AVN Award for Best Supporting Actor
AVN Award for Best Supporting Actor | |
---|---|
AVN award for contributions of supporting actors to pornography | |
Awarded for | Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role |
Sponsored by | AVN |
Location | Las Vegas |
Country | USA |
Presented by | AVN Media Network |
First awarded | 1984 |
Last awarded | 2024 |
Most recent winner | Danny D Space Junk (2024) |
Highlights | |
Most awards | Randy Spears (7 awards) |
Total awarded | 60 (40–for films, 20–for videos) |
First winner | Richard Pacheco Nothing to Hide (1984) |
Website | avnawards |
The AVN Award for Best Supporting Actor is an award that has been given annually by sex industry company AVN since the award's inception in 1984.[1]
Till 2008, the award was awarded annually for two different categories–film and video. From year 2009, it is awarded annually for a single category.
First recipient of the award was Richard Pacheco, who was awarded at 1st AVN Awards in 1984 for his performance in Nothing to Hide.[1] As of 2024, Randy Spears is the most honoured pornographic actor with seven awards followed by Xander Corvus with four awards, while four pornographic actors–Steven St. Croix, Tony Tedeschi, Tom Byron and Tommy Pistol with three awards and nine pornographic actors–Richard Pacheco, Ron Jeremy, Jamie Gillis, Mike Horner, Jon Dough, Michael J. Cox, Wilde Oscar, Joey Silvera and Rick Savage–have won the award two times. Jamie Gillis is the oldest recipient of the award at the age of 55 for his performance in Forever Night (1999) and Xander Corvus is the youngest recipient of the award at the age of 23 for his performance in Star Trek:The Next Generation - A XXX Parody (2012). The most recent recipient is Danny D, who was honoured at the 41st AVN Awards in 2024 for his performance in Space Junk.[2]
Key
[edit]Symbol | Meaning |
---|---|
† | Indicates that the winner won the award for two performances in that year |
Winners and nominees
[edit]1980s
[edit]Year | Photo | Winner | Film/Video | Nominees | Ref(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1984 | Richard Pacheco | Nothing to Hide (f) | –
|
[1] | |
1985 | John Leslie | Firestorm (f) | [3] | ||
1986 | Ron Jeremy | Candy Stripers II (f) | [4] | ||
1987 | Joey Silvera | She's So Fine (f) |
|
[5][6][7] | |
1988 | Michael Gaunt | Firestorm II (f) | –
|
[8][9][10] | |
1989 | Jamie Gillis | Pretty Peaches II (f) |
|
[11][12][13] | |
Richard Pacheco | Sensual Escape (v) |
|
1990s
[edit]Year | Photo | Winner | Film/Video | Nominee(s) | Ref(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1990 † | Rick Savage | The Erotic Adventures of Berman & Throbbin (f) | –
|
[14][15] | |
The Erotic Adventures of Berman & Throbbin (v) | |||||
1991 | Jon Martin | Pretty Peaches 3 (f) |
|
[16][17][18][19][20] | |
Ron Jeremy | Playin' Dirty (v) |
| |||
1992 | Jon Dough | Brandy And Alexander (f) | T. T. Boy, Lethal Passion | [21][22][23][24] | |
Mike Horner | Bite (v) | Jon Dough, Maddams Family | |||
1993 | Joey Silvera | Face Dance (Parts 1 & 2) (f) | Randy Spears, The Secret Garden 1 & 2 | [25][26][27][28] | |
Tony Tedeschi | Smeers (v) | –
| |||
1994 | Steve Drake | Whispered Lies (f) |
|
[29][30][31] | |
Randy Spears | Haunted Nights (v) |
| |||
1995 | Jon Dough | Sex (f) |
|
[32][33][34] | |
Jonathan Morgan | The Face (v) |
| |||
1996 | Steven St. Croix | Forever Young (f) | –
|
[35][36][37] | |
Alex Sanders | Dear Dirty (v) |
| |||
1997 † | Tony Tedeschi | The Show (f) |
