original on 16 July 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
  77. ^ Lowe, Sam (30 March 2023). "What Does CPTPP Actually Do?". Most Favoured Nation. Archived from the original on 30 March 2023. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
  78. ^ Helm, Toby (25 November 2022). "UK's flagship post-Brexit trade deal worth even less than previously thought, OBR says". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 25 November 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  79. ^ Devlin, Kate (25 November 2023). "Flagship post-Brexit trade deal worth even less than ministers claimed, official estimates show". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 25 November 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  80. ^ McKeon, Christopher (28 March 2024). "Government 'dodging scrutiny' of post-Brexit trade deals, says MP". The Standard. London. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
  81. ^ Beattie, Alan (13 March 2023). "Britain's bumpy ride to the Asia-Pacific". Financial Times. London. Archived from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
  82. ^ Springford, John (21 December 2022). "The Cost of Brexit to June 2022". Centre for European Reform. Archived from the original on 19 December 2022. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
  83. ^ Gudgin, Graham; Jessop, Julian; Western, Harry (13 October 2022). "What impact is Brexit having on the UK economy?". Briefings for Britain. Archived from the original on 13 October 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
  84. ^ Rees, Tom (7 March 2024). "UK Is 'On Track' for 4% Hit to Economy From Brexit, OBR Says". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 7 March 2024. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
  85. ^ Kaya, Ahmet I.; Liadze, Iana; Low, Hailey; Juanino, Patricia S.; Millard, Stephen (22 November 2023). "Revisiting the Effect of Brexit". National Institute of Economic and Social Research. Archived from the original on 22 November 2023. Retrieved 6 June 2024.
  86. ^ Beattie, Alan (6 June 2024). "Why British trade policy needs to stand still". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 6 June 2024. Retrieved 6 June 2024.
  87. ^ Rolt, Amber (31 March 2023). "Government hails Trans-Pacific trade deal, but green groups raise alarm over deforestation risks". BusinessGreen. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
  88. ^ Beattie, Alan; Terazono, Emiko (14 March 2023). "UK poised to remove import tariffs on Malaysian palm oil". Financial Times. London. Archived from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
  89. ^ Harvey, Fiona; Horton, Helena (3 April 2023). "Pacific trade deal 'will make mockery of UK's climate ambitions'". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
  90. ^ "COP27: More than 25 countries band together to keep deforestation pledges made in Glasgow". Euronews Green. 7 November 2022. Archived from the original on 7 November 2022. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
  91. ^ Inman, Phillip (31 March 2023). "UK joins Asia-Pacific CPTPP trade bloc that includes Japan and Australia". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
  92. ^ Eyal, Jonathan (31 March 2023). "Britain joining trade pact CPTPP has marginal immediate benefits, but opportunities are plentiful". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
  93. ^ Oliver, Matt (10 April 2023). "How Britain left Brexit behind with a new Pacific trade deal". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Accession_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_CPTPP&oldid=1256455464"