ALOX12B

ALOX12B
Identifiers
Aliases	ALOX12B, 12R-LOX, ARCI2, arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase, 12R type
External IDs	OMIM: 603741; MGI: 1274782; HomoloGene: 884; GeneCards: ALOX12B; OMA:ALOX12B - orthologs
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 17 (human) Band 17p13.1 Start 8,072,636 bp End 8,087,716 bp
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 11 (mouse) Band 11 B3|11 42.38 cM Start 69,047,815 bp End 69,060,618 bp
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in skin of leg skin of abdomen human penis skin of thigh vulva skin of arm gingival epithelium cervix epithelium skin of hip nipple Top expressed in esophagus superior surface of tongue lip umbilical cord skin of external ear skin of back embryo skin of abdomen yolk sac embryo More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function iron ion binding arachidonate 12(S)-lipoxygenase activity dioxygenase activity metal ion binding protein binding catalytic activity oxidoreductase activity oxidoreductase activity, acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen, incorporation of two atoms of oxygen linoleate 9S-lipoxygenase activity Cellular component cytoplasm cytosol Biological process linoleic acid metabolic process establishment of skin barrier lipid metabolism ceramide biosynthetic process fatty acid metabolic process lipoxygenase pathway hepoxilin biosynthetic process positive regulation of gene expression protein lipidation positive regulation of mucus secretion sphingolipid metabolic process positive regulation of MAPK cascade arachidonic acid metabolic process Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 242 11686 Ensembl ENSG00000179477 ENSMUSG00000032807 UniProt O75342 O70582 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_001139 NM_009659 RefSeq (protein) NP_001130 NP_033789 Location (UCSC) Chr 17: 8.07 – 8.09 Mb Chr 11: 69.05 – 69.06 Mb PubMed search
Wikidata
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Arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase, 12R type, also known as ALOX12B, 12R-LOX, and arachidonate lipoxygenase 3, is a lipoxygenase-type enzyme composed of 701 amino acids and encoded by the ALOX12B gene. The gene is located on chromosome 17 at position 13.1 where it forms a cluster with two other lipoxygenases, ALOXE3 and ALOX15B. Among the human lipoxygenases, ALOX12B is most closely (54% identity) related in amino acid sequence to ALOXE3

Activity

ALOX12B oxygenates arachidonic acid by adding molecular oxygen (O₂) in the form of a hydroperoxyl (HO₂) residue to its 12th carbon thereby forming 12(R)-hydroperoxy-5Z,8Z,10E,14Z-icosatetraenoic acid (also termed 12(R)-HpETE or 12R-HpETE). When formed in cells, 12R-HpETE may be quickly reduced to its hydroxyl analog (OH), 12(R)-hydroxy-5'Z,8Z,10E,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid (also termed 12(R)-HETE or 12R-HETE), by ubiquitous peroxidase-type enzymes. These sequential metabolic reactions are:

arachidonic acid + O₂ $\rightleftharpoons$ 12R-HpETE → 12R-HETE

ALOX12B is also capable of metabolizing free linoleic acid to 9(R)-hydroperoxy-10(E),12(Z)-octadecadienoic acid (9R-HpODE) which is also rapidly converted to its hydroxyl derivative, 9-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (9R-HODE).

Linoleic acid + O₂ $\rightleftharpoons$ 9R-HpODE → 9R-HODE

The S stereoisomer of 9R-HODE, 9S-HODE, has a range of biological activities related to oxidative stress and pain perception (see 9-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid. It is known or likely that 9R-HODE possesses at least some of these activities. For example, 9R-HODE, similar to 9S-HODE, mediates the perception of acute and chronic pain induced by heat, UV light, and inflammation in the skin of rodents (see 9-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid#9-HODEs as mediators of pain perception). However, production of these LA metabolites does not appear to be the primary function of ALOX12B; ALOX12B's primary function appears to be to metabolize linoleic acid that is not free but rather esterified to certain

Proposed principal activity of ALOX12B

ALOX12B targets Linoleic acid (LA). LA is the most abundant fatty acid in the skin epidermis, being present mainly esterified to the omega-hydroxyl residue of amide-linked omega-hydroxylated very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) in a unique class of ceramides termed esterified omega-hydroxyacyl-sphingosine (EOS). EOS is an intermediate component in a proposed multi-step metabolic pathway which delivers VLCFAs to the cornified lipid envelop in the skin's Stratum corneum; the presence of these wax-like, hydrophobic VLCFAs is needed to maintain the skin's integrity and functionality as a water barrier (see Lung microbiome#Role of the epithelial barrier). ALOX12B metabolizes the LA in EOS to its 9-hydroperoxy derivative; ALOXE3 then converts this derivative to three products: a) 9R,10R-trans-epoxide,13R-hydroxy-10E-octadecenoic acid, b) 9-keto-10E,12Z-octadecadienoic acid, and c) 9R,10R-trans-epoxy-13-keto-11E-octadecenoic acid. These ALOX12B-oxidized products signal for the hydrolysis (i.e. removal) of the oxidized products from EOS; this allows the multi-step metabolic pathway to proceed in delivering the VLCFAs to the cornified lipid envelop in the skin's Stratum corneum.

