Jump to content

AK-47

Page semi-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from AK47 rifles)
This article is about the weapon. For other uses, see AK-47 (disambiguation).
This article is about the AK-47. For the AK family, see Kalashnikov rifle.
Not to be confused with AK-74.

AK-47
AK-47 Type 2A
TypeAssault rifle
Place of originSoviet Union
Service history
In service1949–1974 (Soviet Union)
1949–present (other countries)
Used bySee Users
WarsSee Conflicts
Production history
DesignerMikhail Kalashnikov
Designed1947[1][2]
ManufacturerKalashnikov Concern and various others including Norinco
Produced1948–present[3][4]
No. built~75 million AK-47s, 100 million Kalashnikov-family weapons[5][6]
VariantsSee Variants
Specifications (AK-47 with Type 3 receiver)
MassWithout magazine:
3.47 kg (7.7 lb)
Magazine, empty:
0.43 kg (0.95 lb) (early issue)[7]
0.33 kg (0.73 lb) (steel)[8]
0.25 kg (0.55 lb) (plastic)[9]
0.17 kg (0.37 lb) (light alloy)[8]
LengthFixed wooden stock:
880 mm (35 in)[9]
875 mm (34.4 in) (folding stock extended)
645 mm (25.4 in) (stock folded)[7]
Barrel lengthOverall length:
415 mm (16.3 in)[9]
Rifled bore length:
369 mm (14.5 in)[9]
Cartridge7.62×39mm
ActionGas-operated, long-stroke piston, closed rotating bolt
Rate of fireCyclic rate:
600 rounds/min[9]
Practical rate:
Semi-automatic:
40 rounds/min[9]
Bursts/ Fully automatic:
100 rounds/min[9]
Muzzle velocity715 m/s (2,350 ft/s)[9]
Effective firing range350 m (380 yd)[9]
Feed system20-round, 30-round, 50-round detachable box magazine,[9]
40-round, 75-round drum magazines also available
Sights100–800 m adjustable iron sights
Sight radius:
378 mm (14.9 in)[9]

The AK-47, officially known as the Avtomat Kalashnikova (Russian: Автомат Калашникова, lit. 'Kalashnikov's automatic [rifle]'; also known as the Kalashnikov or just AK), is an assault rifle that is chambered for the 7.62×39mm cartridge. Developed in the Soviet Union by Russian small-arms designer Mikhail Kalashnikov, it is the originating firearm of the Kalashnikov (or "AK") family of rifles. After more than seven decades since its creation, the AK-47 model and its variants remain one of the most popular and widely used firearms in the world.

Design work on the AK-47 began in 1945. It was presented for official military trials in 1947, and, in 1948, the fixed-stock version was introduced into active service for selected units of the Soviet Army. In early 1949, the AK was officially accepted by the Soviet Armed Forces[10] and used by the majority of the member states of the Warsaw Pact.

The model and its variants owe their global popularity to their reliability under harsh conditions, low production cost (compared to contemporary weapons), availability in virtually every geographic region, and ease of use. The AK has been manufactured in many countries and has seen service with armed forces as well as irregular forces and insurgencies throughout the world. As of 2004, "of the estimated 500 million firearms worldwide, approximately 100 million belong to the Kalashnikov family, three-quarters of which are AK-47s".[5] The model is the basis for the development of many other types of individual, crew-served, and specialized firearms.

History

Origins

During World War II, the Sturmgewehr 44 rifle used by German forces made a deep impression on their Soviet counterparts.[11][12] The select-fire rifle was chambered for a new intermediate cartridge, the 7.92×33mm Kurz, and combined the firepower of a submachine gun with the range and accuracy of a rifle.[13][14] On 15 July 1943, an earlier model of the Sturmgewehr was demonstrated before the People's Commissariat of Arms of the USSR.[15] The Soviets were impressed with the weapon and immediately set about developing an intermediate caliber fully automatic rifle of their own,[11][12] to replace the PPSh-41 submachine guns and outdated Mosin–Nagant bolt-action rifles that armed most of the Soviet Army.[16]

