Jump to content

A Flood in Baath Country

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A Flood in Baath Country
طوفان في بلد البعث
Déluge au Pays du Baas
Original French release poster
Directed byOmar Amiralay
Produced byARTE France, AMI'P, Ramad Film[1]
Narrated byOmar Amiralay
CinematographyMeyar Roumi[2]
Edited byChantal Piquet,[3] Fabio Balducci[1]
Release date
  • 2003 (2003)
Running time
47 minutes[4]
CountriesSyria, France[5]
LanguageArabic with French subtitles[1]

A Flood in Baath Country (Arabic: فيلم محاولة عن سد الفرات, romanized: Toufan fi Balad al-Baath) is a Syrian documentary film by the director Omar Amiralay, released in 2003 and premiered in 2004 at the Beirut Cinema Days Festival. The film, Amiralay's last, criticizes the Baa'thist regime in Syria, particularly the Tabqa Dam construction project and the party's impact on political life and education in the country. In A Flood in Baath Country, Amiralay repurposes footage from his first film to criticize his early enthusiasm for the Ba'ath Party. Though banned in Syria like most of Amiralay's films, A Flood in Baath Country was readily available domestically on pirate DVD. After a satellite broadcast of the film aired in Syria, Amiralay was arrested and restricted from leaving the country. A Flood in Baath Country won the award for the best short film at the 2004 Biennale des films arabes in Paris.

Background and production

[edit]
The construction of the Tabqa Dam led to the submerging of villages under Lake Assad

In his first film, 1970's Film Essay on the Euphrates Dam, Amiralay had supportively documented the Ba'ath Party's construction of the Tabqa Dam on the Euphrates. In the river's damming, Lake Assad was formed as the dam's reservoir, flooding archaeologically important villages and displacing their tribal inhabitants.[6] New settlements around the reservoir were constructed for the displaced villagers. Over thirty years of Ba'ath rule later, A Flood in Baath Country strongly criticizes the regime and the dam. For the film, Amiralay visited Busha'ban tribespeople who were displaced by the dam's construction, and repurposed footage from Film Essay on the Euphrates Dam to criticize his young enthusiasm for the party, for which he felt "deep shame".[7][8][9][10] As Neil MacFarquhar reports, Amiralay wanted to "atone" and to "expose government propaganda for what it is".[11] In a 2008 interview, Amiralay explained his return to Film Essay on the Euphrates Dam: "Wanting to criticize the Ba'ath regime, I am actually able to start with self-criticism by admitting that at one point I made a film to glorify the Euphrates dam. Today, having revisited it, I can explore its catastrophic effects—and integrity requires that I include myself in the criticism."[12]

When doing research for A Flood in Baath Country, Amiralay came to believe that the dam was not constructed to generate power, but to protect the regime from the possibility that Turkey would restrict Syria's water supply. He was also particularly incensed to learn that the site submerged by Lake Assad was "the place where human beings became farmers for the first time, and left the hunting-and-gathering stage, eleven thousand years before Christ."[6]

Amiralay was inspired to make the film after being given "courage" from witnessing the overthrow of Saddam Hussein in Iraq, saying: "When you see one of the two Baath parties broken, collapsing, you can only hope that it will be the turn of the Syrian Baath next".[11] The film's working title was Fifteen reasons why I hate the Baath Party.[13][11]

Speaking to Lawrence Wright, Amiralay described the film's working concept: "I wanted to make a film of fifteen shots, which are the fifteen reasons I hate the Baath Party. The last reason was that I hate myself, for having been obliged to make a film for them. They spoiled forty years of my life."[6] In a 2022 interview, Mohamad al-Roumi, who assisted in the production of A Flood in Baath Country, said that the script he received from Amiralay was named Twelve Reasons Why Omar Hates the Baath Party. By the time al-Roumi saw the final film, "those 12 reasons that drove [Amiralay] to hate the Baath Party had evolved into 20 or 25."[14]

Amiralay was pondering producing the film with the National Film Organization, but Syrian director and photographer Mohamad al-Roumi encouraged him to make it himself, and offered all of his own equipment for Amiralay to use. Al-Roumi also helped Amiralay to film in the region despite not having the necessary approvals. Amiralay continued shooting without al-Roumi when the latter traveled to France. Al-Roumi notes that many of the film's subjects believed that the documentary was being made for "an official institution", which led them to "exaggerate their glorification of the Baath Party and the leader" in their interviews.[14]

