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Abdullahi Ahmed Irro

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Abdullahi Ahmed Irro
عبد الله أحمد إرو
Brigadier General Irro in 1977
Nickname(s)Irro
Born(1937-06-07)7 June 1937
Kismayo, Italian East Africa
Died24 January 2022(2022-01-24) (aged 84)
Falls Church, Virginia, U.S.
Allegiance Somalia
Service / branch Somali National Army
Years of service1950s–1980s
RankMajor General
Commands
  • Commandant of Godey Front
  • Deputy Commander of 21st Division
  • Commander of 60th Division
Battles / warsOgaden War
Alma materEgypt Egyptian Military Academy
Soviet Union Frunze Military Academy (Russian: Военнаяакадемия им М. В. Фрунзе)
Other workNational Academy for Strategy of Somalia

Abdullahi Ahmed Irro (Somali: Cabdullaahi Axmed Cirro, Arabic: عبد الله أحمد إرو, June 7, 1937 - January 24, 2022), also known as Abdullahi Ahmed Yusuf Irro,[1] was a prominent Somali military professor and general.[2] He helped establish the National Academy for Strategy.

Early years

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Irro was born in the southern town of Kismayo, Somalia, to a Majeerteen Harti Darod family.[3] Irro's father Ahmed Yussuf Irro and two of his uncles served in the Italian colonial army. They were among Migiurtinia's youth who were forcibly conscripted after the fall of the ruling northern Majeerteen Sultanate (Migiurtinia) and Sultanate of Hobyo (Obbia) during the annexation campaign against the " Northern Sultanates',[3] a fascist expedition from 1922 to 1929 under the command of Cesare Maria De Vecchi of the National Fascist Party led by Benito Mussolini.[4] Irro's mother, Zhabah Hosh Ellie, was the daughter of an aristocratic wazir of the Obbio Sultanate.[3]

Irro spent the better part of his adolescence in Mogadishu,[5] where he was educated in Italian primary and secondary schools. He subsequently studied at the local two-year teacher's training Instituto Universario Della Somalia, graduating with honours. Following the completion of his studies, Irro worked for a few years in the late 1950s as an instructor.[3]

Military career

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Training

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After Somalia obtained its independence in 1960, Irro joined the nascent Somali National Army (SNA), becoming the force's 32nd officer.[3]

Irro received military instruction at the Egyptian Military Academy in Cairo, Egypt in 1961.[3][5] He graduated from the college with a Bachelor's degree in Military Sciences.[3] Irro subsequently returned to Somalia where he worked in the office of the central command and the directorate of planning under Daud Abdulle Hirsi, and Siad Barre in 1960s, and later under Mohammad Ali Samatar and Abdullah Mohamed Fadil.[3]

Irro along with other left-leaning comrades was later admitted to the Frunze Military Academy in Moscow (Военнаяакадемия им М. В. Фрунзе), an elite Soviet institution reserved for the most qualified officers of the Warsaw Pact armies and their allies.[5] There, he specialized in Strategic Planning and wrote many articles on strategy, operations and contemporary warfare, with an emphasis on Proactive National Defense. Irro published several works in Arabic and Russian analysing conventional warfare in Africa, Asia and Latin America. A distinguished graduate of Frunze, Irro's research focused on the various strategies employed during the Sino-Indian War of 1962 and the Indo-Pakistani conflicts of 1965.[3] Irro eventually completed the rigorous high command training at Frunze, and later received the military doctoral degree (кандидат наук) under the supervision of Soviet military strategist Alexei Radzievsky .[3][5] Other Somali graduates from the Frunze military institutions included Mohamed Ali Samatar, Salaad Gabeyre Kediye, Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed, Abdullah Mohamed Fadil, Ali Hussein and Mohamed Farrah Aidid.[5]

Somali National Army

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Upon returning to Somalia, Irro occupied various posts in the Somali National Army. He served in the planning and operations sector, heading the directorate of planning in addition to similar positions in the 21st and 60th Divisions.[3] Irro worked his way up the SNA, obtaining the rank of colonel. During the 1970s, he was the deputy Commandant of 21st Division and Commandant of the 60th Division.[5]

Ogaden War

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Under the leadership of General Mohamed Ali Samatar, Irro and other senior Somali military officials were mandated in 1977 with formulating a national strategy in preparation for the Ogaden campaign in Ethiopia.[5] This was part of a broader effort to unite all of the Somali-inhabited territories in the Horn region into a Greater Somalia (Soomaaliweyn).[6]

