ALS Functional Rating Scale - Revised
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease that typically affects adults around 54–67[1] years of age, although anyone can be diagnosed with the disease. People diagnosed with ALS live on average 2–4 years after diagnosis due to the quick progression of the disease.[2][3] The progression and severity of ALS is rated by doctors on the ALS Functional Rating Scale, which has been revised and is referred to as ALSFRS-R.
Criteria
[edit]ALSFRS-R includes 12 questions that can have a score of 0 to 4. A score of 0 on a question would indicate no function while a score of 4 would indicate full function.[4][5] This scale has been useful for doctors in diagnosing patients, measuring disease progression and also for researchers when selecting patients for a study and measuring the potential effects of a clinical trial.[4][6]
The ALSFRS-R scale has some limitations though since it is not useful to compare scores of people who present with different onset. In ALS the main type of onset is bulbar followed by limb-onset ALS which describes the region of motor neurons first affected.[3] Individuals may also present with respiratory-onset ALS,[7] but this occurs very rarely. Since there are three different types of ALS, ALSFRS-R scores are often grouped in categories depending on type of onset.[7]
Since there are three main pathways of progression, the questions are also divided in relation to the types of onset. Questions 1 to 3 are related to bulbar onset, questions 4 to 9 are related to limb onset and questions 10 to 12 are related to respiratory onset.[7] Further developments of the ALSFRS-R include an extended version (ALSFRS-EX)[8] to mitigate the floor effect and a version with explanatory notes, which is particularly suitable for self-assessment (ALSFRS-R-SE, self-explanatory).[9]
Progression
[edit]ALSFRS-R scores calculated at diagnosis can be compared to scores throughout time to determine the speed of progression. The rate of change, called the ALSFRS-R slope can be used as a prognostic indicator.[7][10][11]
Although the ALSFRS-R score is a recognized prognostic indicator,[5] it is more useful to compare various indicators including vital capacity (FVC%) and the Sickness Impact Profile (SIP)[5][12] to increase the accuracy of a given prognosis.
Relating the ALSFRS-R score to staging criteria is also useful in determining prognosis. King's system relies on the clinical spread of disease as a measure of progression[5][13] while Milano-Torino Staging (MiToS) utilizes the subscores produced by the ALSFRS-R to define stages.[5][14]
Questions
[edit]The questions used to determine an individual's ALSFRS-R score are listed below.[5]
| 1. Speech | |
| 4 | Normal speech processes |
| 3 | Detectable speech disturbance |
| 2 | Intelligible with repeating |
| 1 | Speech combined with nonvocal communication |
| 0 | Loss of useful speech |
| 2. Salivation | |
| 4 | Normal |
| 3 | Slight but definite excess of saliva in mouth; may have nighttime drooling |
| 2 | Moderately excessive saliva; may have minimal drooling |
| 1 | Marked excess of saliva with some drooling |
| 0 | Marked drooling; requires constant tissue or handkerchief |
| 3. Swallowing | |
| 4 | Normal eating habits |
| 3 | Early eating problems — occasional choking |
| 2 | Dietary consistency changes |
| 1 | Needs supplemental tube feeding |
| 0 | NPO (exclusively parenteral or enteral feeding) |
| 4. Handwriting | |
| 4 | Normal |
| 3 | Slow or sloppy: all words are legible |
| 2 | Not all words are legible |
| 1 | Able to grip pen but unable to write |
| 0 | Unable to grip pen |
| 5a. Cutting food and handling utensils (patients without gastrostomy)? | |
| 4 | Normal |
| 3 | Somewhat slow and clumsy, but no help needed |
| 2 | Can cut most foods, although clumsy and slow; some help needed |
| 1 | Food must be cut by someone, but can still feed slowly |
| 0 | Needs to be fed |
| 5b. Cutting food and handling utensils (scale for patients with gastrostomy)? | |
| 4 | Normal |
| 3 | Clumsy but able to perform all manipulations independently |
| 2 | Some help needed with closures and fasteners |
| 1 | Provides minimal assistance to caregiver |
| 0 | Unable to perform any aspect of task |
| 6. Dressing and hygiene | |
| 4 | Normal function |
| 3 | Independent and complete self-care with effort or decreased efficiency |
| 2 | Intermittent assistance or substitute methods |
| 1 | Needs attendant for self-care |
| 0 | Total dependence |
| 7. Turning in bed and adjusting bed clothes | |
| 4 | Normal |
| 3 | Somewhat slow and clumsy, but no help needed |
| 2 | Can turn alone or adjust sheets, but with great difficulty |
| 1 | Can initiate, but not turn or adjust sheets alone |
| 0 | Helpless |
| 8. Walking | |
| 4 | Normal |
| 3 | Early ambulation difficulties |
| 2 | Walks with assistance |
| 1 | Nonambulatory functional movement |
| 0 | No purposeful leg movement |
| 9. Climbing stairs | |
| 4 | Normal |
| 3 | Slow |
| 2 | Mild unsteadiness or fatigue |
| 1 | Needs assistance |
| 0 | Cannot do |
| 10. Dyspnea (new) | |
| 4 | None |
| 3 | Occurs when walking |
| 2 | Occurs with one or more of the following: eating, bathing, dressing (ADL) |
| 1 | Occurs at rest, difficulty breathing when either sitting or lying |
| 0 | Significant difficulty, considering using mechanical respiratory support |
| 11. Orthopnea (new) | |
| 4 | None |
| 3 | Some difficulty sleeping at night due to shortness of breath |
| Does not routinely use more than two pillows | |
| 2 | Needs extra pillows in order to sleep (more than two) |
| 1 | Can only sleep sitting up |
| 0 | Unable to sleep |
| 12. Respiratory insufficiency (new) | |
| 4 | None |
| 3 | Intermittent use of BiPAP |
| 2 | Continuous use of BiPAP during the night |
| 1 | Continuous use of BiPAP during the night and day |
| 0 | Invasive mechanical ventilation by intubation or tracheostomy |
References
[edit]- ^ Chiò, A.; Logroscino, G.; Traynor, B.J.; Collins, J.; Simeone, J.C.; Goldstein, L.A.; White, L.A. (2013). "Global Epidemiology of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Systematic Review of the Published Literature". Neuroepidemiology. 41 (2): 118–130. doi:10.1159/000351153. ISSN 0251-5350. PMC 4049265. PMID 23860588.