Content

[edit]

At the beginning of A Flood in Baath Country Amiralay speaks over footage from Film Essay on the Euphrates Dam about his "distress" at having made it; about a report that all the early Ba'ath-constructed dams were at risk of collapsing like the Zeyzoun had in 2002;[15] and of the dam's reservoir, Lake Assad, as a symbol for the regime, "submerg[ing] all life in Syria".[16]

The documentary depicts extreme poverty in Syria[17] and the Ba'ath Party's "unforgiving absolute dominion over Syrian political life".[2]

In the documentary, Shaykh Diab al-Mashi, a former leader of the Busha'ban tribe and the longest-serving member of parliament in Syria,[18] discusses his loyalty to President Hafez al-Assad, who rewarded al-Mashi with a permanent seat in the Syrian Parliament.[19][20] The school’s village, al-Mashi (between the Euphrates and Manbij),[15] is named after the parliamentarian's family.[15][11]

In footage from a rural village elementary school, whose principal Khalaf is Diab al-Mashi's nephew,[5][16] children rotely mouth and chant Baath slogans in praise of the president, such as "We are the voice of the proletariat. In sacrifice, we eat little."[7][21] They also read from a Ba'athist textbook praising the Tabqa Dam's construction, reading: "On the fifth of July, the Euphrates River joined a new school to learn how to read and write and to fall in love with the fields and the trees in a modern way. At the school's door, President Hafez al-Assad removed the river's muddy cloak, trimmed his unkempt hair, cut his long nails and gave him a green-ink pen and a notebook to write his diaries as a civilized river."[15] The film ends with a monologue from an elderly fisherman on a boat floating on Lake Assad. He says that children don't know that the Euphrates used to be different, "they think this lake has been here forever."[18] At one point, he points to a parcel of water and says that his drowned village is there.[22][23]

Style

[edit]

The film employs long shots and close-ups, in contrast to the "unusual cinematic punctuations" including freeze-frames, repeated motifs, and distorted angles used in Amiralay's earlier Everyday Life in a Syrian Village (1974). Samirah Alkassim writes that A Flood in Baath Country "shows water to be an allegory for policies of erasure that require the people’s indoctrination to ensure their compliance".[5] According to Enab Baladi, the film's slow and silent shots reflect the stagnation and monotony of life in the villages around the reservoir.[24] Chantal Berman describes the "oft-repeated signature shot" of the film as an "excruciatingly slow" passage through a doorway, which she finds claustrophobic in imitation of "circumscribed political vision".[18] Nathalie Khankan writes of the film's cinematography: "Amiralay’s camera is patient, frames are carefully composed, the view is quietly panoramic."[25]

Reception, censorship, and arrest

[edit]

The film was released in 2003[16] and had its premiere in 2004 at the Beirut Cinema Days Festival.[26] It also played at the 2004 Biennale des films arabes in Paris, where it won the award for best short film.[27][28] The jury of the 2005 Munich DOK.FEST's Horizons Award gave the film a special mention.[29] Following reported political pressure, the 2004 Carthage Film Festival in Tunisia cancelled plans to screen A Flood in Baath Country. 53 film directors criticized the decision in an open letter to the festival's director Nadia Attia,[26] and a number of filmmakers withdrew their submissions to the festival in protest, including Danielle Arbid, Joana Hadjithomas, Nizar Hassan, Annemarie Jacir, Khalil Joreige, and Yousry Nasrallah.[30][31][32] Enab Baladi reported that the Baathist regime had directly asked the Tunisian government to prevent the screening.[33] In response to the backlash, Attia relented and re-admitted the film to be shown a single time, outside of official competition and on the final day of the festival.[32][34] Jeune Afrique reported that the news of the screening's cancellation had just been an unfounded rumor, and that the Festival had upheld its guarantee against censorship.[35] A Flood in Baath Country had its North American premiere at the 2005 Tribeca Festival, where it was shown alongside Film Essay on the Euphrates Dam.[36][37]