Tissue distribution

ALOX12B protein has been detected in humans that in the same tissues the express ALOXE3 and ALOX15B viz., upper layers of the human skin and tongue and in tonsils. mRNA for it has been detected in additional tissues such as the lung, testis, adrenal gland, ovary, prostate, and skin with lower abundance levels detected in salivary and thyroid glands, pancreas, brain, and plasma blood leukocytes.

Clinical significance

Congenital ichthyosiform erythrodema

Deletions of Alox12b or AloxE2 genes in mice cause a congenital scaly skin disease which is characterized by a greatly reduced skin water barrier function and is similar in other ways to the autosomal recessive nonbullous Congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma (ARCI) disease of humans. Mutations in many of the genes that encode proteins, including ALOX12B and ALOXE3, which conduct the steps that bring and then bind VLCFA to the stratums corneum are associated with ARCI. ARCI refers to nonsyndromic (i.e. not associated with other signs or symptoms) congenital Ichthyosis including Harlequin-type ichthyosis, Lamellar ichthyosis, and Congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma. ARCI has an incidence of about 1/200,000 in European and North American populations; 40 different mutations in ALOX12B and 13 different mutations in ALOXE3 genes account for a total of about 10% of ARCI case; these mutations uniformly cause a total loss of ALOX12B or ALOXE3 function (see mutations).

Proliferative skin diseases

In psoriasis and other proliferative skin diseases such as the erythrodermas underlying lung cancer, cutaneous T cell lymphoma, and drug reactions, and in discoid lupus, seborrheic dermatitis, subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus, and pemphigus foliaceus, cutaneous levels of ALOX12B mRNA and 12R-HETE are greatly increased. It is not clear if these increases contribute to the disease by, for example, 12R-HETE induction of inflammation, or are primarily a consequence of skin proliferation.

Embryogenesis

The expression of Alox12b and Aloxe3 mRNA in mice parallels, and is proposed to be instrumental for, skin development in mice embryogenesis; the human orthologs of these genes, i.e. ALOX12B and ALOXE3, may have a similar role in humans.

Essential fatty acid deficiency

Severe dietary deficiency of polyunsaturated omega 6 fatty acids leads to the essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome that is characterized by scaly skin and excessive water loss; in humans and animal models the syndrome is fully reversed by dietary omega 6 fatty acids, particularly linoleic acid. It is proposed that this deficiency disease resembles and has a similar basis to Congenital ichthyosiform erythrodema; that is, it is at least in part due to a deficiency of linoleic acid and thereby in the EOS-based delivery of VLCFA to the stratum corneum.

Further reading

• Yu Z, Schneider C, Boeglin WE, Brash AR (June 2007). "Epidermal lipoxygenase products of the hepoxilin pathway selectively activate the nuclear receptor PPARalpha". Lipids. 42 (6): 491–7. doi:10.1007/s11745-007-3054-4. PMID 17436029. S2CID 4012229.
• Lesueur F, Bouadjar B, Lefèvre C, Jobard F, Audebert S, Lakhdar H, Martin L, Tadini G, Karaduman A, Emre S, Saker S, Lathrop M, Fischer J (April 2007). "Novel mutations in ALOX12B in patients with autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis and evidence for genetic heterogeneity on chromosome 17p13" (PDF). The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 127 (4): 829–34. doi:10.1038/sj.jid.5700640. PMID 17139268.
• Yu Z, Schneider C, Boeglin WE, Brash AR (January 2005). "Mutations associated with a congenital form of ichthyosis (NCIE) inactivate the epidermal lipoxygenases 12R-LOX and eLOX3". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids. 1686 (3): 238–47. doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2004.10.007. PMID 15629692.
• McDonnell M, Li H, Funk CD (2002). "Characterization of Epidermal 12(S) and 12(R) Lipoxygenases". Eicosanoids and Other Bioactive Lipids in Cancer, Inflammation, and Radiation Injury, 5. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 507. pp. 147–53. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0193-0_23. ISBN 978-1-4613-4960-0. PMID 12664578.
• Schneider C, Keeney DS, Boeglin WE, Brash AR (February 2001). "Detection and cellular localization of 12R-lipoxygenase in human tonsils". Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 386 (2): 268–74. doi:10.1006/abbi.2000.2217. PMID 11368351.
• Krieg P, Marks F, Fürstenberger G (May 2001). "A gene cluster encoding human epidermis-type lipoxygenases at chromosome 17p13.1: cloning, physical mapping, and expression". Genomics. 73 (3): 323–30. doi:10.1006/geno.2001.6519. PMID 11350124.
• Tang K, Finley RL, Nie D, Honn KV (March 2000). "Identification of 12-lipoxygenase interaction with cellular proteins by yeast two-hybrid screening". Biochemistry. 39 (12): 3185–91. doi:10.1021/bi992664v. PMID 10727209.
• Boeglin WE, Kim RB, Brash AR (June 1998). "A 12R-lipoxygenase in human skin: mechanistic evidence, molecular cloning, and expression". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 95 (12): 6744–9. Bibcode:1998PNAS...95.6744B. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.12.6744. PMC 22619. PMID 9618483.

External links

• Human ALOX12B genome location and ALOX12B gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser.