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Acanthocephalus (acanthocephalan)

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Acanthocephalus
Acanthocephalus parallelcementglandatus from Clarias batrachus. 15) Holotype male. Note the piercing of the incomplete outer proboscis receptacle posteriorly with retractor muscles. 16) A typical hook near the middle of the proboscis 17. Proboscis 18) Posterior part of the reproductive system showing detail of the parallel cement glands, common cement ducts, and sperm duct system (dotted).
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Acanthocephala
Class: Palaeacanthocephala
Order: Echinorhynchida
Family: Echinorhynchidae
Genus: Acanthocephalus
Koelreuter, 1771
Species

See text

Acanthocephalus is a genus of parasitic worms. One of the species in this genus is Acanthocephalus anguillae (Mueller, 1780),[citation needed] a fish parasite. Acanthocephalans are also found in humans and primates, causing a common zoonotic infection called "human acanthocephaliasis". While pathogens can be transferred among animals and humans, the main source of human acanthocephaliasis is the diet of infected raw fish and insects (Lotfy, 2020).[citation needed] Because they are lacking circulatory, respiratory, and digestive systems, Acanthocephalus are exceptionally well-adapted to a symbiotrophic existence (Margulis & Chapman, 2009).[citation needed]

Life Cycle

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There are 5 steps in which Acanthocephala cycles through life; (1)Their eggs shed in feces. (2)These eggs are then ingested by their host. (3)The definitive host then gets infected due to ingesting the eggs from the first host. (4)The definitive host is either rats or raccoons and therefore, in this step the Acanthocephala matures in the small intestine. (5)Lastly, the Acanthocephala matures and also produces eggs inside the definitive host (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2019).[citation needed]

Species

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Contains the following species:

An intestinal parasite, it is found both in the Baltic Sea and along the coast of California, where it is often found in the fore- and mid-gut of the Brown and Rainbow trouts.[1][2][3]

Instead of having its eggs expelled from the host in feces, the gravid female detaches itself from the host's digestive tract and sinks to the bottom, where her body is consumed by the species' intermediate host, Caecidotea intermedius, a species of isopod.[5][6] Upon hatching, the larvae begin to alter their host's behavior. This will manifest in lighter pigmentation and an increased attraction to predators, such as A. dirus' primary hosts.[7][8]

Found both in California and in Thailand, it has been known to parasitize the sockeye salmon, chum salmon, rainbow trout, and barramundi.[9][10]

It is native to Europe.[11]

References

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  1. ^ Dezfuli, Bahram S.; Biaggi, Sara De (May 2000). "Copulation of Acanthocephalus anguillae (Acanthocephala)". Parasitology Research. 86 (6): 524–526. doi:10.1007/s004360050706. PMID 10894483. S2CID 21803021.
  2. ^ Love, Milton S.; Moser, Mike (June 1976). "Parasites of California Marine and Estuarine Fish". University of Nebraska–Lincoln: 370. Retrieved 11 July 2014. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  3. ^ Gibson, David (21 December 2004). "Acanthocephalus anguillae (Müller, 1780)". WoRMS. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
  4. ^ Barton, D.P.; Pichelin, S. (2014). "Acanthocephalus bufonis (Acanthocephala) from Bufo marinus (Bufonidae: Amphibia) in Hawaii". Parasite. 6 (3): 269–272. doi:10.1051/parasite/1999063269. Open access icon
  5. ^ "Acanthocephalus dirus". Parasite of the Day. 16 February 2012. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
  6. ^ Wahl, G. M.; Sparkes, T. C. (August 2012). "Egg dispersal in the acanthocephalan Acanthocephalus dirus: field data". Journal of Parasitology. 98 (4). American Society of Parasitologists: 894–896. doi:10.1645/GE-3078.1. PMID 22360588. S2CID 30511854.
  7. ^ Hechtel, Laura J.; Johnson, Cheryl L.; Juliano, Steven A. (April 1993). "Modification of Antipredator Behavior of Caecidotea Intermedius by Its Parasite Acanthocephalus Dirus" (PDF). Ecology. 74 (3). Ecological Society of America: 710–713. doi:10.2307/1940798. JSTOR 1940798. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
  8. ^ Sparkes, T. C.; Wright, V. M.; Renwick, D. T.; Weil, K. A.; Talkington, J. A.; Milhalyov, M. (September 2004). "Intra-specific host sharing in the manipulative parasite Acanthocephalus dirus: does conflict occur over host modification?". Journal of Parasitology. 129 (3). American Society of Parasitologists: 335–340. doi:10.1017/S0031182004005645. PMID 15471008. S2CID 21052338. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
  9. ^ "Summary on Diseases of Marine Fishes Cultured in Thailand". Network of Aquaculture Centers in Asia-Pacific. Aquatic Animal Health Research Institute, Kasetsart University. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
  10. ^ Love, Milton S.; Moser, Mike (June 1976). "Parasites of California Marine and Estuarine Fish". University of Nebraska–Lincoln: 370. Retrieved 11 July 2014. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  11. ^ "Acanthocephalus lucii". www.sealifebase.ca. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
  12. ^ Amin, Omar Mohamed; Heckmann, Richard Anderson; Ha, Nguyen Van (2014). "Acanthocephalans from fishes and amphibians in Vietnam, with descriptions of five new species". Parasite. 21: 53. doi:10.1051/parasite/2014052. PMC 4204126. PMID 25331738. Open access icon
  13. ^ Smales, L.R.; Sasal, P.; Taraschewski, H. (2007). "Acanthocephalus reunionensis n. sp. (Acanthocephala: Echinorhynchidae), a parasite of Anguilla species (Anguillidae) from Reunion Island". Parasite. 14 (2): 131–134. doi:10.1051/parasite/2007142131. ISSN 1252-607X. Open access icon
  • Lotfy, Wael M. (2020). "Neglected rare human parasitic infections: Part III: Acanthocephaliasis". Department of Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Matrouh University, Egypt, Vol. 13.


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