Colonel Abdullahi Irro commanded the SNA units in the Godey Front, seizing the area on July 24, 1977.[7][3] Godey was guarded by the Ethiopian Army's 4th Division, which was based in five local military bases.[8] The 60th division forces under Col Irro consisted of 2nd Armoured Brigade equipped with T-54 MBTs, Infantry as well as an Artillery Brigade 36 artillery and Tank Battalion equipped with T-34 MBTs.[7]

Ethiopia acknowledged the loss of Godey and the direct involvement of Somali troops in July 1977. Subsequently, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) signed a 385 million dollar arms agreement with Ethiopia in early September. Soviet weapons shipments to Somalia had reportedly ceased altogether by late September 1977.[9] Under Irro's leadership, Somalia's 60th Division brigades succeeded in defeating the 4th Ethiopian Division in Godey, causing it to collapse and cease to exist altogether as a functional force.[10] Godey's capture also allowed the Somali side to consolidate its hold on the Ogaden, concentrate its forces, and advance further to other regions of Ethiopia.[11] Units from Somalia's 60th occupied Haile Salase's Imperial Palace where they captured senior Ethiopian officers. The Swedish aviator Carl Gustaf von Rosen was also killed during the battle of Godey.[12][13]

Following this successful operation at Godey, Irro was appointed Chief Commanding Staff Officer in the 60th Division.[14] He was assigned organization and mobilization duties vis-a-vis various army brigades in the Southern Divisions, including six infantry brigades destined for Nagele, beyond Godey towards Bali and Sidamo.[3][5] Irro was also tasked with supplying logistical and technical support, part of the southern command's contingency plans.[5] In doing so, he was facing off against former Frunze Professor, Vasily Ivanovich Petrov, who was the Red Army General assigned to assist and rebuild the Ethiopian Army.[15]

In spite of unreserved support by Cuba, USSR, Southern Yemen and East Germany, it took nearly three years for the Ethiopian Army to gain a full control of the Godey region. Brigadier-General Demisse Bulto, commander of the First Revolutionary Army, recovered Godey as part of Operation Lash by November 1980, nearly three and half years since the Somali Army occupied it in July 1977.[11] Ethiopia's Derg regime would later execute Bulto for his involvement in a failed coup d'état in Ethiopia in 1989.[16]

At the recommendation of the national Ministry of Defense, Irro was awarded the Somali Medal of Valor by President Barre. The medal was issued in recognition of Irro's various contributions to the Military of Somalia. Irro went on to become a general in the Somali National Army.[5]

Media Controversy in 1978

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According to Abdullahi Hantiwadaag, the former head of Radio Mogadishu, the Somali National News Agency (SONNA) escorted a group of international journalists to Godey on July 25, 1977, a day after the Somali Army captured Godey. Col. Abdullah Ahmed Irro met with the delegation of journalists in Godey. Some Italian journalists questioned Irro as a Somali officer of the rank colonel or General masquerading as WSLF commander. The Italian reporter insisted Italians know Somalis well and Irro could not possibly be a member of the rebel group fighting Ethiopia. The implication is that Somalia's regular army invaded Ethiopia.[17]

The 1978 coup attempt

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In 1978, fallout from the aborted Ogaden campaign culminated in an attempt by several Somali senior military officials to overthrow Siad Barre's administration.[18][19] According to the memoir of the late Colonel Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed, Irro informed him via a secured communication network that the coup d'état had failed. The transmitted communication contained a coded two sentence message reading "Wife Aborted", dated 11:00 am, April 9, 1978.[20] Irro was arrested a few hours later by the ruling government of President Barre under suspicion of participation in the putsch.[1][5] Most of the people who had helped plot the coup were found guilty and executed by marshal court; but others, including fellow Frunze Military Academy graduate Colonel Abdullahi Yussuf Ahmed, managed to escape abroad.[18] The coup leader Colonel Mohamed Osman Irro was arrested and executed.