|
[38][39][40][41] | |
Silver Screen Confidential (v) |
| ||||
1998 | Wilde Oscar | Doin' the Ritz (f) |
|
[42][43][44] | |
Dave Hardman | Texas Dildo Masquerade (v) |
| |||
1999 | Michael J. Cox | Models (f) |
|
[45][46][47] | |
Jamie Gillis | Forever Night (v) |
|
2000s
[edit]Year | Photo | Winner | Film/Video | Nominees | Ref(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2000 | Michael J. Cox | Seven Deadly Sins (f) |
|
[48][49][50] | |
Tom Byron | L.A. 399 (v) |
| |||
2001 | Randy Spears | Watchers (f) |
|
[51][52][53][54] | |
Wilde Oscar | West Side (v) |
| |||
2002 | Herschel Savage | Taken (f) |
|
[55][56][57][58] | |
Mike Horner | Wild Thing (v) |
| |||
2003 | Mr. Marcus | Paradise Lost (f) |
|
[59][60] | |
Randy Spears | Hercules (v) |
| |||
2004 | Steven St. Croix | Looking In (f) |
|
[61][62] | |
Randy Spears | Space Nuts (v) |
| |||
2005 | Rod Fontana | The 8th Sin (f) |
|
[63][64][65] | |
Randy Spears | Fluff and Fold (v) |
| |||
2006 | Dark Side (f) |
|
[66][67] | ||
Tommy Gunn | Pirates (v) |
| |||
2007 | Kurt Lockwood | To Die For (f) |
|
[68][69][70] | |
Manuel Ferrara | She Bangs (v) |
| |||
2008 | Randy Spears | Flasher (f) |
|
[71][72][73] | |
Barrett Blade | Coming Home (v) |
| |||
2009 | Ben English | Pirates II: Stagnetti's Revenge |
|
[74][75] |
2010s
[edit]Year | Photo | Winner | Film | Nominees | Ref(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2010 | Tom Byron | Throat: A Cautionary Tale |
|
[76][77] | |
2011 | Evan Stone | Batman XXX: A Porn Parody |
|
[78][79] | |
2012 | Xander Corvus | Star Trek:The Next Generation - A XXX Parody |
|
[80][81] | |
2013 | Tom Byron | Star Wars XXX: A Porn Parody |
|
[82][83] | |
2014 | Xander Corvus | Underworld |
|
[84][85] | |
2015 | Holly...Would |
|
[86][87] | ||
2016 | Steven St. Croix | Peter Pan XXX: An Axel Braun Parody |
|
[88][89] | |
2017 | Brad Armstrong | The Preacher's Daughter |
|
[90][91] | |
2018 | Small Hands | Half His Age: A Teenage Tragedy |
|
[92][93] | |
2019 | Charles Dera | Cartel Sex |
|
[94][95] |
2020s
[edit]Year | Photo | Winner | Film | Nominees | Ref(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2020 | Tommy Pistol | The Gang Makes a Porno: A DP XXX Parody |
|
[96][97] | |
2021 | Xander Corvus | The Summoning |
|
[98][99] | |
2022 | Tommy Pistol | Casey: A True Story |
|
[100][101] | |
2023 | Grinders |
|
[102][103] | ||
2024 | Danny D | Space Junk |
|
[2][104] |
Superlatives
[edit]Superlative | Actor | Record |
---|---|---|
Actor with most awards | Randy Spears | 7 |
Oldest winner | Jamie Gillis | 55 |
Youngest winner | Xander Corvus | 23 |
Multiple winners
[edit]Wins | Actor |
---|---|
7 | Randy Spears |
4 | Xander Corvus |
3 | Steven St. Croix |
Tony Tedeschi | |
Tom Byron | |
Tommy Pistol | |
2 | Richard Pacheco |
Ron Jeremy | |
Jamie Gillis | |
Mike Horner | |
Jon Dough | |
Michael J. Cox | |
Wilde Oscar | |
Joey Silvera | |
Rick Savage |
See also
[edit]- AVN Award for Best Actor, an award that has been given by sex industry company AVN since the award's inception in 1984
- AVN Award for Male Performer of the Year, an award that has been given by sex industry company AVN since the award's inception in 1993
- AVN Award for Male Foreign Performer of the Year, an award that has been given by sex industry company AVN since the award's inception in 2003
References
[edit]- ^ a b c "AVN - 1984 AVN Awards Show - History". AVN. AVN Media Network. Archived from the original on January 16, 2014. Retrieved March 15, 2015.
- ^ a b "2024 AVN Award Winners Announced". AVN. January 28, 2024. Retrieved February 4, 2024.
- ^ "1985 AVN Awards Show - History". AVN. Archived from the original on December 5, 2013. Retrieved March 15, 2015.
- ^ "1986 AVN Awards Show - History". AVN. Archived from the original on January 18, 2014. Retrieved March 15, 2015.
- ^ "1987 AVN Awards Show - History". AVN. Archived from the original on January 18, 2014. Retrieved March 15, 2015.
- ^ "The 1986 AVNA Awards". Adult Video News. Vol. 2, no. 2. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Adult Video News, Inc. April 1987. pp. 80–83. ISSN 0883-7090.
- ^ "Nominations for the 1986 Adult Video News Awards". Adult Video News. Vol. 1, no. 47. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Adult Video News, Inc. January 1987. pp. 16–20. ISSN 0883-7090.
- ^ "1988 AVN Awards Show - History". AVN. Archived from the original on January 18, 2014. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
- ^ "The winners: The 1987 AVNA Awards". Adult Video News. Vol. 3, no. 4. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Adult Video News, Inc. March 1988. pp. 26–33. ISSN 0883-7090.
- ^ "Fifth Annual AVN Awards Draws Enormous Crowds". Adult Video News. Vol. 3, no. 3. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Adult Video News, Inc. February 1988. p. 14. ISSN 0883-7090.
- ^ "1989 AVN Awards Show - History". AVN. Archived from the original on January 18, 2014. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
- ^ "Huge Crowd Attends AVN Awards Bash". Adult Video News. Vol. 4, no. 3. Upper Darby, Pennsylvania: Adult Video News, Inc. February 1989. p. 16. ISSN 0883-7090.
- ^ "The 1988 Adult Video News Awards". Adult Video News. Vol. 4, no. 1. Upper Darby, Pennsylvania: Adult Video News, Inc. January 1989. pp. 64–80. ISSN 0883-7090.
- ^ "1990 AVN Awards Show - History". AVN. Archived from the original on December 5, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
- ^ "Glamor and Glitz at the AVN Awards Show". Adult Video News. Vol. 5, no. 3. Upper Darby, Pennsylvania: AVN Publications, Inc. February 1990. pp. 15–16. ISSN 0883-7090.
- ^ "1991 AVN Awards Show - History". AVN. Archived from the original on January 18, 2014. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
- ^ The 8th Annual Adult Video News Awards (videotape). VCA Pictures. 1991.
- ^ Ross, Gene (March 1991). "Sights & Sounds at the 1991 AVN Awards". Adult Video News. Vol. 6, no. 4. Upper Darby, Pennsylvania: AVN Publications, Inc. pp. 34–35. ISSN 0883-7090.
- ^ "The 1991 Adult Video News Awards Winners". Adult Video News. Vol. 6, no. 4. Upper Darby, Pennsylvania: AVN Publications, Inc. March 1991. p. 33. ISSN 0883-7090.
- ^ "The 1991 Adult Video News Awards Show". Official Program. Upper Darby, Pennsylvania: AVN Publications, Inc. January 12, 1991.
- ^ "1992 AVN Awards Show - History". AVN. Archived from the original on December 31, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
- ^ Austin, Steven (Director) (1992). The 9th Annual Adult Video News Awards (videotape). Chatsworth, California, USA: VCA Pictures.
- ^ Ross, Gene (March 1992). "The Adult Video News Awards, 1992". Adult Video News. Vol. 7, no. 4. Upper Darby, Pennsylvania: AVN Publications, Inc. pp. 73–79. ISSN 0883-7090.
- ^ "Vegas Sex-cess!". EFG Showcase (Hot Videos Illustrated). New York, New York: Eton Publishing Co. October 1992. pp. 34–37.
- ^ "1993 AVN Awards Show - History". AVN. Archived from the original on December 30, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
- ^ Ross, Gene (March 1993). "The Adult Video News Awards, 1993 The Year of Gere". Adult Video News. Vol. 8, no. 4. Upper Darby, Pennsylvania: AVN Publications, Inc. pp. 32–44. ISSN 0883-7090.
- ^ Di Mercurio, S. Marco (Director) (1993). The 10th Annual Adult Video News Awards (videotape). VCA Pictures.
- ^ "On the Road: 1993 Adult Video Awards, Las Vegas, Nevada". Cheri. New York, New York: Cheri Magazine, Inc. June 1993. pp. 20–27. ISSN 1059-7131.
- ^ "1994 AVN Awards Show - History". AVN. Archived from the original on January 18, 2014. Retrieved March 24, 2015.
- ^ Di Mercurio, S. Marco (Director) (1994). The 11th Annual Adult Video News Awards (videotape). VCA Pictures.
- ^ Ross, Gene (March 1994). "Tits & Sluts & Rock 'n' Roll: The 11th Annual AVN Awards Show". Adult Video News. Vol. 9, no. 4. Upper Darby, Pennsylvania: AVN Publications, Inc. pp. 14–74. ISSN 0883-7090.
- ^ "1995 AVN Awards Show - History". AVN. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved March 24, 2015.
- ^ Stone, Mark (Director) (1995). The 12th Annual AVN Awards Show (videotape). VCA Pictures.
- ^ Ross, Gene (March 1995). "Star Light, Star Bright, First Star We See Tonight…". Adult Video News. Vol. 10, no. 3. Los Angeles, California: AVN Publications, Inc. pp. 24–82. ISSN 0883-7090.
- ^ "1996 AVN Awards Show - History". AVN. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved March 24, 2015.
- ^ Ross, Gene (March 1996). "Latex Sweeps 13th Annual AVN Awards Show". Adult Video News. Vol. 11, no. 5. Los Angeles, California: Adult Video News. pp. 26–84.
- ^ Stone, Mark (Director) (1996). The 1996 AVN Awards (videotape). VCA Pictures.
- ^ "1997 AVN Awards Show - History". AVN. Archived from the original on December 31, 2013. Retrieved March 24, 2015.
- ^ "1997 AVN". Swank's Video World. Paramus, New Jersey: Swank Publications, Inc. June 1997. pp. 66–67.
- ^ Ross, Gene (March 1997). "Shock, Bobby Sox Dominate the 14th Annual AVN Awards Show". Adult Video News. Vol. 13, no. 3. Van Nuys, California: AVN Publications, Inc. pp. 20–69. ISSN 0883-7090.
- ^ Stone, Mark (Director) (1997). 1997 AVN Awards (videotape). VCA Pictures.
- ^ "1998 AVN Awards Show - History". AVN. Archived from the original on January 15, 2014. Retrieved March 24, 2015.
- ^ Ross, Gene (March 1998). "Buda, Bad Wives & Zazel Take Top Prizes at the 15th Annual AVN Awards". Adult Video News. Vol. 14, no. 3. Van Nuys, California: AVN Publications, Inc. pp. 52–97. ISSN 0883-7090.
- ^ "History: The 1998 AVN Awards Show". Official Program. Van Nuys, California: AVN Publications, Inc. January 9, 1998.
- ^ "1999 AVN Awards Show - History". AVN. Archived from the original on December 30, 2013. Retrieved March 25, 2015.
- ^ "The 1999 AVN Awards Winners". Adult Video News. 15 (3). Van Nuys, CA: AVN Publications, Inc. (published March 1, 1999): 56–58. March 1999. ISSN 0883-7090.
- ^ "Choices". 1999 AVN Awards Show Program. Van Nuys, CA: AVN Publications, Inc. January 9, 1999.
- ^ "2000 AVN Awards Show - History". AVN. Archived from the original on January 18, 2014. Retrieved March 25, 2015.
- ^ Ross, Gene (March 2000). "Double Feature!, Dark Garden and Seven Deadly Sins Take Top Honors At 17th Annual AVN Awards". Adult Video News. Vol. 16, no. 3. Chatsworth, California: AVN Publications, Inc. pp. 38–96. ISSN 0883-7090.
- ^ "AVN 2000 Nominations". March 2, 2000. Archived from the original on March 2, 2000. Retrieved February 16, 2016.
- ^ "2001 AVN Awards Show - History". AVN. Archived from the original on December 31, 2013. Retrieved March 25, 2015.
- ^ Ehrlich, Susie (March 2001). "Dark Angels, Les Vampyres and Watchers Reap Souls and Trophies at the 18th Annual AVN Awards". Adult Video News. Vol. 17, no. 3. Chatsworth, California: AVN Publications, Inc. pp. 48–83. ISSN 0883-7090.
- ^ "AVN Adult Expo 2001". Adult Cinema Review. Vol. 19, no. 2. New York, New York: Global Media Group, Ltd. April 2001. pp. 6–13. ISSN 0277-2914.
- ^ "2001 AVN Awards Nominations List". November 2000. Archived from the original on March 9, 2001. Retrieved February 6, 2016.
- ^ "2002 AVN Awards Show - History". AVN. Archived from the original on December 4, 2013. Retrieved April 4, 2015.
- ^ Milne, Carly; Ramone, Mike (March 2002). "Fade to Black, Euphoria Big Winners at 2002 AVN Awards Show". Adult Video News. Vol. 18, no. 3. Chatsworth, California: AVN Publications, Inc. pp. 36–68. ISSN 0883-7090.
- ^ "AVN Awards 2002". Adult Cinema Review. New York, New York: Global Media Group Ltd. May 2002. pp. 10–13. ISSN 0277-2914.
- ^ "2002 and it's all about...Girls! Girls! Girls!". The 2002 AVN Awards Show Program. Chatsworth, California: AVN Publications, Inc. January 11, 2002.
- ^ "2003 AVN Awards Show - History". AVN. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved April 5, 2015.
- ^ "20th Anniversary AVN Awards". The 2003 AVN Awards Show program. Chatsworth, California: AVN Publications, Inc. January 11, 2003.
- ^ "2004 AVN Awards Show - History". AVN. Archived from the original on December 5, 2013. Retrieved April 6, 2015.
- ^ Brown, Trent (December 1, 2003). "AVN Award Nominations Released; Winners Announced Jan. 10 in Vegas". Adult Video News. AVN Media Network. Retrieved January 22, 2016.
- ^ "2005 AVN Awards Show - History". AVN. Archived from the original on January 18, 2014. Retrieved April 6, 2015.
- ^ "2005 AVN Awards Nominations". November 14, 2004. Archived from the original on November 14, 2004. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ Martin, Ron (November 12, 2004). "2005 AVN Award Show Nominations Announced". Adult Video News. AVN Media Network. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ "2006 AVN Awards Show - History". AVN. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved April 12, 2015.
- ^ "2006 Nominations" (PDF). November 25, 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 26, 2005. Retrieved January 13, 2016.
- ^ "2007 AVN Awards Show - History". AVN. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved April 12, 2015.
- ^ "AVN Awards 2007 Nominees". 2006. Archived from the original on December 20, 2006. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
- ^ "AVN Awards Nominees". January 1, 2007. Archived from the original on January 1, 2007. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
- ^ "2008 AVN Awards Show - History". AVN. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved April 19, 2015.
- ^ Rutter, Jared (January 12, 2008). "2008 AVN Awards Winners Announced". AVN. Archived from the original on February 28, 2009. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
- ^ Tod Hunter (November 26, 2007). "AVN Releases Nominations for 2008 Award Show". XBIZ.com. Archived from the original on April 17, 2015. Retrieved April 16, 2015.
- ^ Javors, Steve (January 11, 2009). "Winners Announced at 2009 AVN Awards". XBIZ. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved April 20, 2015.
- ^ Shull, Ed (December 21, 2008). "AVN Announces 2009 Award Nominees". Filthy Lucre. Archived from the original on July 11, 2018. Retrieved December 20, 2015.
