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Abbad ibn Bishr

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Abbad ibn Bishr al-Awsi
Native name
عباد بن بشر
Born33 years before Hijri year
Medina, Hejaz
Died632
Al-Yamama
Relations
Other workFirst chain narrator of Hadith
Ulama
Zakat and tax collector
Military career
AllegianceMedina
Rashidun Caliphate
Service / branchRashidun army

ʿAbbād ibn Bishr (Arabic: عباد بن بشر) (c. 597–632) was a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.[2] After the Hijrah of Muhammad and his followers from Mecca, 'Abbad and his clansmen were given the name Ansar for their assistance in providing shelter to the Muslims who came to their town. His kunya (or teknonym) was Abu al-Rabi'.

Background

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Further information: Medina § History
Banu Aws branches

Abbad ibn Bishr came from the Banu 'Abd al-Ash'al clan, a sub-branch of Banu Aws, an immigrant clan from Yemen that descended from Azd. They settled in Yathrib after leaving their homeland due to a great flood in Yemen[3] around 300 AD.[4] The Azdian Yathrib settlers, which consisted of Aws and Banu Khazraj, were widely known in Arabia before Islam as warlike people with extensive battle experience, particularly the Aws, who were deemed by historians as the more military-minded of the two.[3]

The Medinese, which consisted of Aws and Khazraj, along with their Jewish allies, Banu Nadir, Banu Qurayza, and Banu Qaynuqa, were involved in degenerating years of warfare such as Battle of Sumair, Battle of Banu Jahjaha of Aus-Banu Mazin of Khazraj, Battle of Sararah day, Battle of Banu Wa'il ibn Zayd, Battle of Zhufr-Malik, Battle of Fari, Battle of Hathib, Battle of Rabi' day, First Battle of Fijar in Yathrib (not Fijar war between Qays with Kinana in Mecca[5]), Battle of Ma'is, Battle of Mudharras, and Second Battle of Fijar in Yathrib.[5] The Medinese also contacted foreign invaders from outside Hejaz, including Shapur II of the Sasanian Empire in a relatively vague result,[6] and also in successful defense against the Himyarite Kingdom under their sovereign, Tabban Abu Karib,[7][8] also known as Dhu al-Adh'ar.[9] However, the most terrible conflict for both Aws and Khazraj was a civil war called the Battle of Bu'ath, which left a bitter taste for both clans, and caused them to grow weary of war, due to the exceptionally high level of violence, even by their standards, and the needless massacres that occurred during that battle.[5][3]

Seeking arbitration from third party, the Yathribese then pledge their allegiance to Muhammad, a Qurayshite Meccan who preach the new faith of Islam during the time of the Medinese pilgrimage to Kaaba.[10] Muhammad managed to convince many notables of both Aws and Khazraj to embrace Islam, incoluding Abbad ibn Bishr who was personally convinced by a Muhajirun named Mus'ab ibn Umayr.[1] The chieftains of both Aws and Khazraj tribe, particularly Sa'd ibn Mu'adh, Usaid Bin Hudair, Saʽd ibn ʽUbadah, and As'ad ibn Zurara, appointed Muhammad as arbitrator and de facto leader of Medina.[8][3] Abbad and other Yathribese agreed to provide shelter for Meccan Muslims persecuted by the Quraysh, while also agreeing to change their city name from Yathrib to Medina, as Yathrib has a bad connotation[further explanation needed] in Arabic.[8]

Biography

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Further information: Muhammad in Medina
Burton's "Pilgrimage" illustration of Muslims Hijrah to Medina

As Abbad ibn Bishr embraced Islam and pledged his loyalty to Muhammad, he immediately instructed to be paired with one of Muhajirun, Abu Hudhayfa ibn Utba, as a sworn brother.[1] Thus, hereafter Abbad served in various military campaigns, where he along with other Ansaris and Muhajirun fought the pitched Battle of Badr in March 624.[11][1] Later in the same year, the Muslims defeated the Qaynuqa tribe in April, after the Jewish tribe had been accused of treachery.[12]

Approximately in the month of September, Muhammad ibn Maslamah was sent by Muhammad, along with some of his kinsmen and the allied tribe of Aws, on a mission to assassinate Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf, a Banu Nadir clansman who conspired against Muhammad.[13] Ibn Maslamah brought along some of his Aws clansmen including Abbad, and several other clan members that historically count as allies of Banu Aws, such as Banu Sulaym, Banu Mustaliq, and Banu Khuza'ah.[1] Ibn Maslamah pretended to Ibn al-Ashraf that he needed a loan and offered to leave his weapons with him as security. Ibn al-Ashraf therefore came out to meet him and four others by night when they were fully armed, as Ka'b instructed the gate guards to allow Ibn Maslama and his colleagues to bring out the weapons.[13] Then, as the unsuspecting Ka'b lowered his guard, the assassin group led by Ibn Maslama immediately struck and killed him with their weapons.[14] Subsequently, Ibn Maslama, Abbad, and their colleagues managed to escape undetected in the night, as the tribes of Ka'b learned about the death of Ka'b the next day upon finding his corpse on the ground.[13]

In the year 625 (four years after hijra), the Muslims engaged in the expedition of Dhat al-Riqa as a pre-emptive attack after Muhammad received news that the Ghatafan tribe in Najd were planning to attack Medina.[15] He assembled a detachment of over four hundred men, including Abbad ibn Bishr. Arriving at Najd, they found the men of the tribes had fled to the hills. When the time of obligatory evening prayer came, Muhammad feared an ambush so he arranged the Muslims in ranks and divided them into two groups and performed salatul-khawf (emergency prayer of during conflict). As the Ghatafan witnessed the disciplined and vigilant rank of Muslim, they immediately ceased their plan to attack the Muslims and stayed at their position.[15] After Muhammad saw that the Ghatafan would not come down to face them, he immediately commanded the Muslims to depart.[15] Then, as the Muslims packed their camp to return, Muhammad appointed Abbad ibn Bishr and Ammar ibn Yasir, whom Muhammad had paired as sworn-brothers, to patrol at night on the rear guard so they could alert the Muslims if there were any attempts from Ghatafan to ambush them during their departure.[15] Meanwhile, Abbad and Ammar were monitored by a Ghatafan scout from afar, who in turn shot his arrow at Abbad, who at that time was standing in prayer.[15] Ammar then woke up saw Abbad still standing in his prayer, with several arrows stuck on his body, while the Ghatafan scout had gotten away.[15] Then both returned to Medina.[16]

Later, Abbad was tasked by Muhammad to manage the massive spoils of war in the aftermath of the Battle of Hunayn, which consisted of tens of thousand of camels, sheep and goats, along with thousands of uqiyyah of gold ingots.[1]

Abbad was involved in all military operations led by Muhammad and was tasked as zakat collector for the tribes of Sulaym, Mustaliq, and Khuza'ah while not undergoing military operations.[1]

Death

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Further information: Ridda wars

Abbad was killed fighting the forces of Musaylima at the battle of Yamama in 632.[citation needed]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g Ibn Sa'd 1990
  2. ^ Zirikli 2002, p. 257.
  3. ^ a b c d Al-Mishri, Mahmud; Karimi, Izzudin; Syuaeb al-Faiz, Mohammad (2010). "Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas". Sahabat-sahabat Rasulullah: chapter Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas (in Malay). Pustaka Ibnu Katsir. ISBN 9789791294393. Retrieved 28 November 2021.
  4. ^ Muir 1858, p. ccxxx.
  5. ^ a b c Ali 2019, pp. 98–101
  6. ^ Labīb Rizq 1993, p. 16
  7. ^ Avigdor Chaikin 1899
  8. ^ a b c bin Hisham ibn Ayyub al-Himyari al-Mu'afiri al-Baṣri, Abd al-Malik (2019). Sirah ibn Hisham (in Indonesian). Translated by Ikhlas Hikmatiar. Qisthi Press. Retrieved 6 December 2021.
  9. ^ Ali 2019, p. 145
  10. ^ Abū Khalīl 2004, p. 85, "The second Pledge of Al-'Aqabah (the pledge of war) was: "Blood is blood and blood not to be paid for is blood not to be paid for. I am of you and you are of me. I will war against them that war against you, and be at peace with those and peace with you""
  11. ^ Mubarakpuri 1995, p. 250
  12. ^ Waqidi 2011
  13. ^ a b c Safiur Rahman Mubarakpuri (1995). Sealed Nectar. the University of Michigan. p. 250. Retrieved 28 November 2021.
  14. ^ Montgomery Watt, W. "Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf". In P.J. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam Online. Brill Academic Publishers. ISSN 1573-3912.
  15. ^ a b c d e f "Peperangangan Dzat ar-Riqa'" [Clash of Dhat ar-Riqa]. Al Manhaj (in Indonesian and Arabic). 2010. Retrieved 6 December 2021. majalah As-Sunnah Edisi 07/Tahun XIV/1431H/2010. Diterbitkan Yayasan Lajnah Istiqomah Surakarta, Jl. Solo – Purwodadi Km.8 Selokaton Gondangrejo Solo 57183 Telp. 0271-761016
  16. ^ Salabi 2021, p. 395

Sources

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See also

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