Colonel Abdullahi Irro was arrested and court martialled along with the Chief of the National Police General Abdullahi Matukade [1] and released few years later after court found no concrete evidence of collaboration with Mohamed Osman Irro.[1][5]

Later years 1979–1990

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Irro during his tenure as an academic in military institutes

Abdullahi Irro later served as a Professor of Strategy at various Somali Military Institutes in the 1980s.[3] In this capacity, he helped put together the National Academy for Strategy, and had a hand in formulating strategic training syllabi for senior military personnel, the presidential advisory councils and legislators. He also played a leading role in forging working partnerships with several schools in Egypt (1983), France (1984) and the United States (1984).[5]

A polymath, Irro remained politically neutral throughout his adult life. He declined various offers to join opposition groups that had begun to form in the wake of the Ogaden campaign, including the Somali Salvation Democratic Front (SSDF), Somali National Movement (SNM) and United Somali Congress (USC) led by his former comrades Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed, Abdulkadir Koosaar and Mohamed Farrah Aidid, respectively.[5][3]

Post-Civil War

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General Irro, lived in Vienna, Virginia and occasionally participated in efforts to create a peaceful society in Africa. He was one of 30 senior Somali officials invited by the UN to advise the United Nations. Irro and his colleagues provided a framework document to address strategies for both short-term security challenges and longer-term capacity-building measures.[21]

Death

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According to The Washington Post, General Irro died on January 24 at his home in Falls Church, Virginia. The cause of death was reported to be kidney failure.[2]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b c d ARR: Arab report and record, (Economic Features, ltd.: 1978), p.602.
  2. ^ a b Staff Writer. "Community deaths". The Washington Post. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Ahmed III, Abdul. "History of Somali Military Personnel". The Horn of Africa Policy Institute. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  4. ^ Hess, Robert L. (1966). Italian Colonialism in Somalia. University of Chicago Press. pp. 100–169.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Ahmed III, Abdul. "Brothers in Arms Part I" (PDF). WardheerNews. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 May 2012. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
  6. ^ Lewis, I.M.; The Royal African Society (October 1989). "The Ogaden and the Fragility of Somali Segmentary Nationalism". African Affairs. 88 (353): 573–579. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098217. JSTOR 723037.
  7. ^ a b Cooper, Tom (2015-04-19). "Wings over Ogaden": : The Ethiopian–Somali War, 1978–1979. Helion and Company. ISBN 978-1909982383.
  8. ^ "Local History in Ethiopia" (PDF). Nordic Africa Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2008. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
  9. ^ Weiss, Kenneth; Center for Naval Analyses (February 1980). "The Soviet Involvement in the Ogaden War" (PDF). Center for Naval Analyses (2/1980). Archived (PDF) from the original on May 2, 2019. Retrieved 8 November 2014.
  10. ^ Urban, Mark (1983). "Soviet intervention and the Ogaden counter-offensive of 1978". The RUSI Journal. 128 (2): 42–46. doi:10.1080/03071848308523524.
  11. ^ a b Gebru Tareke, "From Lash to Red Star: The Pitfalls of Counter-Insurgency in Ethiopia, 1980-82", Journal of Modern African Studies, 40 (2002), p. 471
  12. ^ All Africa. "Ethiopia: Remembering Carl Gustaf Von Rosen". Retrieved 18 August 2016.
  13. ^ Swedish Voluntary Aviators. "History of Swedish Voluntary Aviators: Luutnantti Carl-Gustaf Ericsson von Rosen". Retrieved 18 August 2016.
  14. ^ Ahmed III, Abdul. "Brothers in Arms Part II" (PDF). WardheerNews. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 May 2012. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
  15. ^ Lockyer, Adam. "Opposing Foreign Intervention's Impact on the Course of Civil Wars: The Ethiopian-Ogaden Civil War, 1976-1980" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  16. ^ Demissie, Derege. ""Abate Yachin Se'at": Major General Demissie Bulto and the coup d'état of May 1989" (PDF). Neamin Zeleke. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 28 November 2013.
  17. ^ BBC Interview (2018). "Abdullahi Hantiwadaag on Somalia's History, Radio Mogadishu and The Ogaden War". BBC. Retrieved 2020-04-14. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)[permanent dead link]
  18. ^ a b New People Media Centre, New people, Issues 94-105, (New People Media Centre: Comboni Missionaries, 2005).
  19. ^ Nina J. Fitzgerald, Somalia: issues, history, and bibliography, (Nova Publishers: 2002), p.25.
  20. ^ Ahmed, Abdullahi Yusuf (2012). Struggle and Conspiracy: A Memoir (Halgan iyo Hagardaamo: Taariikh Nololeed). Scansom Publishers. p. 120. ISBN 978-9185945351.
  21. ^ UNPOS. "PRESS RELEASE: Former Somali senior military officials to meet in Washington, DC" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-09-16. Retrieved 13 December 2016.

References

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