A Flood in Baath Country was banned from release in Syria,[7] but Amiralay released the documentary to film pirates, and "[t]wo months later, everybody in Damascus had seen it. It was a digital flood."[6][38] James Bennett wrote in 2005 that he had seen the film, "like everyone else [in Syria]", on DVD despite the censorship. In an interview with Bennett, Amiralay said that an Arab satellite network had bought the rights to broadcast the film. The broadcast would be viewable in Syria since satellite television had recently been legalized in Syria by President Bashar al-Assad. Amiralay requested that the network include in their broadcast a dedication to his friend Samir Kassir—a Lebanese journalist who had been critical of the Ba'athist regime before his death by a car bomb in 2005—implicitly accusing the regime of his assassination.[7] Following the September 2006 broadcast of A Flood in Baath Country by Al Arabiya, which aired in Syria,[39][40] Amiralay was detained at a Syrian airport as he attempted to travel to work on a film in Jordan that same month.[41][42] He was subjected to a 13-hour interrogation, arrested, and restricted from leaving Syria.[39][41] In protest, a screening of A Flood in Baath Country was held in France on October 31, 2006, introduced by writer Farouk Mardam Bey and followed by a debate.[43] The restriction on Amiralay's travel was lifted on October 29, 2006.[40][44]

James Bennett called the film "a chilling look at a society stunted by Baathism".[7] Rashta Salti called the documentary "possibly the most explicit and compelling critique yet of Ba'athist ideology".[2] Stuart Klawans described A Flood in Baath Country as one of Amiralay's "most forceful" films.[16] Laura U. Marks said of A Flood in Baath Country that "Amiralay indicts the self-serving Baath regime with unremitting yet subtle sarcasm."[45] Robin Yassin-Kassab and Leila al-Shami call it Amiralay's "masterpiece of grim irony",[46] and Edwin Nasr called the film "a staggering confession of regret and a militant takedown of the Assad regime."[23] The Austrian Film Museum said the film represented "a melancholy yet bitter summation of Syria's era of state socialism",[47] and Peter Scarlet called it "[a] rare contemporary example of filmmaking combining formal mastery with political courage".[48][37]

Mohamad al-Roumi, who assisted in early shooting for the film, found that while the film lacked "a dramatic dimension" and failed to explore characters like Diab al-Mashi as victims of the Baath Party, it is "without a doubt an important document of what Syria lived through because of the Baath Party and the authorities in power."[14]

In 2013, the film was ranked #45 on the Dubai International Film Festival's list of the top 100 Arab films.[49]

Antoine Wauters [fr]'s novel Mahmoud ou la Montée des eaux [fr] was inspired by A Flood in Baath Country. The novel's main character, Mahmoud, is based on an elderly former resident of one of the villages submerged by Lake Assad, filmed in A Flood in Baath Country speaking on a boat about his former village which now lay directly beneath him in the water.[50][51][22]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c conserver), FICA-Old (à. "A Flood in Baath Country - Festival des Cinémas d'Asie de Vesoul". www.cinemas-asie.com (in French). Retrieved 2024-11-13.
  2. ^ a b c Salti, Rashta (2006). "Critical Nationals: The Paradoxes of Syrian Cinema" (PDF). Kosmorama (237).
  3. ^ www.oberon.nl, Oberon Amsterdam. "A Flood in Baath Country (2017) | IDFA Archive". IDFA. Retrieved 2024-11-13.
  4. ^ "A Flood in Baath Country - Doclisboa 2018". www.doclisboa.org. Retrieved 2024-11-13.
  5. ^ a b c Alkassim, Samirah (2020), Ginsberg, Terri; Lippard, Chris (eds.), "Amiralay and Sabbagh in the Post-cinematic Age", Cinema of the Arab World: Contemporary Directions in Theory and Practice, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 203–230, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-30081-4_7, ISBN 978-3-030-30081-4, retrieved 2024-11-07
  6. ^ a b c d Wright, Lawrence (2006-05-07). "Captured on Film". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved 2024-11-07.
  7. ^ a b c d e Bennett, James (10 July 2005). "The Enigma of Damascus". The New York Times Magazine.
  8. ^ Considine, Meghan Clare (2024-07-01). "The Déesse and the Dam: Extractive Audacity, Montage, and the Politics of Ecological Devastation on the Euphrates". International Journal of Islamic Architecture. 13 (Climate Change and the Built Environment in the Islamic World): 393–409. doi:10.1386/ijia_00146_1. ISSN 2045-5895.
  9. ^ Taleghani, R. Shareah (2020). "Docu-ironies and Visions of Dissent in the Films of Omar Amiralay". In Firat, Alexa; Taleghani, R. Shareah (eds.). Generations of Dissent: Intellectuals, Cultural Production, and the State in the Middle East and North Africa. Syracuse University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvz9383k.15. ISBN 978-0-8156-3679-3. JSTOR j.ctvz9383k.
  10. ^ Behar, Daniel (2022). "Socialist Realism in the Language of Ḍād: A Literary Identity for Syria, a Test-Case for World Literature". Journal of Narrative Theory. 52 (3): 379–415. ISSN 1548-9248.
  11. ^ a b c d MacFarquhar, Neil (20 March 2004). "THE STRUGGLE FOR IRAQ: DAMASCUS; Hussein's Fall Leads Syrians To Test Government Limits". The New York Times.
  12. ^ al-Shuqairi, Musa; Nou, Tamara (July 2008). "Temple of Art". NOX. Archived from the original on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 2024-11-07.
  13. ^ Firat, Alexa (2023). "Revolutions Aesthetic: A Cultural History of Ba'thist Syria by Max Weiss (review)". The Middle East Journal. 76 (4): 547–549. ISSN 1940-3461.
  14. ^ a b c Al-Mokdad, Eyas (11 March 2022). "Mohamad Al Roumi: Cinema is always necessary". Syria Untold. Retrieved 2024-11-18.
  15. ^ a b c d Hassan, Hassan (7 February 2013). "A film that foretold the downfall of the Baathist conceits". The National. Retrieved 2024-11-06.
  16. ^ a b c d Klawans, Stuart (18 May 2006). "Wind From the Mideast". The Nation. ISSN 0027-8378. Retrieved 2024-11-06.
  17. ^ De Châtel, Francesca (2014). "The Role of Drought and Climate Change in the Syrian Uprising: Untangling the Triggers of the Revolution". Middle Eastern Studies. 50 (4): 521–535. ISSN 0026-3206. JSTOR 24583514.
  18. ^ a b c Berman, Chantal (6 May 2011). "Two Films for the Syrian Unraveling". Jadaliyya - جدلية. Retrieved 2024-11-13.
  19. ^ Dukhan, Haian (2014). "Tribes and Tribalism in the Syrian Uprising". Syria Studies. 6 (2): 1–28. ISSN 2056-3175.
  20. ^ Dukhan, Haian (August 2021). "The Politics of Tribalization in Syria". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 53 (3): 502–506. doi:10.1017/S0020743821000817. ISSN 0020-7438.
  21. ^ MacFarquhar, Neil (2010). The media relations department of Hizbollah wishes you a happy birthday: unexpected encounters in the changing Middle East. New York: PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-811-6.
  22. ^ a b "Lauréat Livre Inter: Interview d'Antoine Wauters sur la Syrie". Ici Beyrouth (in French). Retrieved 2024-11-07.
  23. ^ a b Nasr, Edwin (2021-03-01). "Syria and/as the Planetary in Jumana Manna's Wild Relatives". Afterall: A Journal of Art, Context and Enquiry. 51: 132–143. doi:10.1086/717406. ISSN 1465-4253.