The Soviets soon developed the 7.62×39mm M43 cartridge, used in[15] the semi-automatic SKS carbine and the RPD light machine gun.[17] Shortly after World War II, the Soviets developed the AK-47 rifle, which quickly replaced the SKS in Soviet service.[18][19] Introduced in 1959, the AKM is a lighter stamped steel version and the most ubiquitous variant of the entire AK series of firearms. In the 1960s, the Soviets introduced the RPK light machine gun, an AK-type weapon with a stronger receiver, a longer heavy barrel, and a bipod, that eventually replaced the RPD light machine gun.[17]

Concept

Mikhail Kalashnikov began his career as a weapon designer in 1941 while recuperating from a shoulder wound that he received during the Battle of Bryansk.[6][20] Kalashnikov himself stated..."I was in the hospital, and a soldier in the bed beside me asked: 'Why do our soldiers have only one rifle for two or three of our men when the Germans have automatics?' So I designed one. I was a soldier, and I created a machine gun for a soldier. It was called an Avtomat Kalashnikova, the automatic weapon of Kalashnikov—AK—and it carried the year of its first manufacture, 1947."[21]

The AK-47 is best described as a hybrid of previous rifle technology innovations. "Kalashnikov decided to design an automatic rifle combining the best features of the American M1 Garand and the German StG 44."[22] Kalashnikov's team had access to these weapons and did not need to "reinvent the wheel". Kalashnikov himself observed: "A lot of Russian Army soldiers ask me how one can become a constructor, and how new weaponry is designed. These are very difficult questions. Each designer seems to have his own paths, his own successes and failures. But one thing is clear: before attempting to create something new, it is vital to have a good appreciation of everything that already exists in this field. I myself have had many experiences confirming this to be so."[20]

Some claimed that Kalashnikov copied designs like Bulkin's TKB-415[23] or Simonov's AVS-31.[24]

Early designs

Kalashnikov started work on a submachine gun design in 1942[25] and a light machine gun design in 1943.[26][27] Early in 1944, Kalashnikov was given some 7.62×39mm M43 cartridges and informed that other designers were working on weapons for this new Soviet small-arms cartridge. It was suggested that a new weapon might well lead to greater things. He then undertook work on the new rifle.[28] In 1944, he entered a design competition with this new 7.62×39mm, semi-automatic, gas-operated, long-stroke piston carbine, strongly influenced by the American M1 Garand.[29] The new rifle was in the same class as the SKS-45 carbine, with a fixed magazine and gas tube above the barrel.[28] However, the new Kalashnikov design lost out to a Simonov design.[30]

In 1946, a new design competition was initiated to develop a new rifle.[31] Kalashnikov submitted a gas-operated rifle with a short-stroke gas piston above the barrel, a breechblock mechanism similar to his 1944 carbine, and a curved 30-round magazine.[32] Kalashnikov's rifles, the AK-1 (with a milled receiver) and AK-2 (with a stamped receiver) proved to be reliable weapons and were accepted to a second round of competition along with other designs.

These prototypes (also known as the AK-46) had a rotary bolt, a two-part receiver with separate trigger unit housing, dual controls (separate safety and fire selector switches), and a non-reciprocating charging handle located on the left side of the weapon.[32][33] This design had many similarities to the StG 44.[34] In late 1946, as the rifles were being tested, one of Kalashnikov's assistants, Aleksandr Zaitsev, suggested a major redesign to improve reliability. At first, Kalashnikov was reluctant, given that their rifle had already fared better than its competitors. Eventually, however, Zaitsev managed to persuade Kalashnikov.

Trail prototype weapon with slab-sided steel magazine

In November 1947, the new prototypes (AK-47s) were completed. The rifle used a long-stroke gas piston above the barrel. The upper and lower receivers were combined into a single receiver. The selector and safety were combined into a single control lever/dust cover on the right side of the rifle and the bolt handle was attached to the bolt carrier. This simplified the design and production of the rifle. The first army trial series began in early 1948.[35] The new rifle proved to be reliable under a wide range of conditions and possessed convenient handling characteristics. In 1949, it was adopted by the Soviet Army as the "7.62 mm Kalashnikov rifle (AK)".[10]

Further development

AKMS with a stamped Type 4B receiver (top) and an AK-47 with a milled Type 2A receiver

There were many difficulties during the initial phase of production. The first production models had stamped sheet metal receivers with a milled trunnion and butt stock insert and a stamped body. Difficulties were encountered in welding the guide and ejector rails, causing high rejection rates.[36] Instead of halting production, a heavy[N 1] machined receiver was substituted for the sheet metal receiver. Even though production of these milled rifles started in 1951, they were officially referred to as AK-49, based on the date their development started, but they are widely known in the collectors' and current commercial market as "Type 2 AK-47".[37][38] This was a more costly process, but the use of machined receivers accelerated production as tooling and labor for the earlier Mosin–Nagant rifle's machined receiver were easily adapted.[39] Partly because of these problems, the Soviets were not able to distribute large numbers of the new rifles to soldiers until 1956. During this time, production of the interim SKS rifle continued.[36]

Once the manufacturing difficulties of non-milled receivers had been overcome, a redesigned version designated the AKM (M for "modernized" or "upgraded"; in Russian: Автомат Калашникова Модернизированный [Avtomat Kalashnikova Modernizirovanniy]) was introduced in 1959.[37] This new model used a stamped sheet metal receiver and featured a slanted muzzle brake on the end of the barrel to compensate for muzzle rise under recoil. In addition, a hammer retarder was added to prevent the weapon from firing out of battery (without the bolt being fully closed), during rapid or fully automatic fire.[36] This is also sometimes referred to as a "cyclic rate reducer", or simply "rate reducer", as it also has the effect of reducing the number of rounds fired per minute during fully automatic fire. The rifle was also roughly one-third lighter than the previous model.[37]

Receiver type Description[39]
Type 1A/B The original stamped receiver for the AK-47 was first produced in 1948[3] and adopted in 1949. The 1B was modified for an underfolding stock with a large hole present on each side to accommodate the hardware for the under folding stock.
Type 2A/B The first milled receiver was made from steel forging. It went into production in 1951 and production ended in 1957. The Type 2A has a distinctive socketed metal "boot" connecting the butt stock to the receiver and the milled lightning cut on the sides runs parallel to the barrel.
Type 3A/B "Final" version of the AK milled receiver made from steel bar stock. It went into production in 1955. The most ubiquitous example of the AK milled receiver. The milled lightning cut on the sides is slanted to the barrel axis.
Type 4A/B AKM receiver stamped from a smooth 1.0 mm (0.04 in) sheet of steel supported extensively by pins and rivets. It went into production in 1959. Overall, the most-used design in the construction of AK-series rifles.

Most licensed and unlicensed productions of the Kalashnikov assault rifle abroad were of the AKM variant, partially due to the much easier production of the stamped receiver. This model is the most commonly encountered, having been produced in much greater quantities. All rifles based on the Kalashnikov design are often colloquially referred to as "AK-47s" in the West and some parts of Asia, although this is only correct when applied to rifles based on the original three receiver types.[40] In most former Eastern Bloc countries, the weapon is known simply as the "Kalashnikov" or "AK". The differences between the milled and stamped receivers includes the use of rivets rather than welds on the stamped receiver, as well as the placement of a small dimple above the magazine well for stabilization of the magazine.

Replacement

In 1974, the Soviets began replacing their AK-47 and AKM rifles with a newer design, the AK-74, which uses 5.45×39mm ammunition. This new rifle and cartridge had only started to be manufactured in Eastern European nations when the Soviet Union collapsed, drastically slowing the production of the AK-74 and other weapons of the former Soviet bloc.

Design

The AK-47 was designed to be a simple, reliable fully automatic rifle that could be manufactured quickly and cheaply, using mass production methods that were state of the art in the Soviet Union during the late 1940s.[41] The AK-47 uses a long-stroke gas system generally associated with high reliability in adverse conditions.[29][42][43] The large gas piston, generous clearance between moving parts, and tapered cartridge case design allow the gun to endure large amounts of foreign matter and fouling without failing to cycle.

Cartridge

Main article: 7.62×39mm
Wound Profiles of Russian small-arms ammunition compiled by Dr. Martin Fackler on behalf of the U.S. military

The AK fires the 7.62×39mm cartridge with a muzzle velocity of 715 m/s (2,350 ft/s).[9]

The cartridge weight is 16.3 g (0.6 oz), and the projectile weight is 7.9 g (122 gr).[44] The original Soviet M43 bullets are 123-grain boat-tail bullets with a copper-plated steel jacket, a large steel core, and some lead between the core and the jacket. The AK has excellent penetration when shooting through heavy foliage, walls, or a common vehicle's metal body and into an opponent attempting to use these things as cover. The 7.62×39mm M43 projectile does not generally fragment when striking an opponent and has an unusual tendency to remain intact even after making contact with bone. The 7.62×39mm round produces significant wounding in cases where the bullet tumbles (yaws) in tissue,[45] but produces relatively minor wounds in cases where the bullet exits before beginning to yaw.[46][47][48] In the absence of yaw, the M43 round can pencil through tissue with relatively little injury.[46][49]

Most, if not all, of the 7.62×39mm ammunition found today is of the upgraded M67 variety. This variety deleted the steel insert, shifting the center of gravity rearward, and allowing the projectile to destabilize (or yaw) at about 3.3 in (8.4 cm), nearly 6.7 in (17 cm) earlier in tissue than the M43 round.[50] This change also reduces penetration in ballistic gelatin to ~25 in (64 cm) for the newer M67 round versus ~29 in (74 cm) for the older M43 round.[50][51] However, the wounding potential of M67 is mostly limited to the small permanent wound channel the bullet itself makes, especially when the bullet yaws.[50]

Operating mechanism

The gas-operated mechanism of a Norinco AK-47

To fire, the operator inserts a loaded magazine, pulls back and releases the charging handle, and then pulls the trigger. In semi-automatic, the firearm fires only once, requiring the trigger to be released and depressed again for the next shot. In fully automatic, the rifle continues to fire automatically cycling fresh rounds into the chamber until the magazine is exhausted or pressure is released from the trigger. After ignition of the cartridge primer and propellant, rapidly expanding propellant gases are diverted into the gas cylinder above the barrel through a vent near the muzzle. The build-up of gases inside the gas cylinder drives the long-stroke piston and bolt carrier rearward and a cam guide machined into the underside of the bolt carrier, along with an ejector spur on the bolt carrier rail guide, rotates the bolt approximately 35° and unlocks it from the barrel extension via a camming pin on the bolt. The moving assembly has about 5.5 mm (0.2 in) of free travel, which creates a delay between the initial recoil impulse of the piston and the bolt unlocking sequence, allowing gas pressures to drop to a safe level before the seal between the chamber and the bolt is broken. The AK-47 does not have a gas valve; excess gases are ventilated through a series of radial ports in the gas cylinder. Unlike many other rifle platforms, such as the AR-15 platform, the Kalashnikov platform bolt locking lugs are chamfered allowing for primary extraction upon bolt rotation which aids reliable feeding and extraction, albeit not with that much force due to the short distance the bolt carrier travels before acting on the locking lug. The Kalashnikov platform then uses an extractor claw along with a fin shaped ejector to eject the spent cartridge case.[52]

Barrel

AK-47 barrel and its distinctive gas block with a horizontal row of gas relief ports

The rifle received a barrel with a chrome-lined bore and four right-hand grooves at a 240 mm (1 in 9.45 in) or 31.5 calibers rifling twist rate. The gas block contains a gas channel that is installed at a slanted angle with the bore axis. The muzzle is threaded for the installation of various muzzle devices such as a muzzle brake or a blank-firing adaptor.

Gas block

The gas block of the AK-47 features a cleaning rod capture or sling loop. Gas relief ports that alleviate gas pressure are placed horizontally in a row on the gas cylinder.

Fire selector

Việt Cộng soldier armed with an AK-47 with the fire selector in the safe setting

The fire selector is a large lever located on the right side of the rifle; it acts as a dust cover and prevents the charging handle from being pulled fully to the rear when it is on safe.[53] It is operated by the shooter's right fore-fingers and has three settings: safe (up), full-auto (center), and semi-auto (down).[53] The reason for this is that a soldier under stress will push the selector lever down with considerable force, bypassing the full-auto stage and setting the rifle to semi-auto.[53] To set the AK-47 to full-auto requires the deliberate action of centering the selector lever.[53] To operate the fire selector lever, right-handed shooters have to briefly remove their right hand from the pistol grip, which is ergonomically sub-optimal. Some AK-type rifles also have a more traditional selector lever on the left side of the receiver, just above the pistol grip.[53] This lever is operated by the shooter's right thumb and has three settings: safe (forward), full-auto (center), and semi-auto (backward).[53]

Sights

Rear sight of a Chinese Type 56, featuring 100 to 800 m (109 to 875 yd) settings and omission of a battle zero setting

The AK-47 uses a notched rear tangent iron sight calibrated in 100 m (109 yd) increments from 100 to 800 m (109 to 875 yd).[54] The front sight is a post adjustable for elevation in the field. Horizontal adjustment requires a special drift tool and is done by the armory before the issue or if the need arises by an armorer after the issue. The sight line elements are approximately 48.5 mm (1.9 in) over the bore axis. The "point-blank range" battle zero setting "П" standing for постоянная (constant) on the 7.62×39mm AK-47 rear tangent sight element corresponds to a 300 m (328 yd) zero.[54][55] These settings mirror the Mosin–Nagant and SKS rifles, which the AK-47 replaced. For the AK-47 combined with service cartridges, the 300 m battle zero setting limits the apparent "bullet rise" within approximately −5 to +31 cm (−2.0 to 12.2 in) relative to the line of sight. Soldiers are instructed to fire at any target within this range by simply placing the sights on the center of mass (the belt buckle, according to Russian and former Soviet doctrine) of the enemy target. Any errors in range estimation are tactically irrelevant, as a well-aimed shot will hit the torso of the enemy soldier. Some AK-type rifles have a front sight with a flip-up luminous dot that is calibrated at 50 m (55 yd), for improved night fighting.[54]

Furniture

The AK-47 was originally equipped with a buttstock, handguard, and an upper heat guard made from solid wood. With the introduction of the Type 3 receiver the buttstock, lower handguard, and upper heat guard were manufactured from birch plywood laminates.[39] Such engineered woods are stronger and resist warping better than the conventional one-piece patterns, do not require lengthy maturing, and are cheaper. The wooden furniture was finished with the Russian amber shellac finishing process.[56] AKS and AKMS models featured a downward-folding metal butt-stock similar to that of the German MP40 submachine-gun, for use in the restricted space in the BMP infantry combat vehicle, as well as by paratroops. All 100 series AKs use plastic furniture with side-folding stocks.

Magazines

"Bakelite" rust-colored steel-reinforced 30-round plastic box 7.62×39mm AK magazines. Three magazines have an "arrow in triangle" Izhmash arsenal mark on the bottom right. The other magazine has a "star" Tula arsenal mark on the bottom right

The standard magazine capacity is 30 rounds. There are also 10-, 20-, and 40-round box magazines, as well as 75-round drum magazines.

The AK-47's standard 30-round magazines have a pronounced curve that allows them to smoothly feed ammunition into the chamber. Their heavy steel construction combined with "feed-lips" (the surfaces at the top of the magazine that control the angle at which the cartridge enters the chamber) machined from a single steel billet makes them highly resistant to damage. These magazines are so strong that "Soldiers have been known to use their mags as hammers, and even bottle openers".[57][58] This contributes to the AK-47 magazine being more reliable but makes it heavier than U.S. and NATO magazines.