- ^ Hobson, Esther V.; McDermott, Christopher J. (2016). "Supportive and symptomatic management of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis" (PDF). Nature Reviews Neurology. 12 (9): 526–538. doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2016.111. PMID 27514291. S2CID 8547381.
- ^ a b "About ALS - ALS Society of Canada". ALS Society of Canada. Retrieved 2017-10-31.
- ^ a b Martin, Sarah; Al Khleifat, Ahmad; Al-Chalabi, Ammar (2017-03-28). "What causes amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?". F1000Research. 6: 371. doi:10.12688/f1000research.10476.1. ISSN 2046-1402. PMC 5373425. PMID 28408982.
- ^ a b c d e f Cedarbaum, Jesse M.; Stambler, Nancy; Malta, Errol; Fuller, Cynthia; Hilt, Dana; Thurmond, Barbara; Nakanishi, Arline (1999-10-31). "The ALSFRS-R: a revised ALS functional rating scale that incorporates assessments of respiratory function". Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 169 (1–2): 13–21. doi:10.1016/s0022-510x(99)00210-5. PMID 10540002. S2CID 7057926.
- ^ Mora, Jesús S (2017-10-01). "Edaravone for treatment of early-stage ALS". The Lancet Neurology. 16 (10): 772. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(17)30289-2. PMID 28920880. S2CID 2292915.
- ^ a b c d Rooney, James; Burke, Tom; Vajda, Alice; Heverin, Mark; Hardiman, Orla (2017-05-01). "What does the ALSFRS-R really measure? A longitudinal and survival analysis of functional dimension subscores in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis". J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 88 (5): 381–385. doi:10.1136/jnnp-2016-314661. hdl:2262/100143. ISSN 0022-3050. PMID 27888187. S2CID 24719932.
- ^ Wicks, P.; Massagli, M.P.; Wolf, C.; Heywood, J. (May 2009). "Measuring function in advanced ALS: validation of ALSFRS-EX extension items". European Journal of Neurology. 16 (3): 353–9. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2008.02434.x. PMID 19364363. S2CID 27696665.
- ^ Maier, André; Boentert, Matthias; Reilich, Peter; Witzel, Simon; Petri, Susanne; Großkreutz, Julian; Metelmann, Moritz; Lingor, Paul; Cordts, Isabell; Dorst, Johannes; Zeller, Daniel; Günther, René; Hagenacker, Tim; Grehl, Torsten; Spittel, Susanne; Schuster, Joachim; Ludolph, Albert; Meyer, Thomas (December 2022). "ALSFRS-R-SE: an adapted, annotated, and self-explanatory version of the revised amyotrophic lateral sclerosis functional rating scale". Neurological Research and Practice. 4 (1): 60. doi:10.1186/s42466-022-00224-6. ISSN 2524-3489. PMC 9753252. PMID 36522775.
- ^ Kimura, F.; Fujimura, C.; Ishida, S.; Nakajima, H.; Furutama, D.; Uehara, H.; Shinoda, K.; Sugino, M.; Hanafusa, T. (2006-01-24). "Progression rate of ALSFRS-R at time of diagnosis predicts survival time in ALS". Neurology. 66 (2): 265–267. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000194316.91908.8a. ISSN 0028-3878. PMID 16434671. S2CID 31365609.
- ^ Elamin, Marwa; Bede, Peter; Montuschi, Anna; Pender, Niall; Chio, Adriano; Hardiman, Orla (2015-06-01). "Predicting prognosis in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a simple algorithm". Journal of Neurology. 262 (6): 1447–1454. doi:10.1007/s00415-015-7731-6. ISSN 0340-5354. PMC 4469087. PMID 25860344.
- ^ Bergner, M.; Bobbitt, R. A.; Carter, W. B.; Gilson, B. S. (August 1981). "The Sickness Impact Profile: development and final revision of a health status measure". Medical Care. 19 (8): 787–805. doi:10.1097/00005650-198108000-00001. ISSN 0025-7079. PMID 7278416. S2CID 20325580.
- ^ Roche, Jose C.; Rojas-Garcia, Ricardo; Scott, Kirsten M.; Scotton, William; Ellis, Catherine E.; Burman, Rachel; Wijesekera, Lokesh; Turner, Martin R.; Leigh, P. Nigel (March 2012). "A proposed staging system for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis". Brain: A Journal of Neurology. 135 (Pt 3): 847–852. doi:10.1093/brain/awr351. ISSN 1460-2156. PMC 3286327. PMID 22271664.
- ^ Chiò, Adriano; Hammond, Edward R.; Mora, Gabriele; Bonito, Virginio; Filippini, Graziella (January 2015). "Development and evaluation of a clinical staging system for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 86 (1): 38–44. doi:10.1136/jnnp-2013-306589. hdl:2318/153858. ISSN 1468-330X. PMID 24336810. S2CID 10365806.