  24. ^ محرر 23 (2018-10-14). "طوفان في بلاد البعث". عنب بلدي (in Arabic). Retrieved 2024-11-07.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  25. ^ Tawil, Yasmina (2017-02-28). "Where Something Else Happens: Visual "karama" and Contemporary Syrian Documentary Cinema". Arab Film and Media Institute (AFMI). Retrieved 2024-11-18.
  26. ^ a b Jaafar, Ali (2004-10-03). "Inside Move: 'Flood' gates closed". Variety. Retrieved 2024-11-07.
  27. ^ Matin, Le (2004-07-06). "7e Biennale des cinémas arabes : un film marocain primé à Paris". 7e Biennale des cinémas arabes : un film marocain primé à Paris (in French). Retrieved 2024-11-07.
  28. ^ "Le festival Cinéma du réel rend hommage au Syrien Omar Amiralay". Le Nouvel Obs (in French). 2011-03-24. Retrieved 2024-11-07.
  29. ^ "DOK.fest München". DOK.fest München. Retrieved 2024-11-07.
  30. ^ "Filmmaker Orwa Nayrabia missing in Syria". Masress. Retrieved 2024-11-07.
  31. ^ "cyprus cultural events - Feb 3 - 24 - German Film Days in Nicosia South". www.heiditrautmann.com. Retrieved 2024-11-07.
  32. ^ a b "أميرالاي يلخص سوريا.. البعث والطوفان". الجزيرة نت (in Arabic). Retrieved 2024-11-07.
  33. ^ Insta, enab03 (2019-04-26). "The opposition's documentaries and the regime's narrative films... Thus Syrian cinema conveys the war". Enab Baladi. Retrieved 2024-11-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  34. ^ Bidoun. "Fall Film Festival Diary: Beirut Cinema Days, Carthage Film Festival, Dubai International Film Festival". Bidoun. Retrieved 2024-11-07.
  35. ^ "Paillettes et nouveaux talents - Jeune Afrique.com". JeuneAfrique.com (in French). Retrieved 2024-11-07.
  36. ^ Erickson, Steve (2005-04-20). "Tribeca Film Festival Turns Four – Gay City News". gaycitynews.com. Retrieved 2024-11-07.
  37. ^ a b "A Flood in Baath Country | 2005 Tribeca Festival". Tribeca. Retrieved 2024-11-07.
  38. ^ Ginsberg, Terri; Lippard, Chris (2010). Historical dictionary of Middle Eastern cinema. Historical dictionaries of literature and the arts. Lanham (Md.): The Scarecrow Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-8108-6090-2.
  39. ^ a b Moukalled, Diana (27 September 2006). "The Flood of the Baath". Asharq Al-Aswat. Retrieved 2024-11-07.
  40. ^ a b Bar'el, Zvi (8 November 2006). "Under Arrest for Making a Movie". Haaretz.
  41. ^ a b "«طوفان في بلاد البعث» يغرق مخرجه في مشاكل السياسة احتجاز المخرج عمر أميرالاي في سورية رغم إنتاج الفيلم منذ عامين". Asharq Al-Awsat (in Arabic). 22 September 2006. Retrieved 2024-11-07.
  42. ^ Brutel, Magali; Dixon, Hayley; Garza, Carolyn; Graham, Matthew; Freier, Amelie; Kaye, Simon; Steilen, Daniel; Walsh, Nicholas (November 2006). "Index". Index on Censorship. 35 (4): 184–203. doi:10.1080/03064220601079347. ISSN 0306-4220.
  43. ^ "Le documentariste syrien Omar Amiralay interdit de sortie de son pays". BABelmed. 5 November 2006. Retrieved 2024-11-07.
  44. ^ Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (6 March 2007). "Syria". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 2024-11-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  45. ^ Marks, Laura U. (2010). "Experience—Information—Image: A Historiography of Unfolding in Arab Cinema". In Iordanova, Dina; Martin-Jones, David; Vidal, Belén (eds.). Cinema at the periphery. Contemporary approaches to film and television series. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8143-3388-4. OCLC 402542116.
  46. ^ Yassin-Kassab, Robin; al-Shami, Leila (2018). Burning country: Syrians in revolution and war (New ed.). London: Pluto Press. ISBN 978-0-7453-3782-1.
  47. ^ "Filmmuseum - Program SD". www.filmmuseum.at. Retrieved 2024-11-13.
  48. ^ "Arab Film Distribution: Home Page - Films, Videos, and DVDs from the Arab World, Middle East, and North Africa". www.arabfilm.com. Retrieved 2024-11-13.
  49. ^ Marwa Hamad (November 6, 2013). "Dubai International Film Festival picks top 100 Arab films". Gulf News. Retrieved October 11, 2015.
  50. ^ "Antoine Wauters, la memoria siriana svelata nella poesia". il manifesto (in Italian). 2023-06-27. Retrieved 2024-11-07.
  51. ^ d'information, Bibliothèque publique; Bpi (2022-02-26). "Antoine Wauters, Shalan Alhamwy et Jonas Malfliet – Poésie et barbarie". replay.bpi.fr (in French). Retrieved 2024-11-07.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Flood_in_Baath_Country&oldid=1258714199"