- ^ Johnson, Bob (January 11, 2010). "2010 AVN Adult Movie Awards Winners Announced". XBIZ. Archived from the original on March 7, 2017. Retrieved April 20, 2015.
- ^ "Nominations for 2010 AVN Awards Announced" (Press release). AVN. December 2, 2009. Retrieved January 18, 2013.
- ^ "AVN Announces the Winners of the 2011 AVN Awards". AVN. January 9, 2011. Archived from the original on January 15, 2011. Retrieved April 21, 2015.
- ^ "Nominations for the 2011 AVN Awards Announced" (Press release). Adult Video News. November 29, 2010. Retrieved January 15, 2013.
- ^ "AVN Announces the 2012 AVN Award Winners". AVN. January 22, 2012. Archived from the original on March 6, 2012. Retrieved April 21, 2015.
- ^ "AVN Awards 2012: The Nominees" (Press release). Adult Video News. December 6, 2011. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
- ^ "The 2013 AVN Award Winners". AVN. January 23, 2013. Archived from the original on March 28, 2015. Retrieved April 22, 2015.
- ^ Steve Javors & Peter Warren (November 30, 2012). "AVN Announces Nominees for 2013 AVN Awards". Adult Video News. Retrieved January 11, 2013.
- ^ "AVN Announces the Winners of the 2014 AVN Awards". AVN. January 21, 2014. Archived from the original on February 1, 2016. Retrieved April 25, 2015.
- ^ "Nominations for 2014 AVN Awards Released". Adult Video News. December 6, 2013. Retrieved January 19, 2014.
- ^ "AVN Announces the Winners of the 2015 AVN Awards". AVN. January 24, 2015. Archived from the original on February 6, 2015. Retrieved April 25, 2015.
- ^ vanzetti. "AVN Awards Nominations 2015: Intro and Errata". Internet Adult Film Database. Retrieved January 17, 2015.
- ^ "2016 AVN Awards Winners". AVN. January 24, 2016. Archived from the original on November 28, 2016. Retrieved January 24, 2016.
- ^ "Nominations for 2016 AVN Awards Released". Adult Video News. AVN Media Network. November 19, 2015. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
- ^ "2017 AVN Award Winners Announced". Adult Video News. AVN Media Network. January 21, 2017. Archived from the original on January 26, 2017. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
- ^ "AVN Awards 2017 Nominees". Adult Video News. November 17, 2016. Archived from the original on January 13, 2017. Retrieved July 12, 2017.
- ^ "2018 AVN Award Winners Announced". Adult Video News. AVN Media Network. January 28, 2018. Archived from the original on September 3, 2019. Retrieved February 4, 2018.
- ^ Peter Warren (November 18, 2017). "Nominees Unveiled for 2018 AVN Awards". Adult Video News. AVN Media Network. Retrieved February 4, 2018.
- ^ "2019 AVN Award Winners Announced". AVN. January 27, 2019. Archived from the original on May 18, 2019. Retrieved September 17, 2019.
- ^ "2019 Nominees AVN Awards". AVN Media Network. Retrieved January 28, 2019.
- ^ "2020 AVN Award Winners Announced". AVN. January 25, 2020. Retrieved January 28, 2020.
- ^ "2020 AVN Award Nominees". AVN Media Network. November 21, 2019. Retrieved November 23, 2019.
- ^ "2021 AVN Award Winners Announced". AVN. January 23, 2021. Retrieved February 23, 2021.
- ^ "2021 AVN Award Nominees". AVN Media Network. November 29, 2020. Retrieved November 29, 2020.
- ^ "2022 AVN Award Winners Announced". AVN. January 22, 2022. Retrieved January 23, 2022.
- ^ "2022 AVN Award Nominees". AVN Media Network. November 19, 2021. Retrieved November 27, 2021.
- ^ "2023 AVN Award Winners Announced". AVN. January 8, 2023. Retrieved January 13, 2023.
- ^ "2023 AVN Award Nominees". AVN Media Network. November 4, 2022. Retrieved December 18, 2022.
- ^ "2024 AVN Award Nominees". AVN Media Network. November 15, 2023. Retrieved November 15, 2023.