The early slab-sided steel AK-47 30-round detachable box magazines had 1 mm (0.039 in) sheet-metal bodies and weighed 0.43 kg (0.95 lb) empty.[43] The later steel AKM 30-round magazines had lighter sheet-metal bodies with prominent reinforcing ribs weighing 0.33 kg (0.73 lb) empty.[43][59] To further reduce weight, a lightweight magazine with an aluminum body with a prominent reinforcing waffle rib pattern weighing 0.19 kg (0.42 lb) empty was developed for the AKM that proved to be too fragile, and the small issued amount of these magazines were quickly withdrawn from service.[60] As a replacement steel-reinforced 30-round plastic 7.62×39mm box magazines were introduced. These rust-colored magazines weigh 0.24 kg (0.53 lb) empty and are often mistakenly identified as being made of Bakelite (a phenolic resin), but were fabricated from two parts of AG-S4 molding compound (a glass-reinforced phenol-formaldehyde binder impregnated composite), assembled using an epoxy resin adhesive.[61][62][63] Noted for their durability, these magazines did however compromise the rifle's camouflage and lacked the small horizontal reinforcing ribs running down both sides of the magazine body near the front that were added on all later plastic magazine generations.[63] A second-generation steel-reinforced dark-brown (color shades vary from maroon to plum to near black) 30-round 7.62×39mm magazine was introduced in the early 1980s, fabricated from ABS plastic. The third generation steel-reinforced 30-round 7.62×39mm magazine is similar to the second generation, but is darker colored and has a matte non-reflective surface finish. The current issue is a steel-reinforced matte true black non- reflective surface finished 7.62×39mm 30-round magazine, fabricated from ABS plastic weighing 0.25 kg (0.55 lb) empty.[9]

Early steel AK-47 magazines are 9.75 in (248 mm) long; the later ribbed steel AKM and newer plastic 7.62×39mm magazines are about 1 in (25 mm) shorter.[64][65]

The transition from steel to mainly plastic magazines yields a significant weight reduction and allows a soldier to carry more ammunition for the same weight.

Rifle Cartridge Weight of empty magazine Weight of loaded magazine Max. 10.12 kg (22.3 lb) ammunition load*
AK-47 (1949) 7.62×39mm slab-sided steel
430 g (0.95 lb) 		30-rounds
916 g (2.019 lb)[43] 		11 magazines for 330 rounds
10.08 kg (22.2 lb)
AKM (1959) ribbed stamped-steel
330 g (0.73 lb) 		30-rounds
819 g (1.806 lb)[43][59] 		12 magazines for 360 rounds
9.83 kg (21.7 lb)
AK-103 (1994) steel-reinforced plastic
250 g (0.55 lb) 		30-rounds
739 g (1.629 lb)[43][59] 		13 magazines for 390 rounds
9.61 kg (21.2 lb)

All 7.62×39mm AK magazines are backward compatible with older AK variants.

10.12 kg (22.3 lb) is the maximum amount of ammo that the average soldier can comfortably carry. It also allows for the best comparison of the three most common 7.62×39mm AK magazines.[citation needed]

Most Yugoslavian and some East German AK magazines were made with cartridge followers that hold the bolt open when empty; however, most AK magazine followers allow the bolt to close when the magazine is empty.[citation needed]

Accessories

AK-47 6H2 bayonet and scabbard
AK-47 with Kalashnikov grenade launcher mounted on the muzzle

Accessories supplied with the rifle include a 387 mm (15.2 in) long 6H3 bayonet featuring a 200 mm (7.9 in) long spear point blade. The AK-47 bayonet is installed by slipping the 17.7 mm (0.70 in) diameter muzzle ring around the muzzle and latching the handle down on the bayonet lug under the front sight base.[66]

All current model AKM rifles can mount under-barrel 40 mm grenade launchers such as the GP-25 and its variants, which can fire up to 20 rounds per minute and have an effective range of up to 400 meters.[67] The main grenade is the VOG-25 (VOG-25M) fragmentation grenade which has a 6 m (9 m) (20 ft (30 ft)) lethality radius. The VOG-25P/VOG-25PM ("jumping") variant explodes 0.5–1 metre (1.6–3.3 ft) above the ground.[68]

The AK-47 can also mount a (rarely used) cup-type grenade launcher, the Kalashnikov grenade launcher that fires standard RGD-5 Soviet hand grenades. The maximum effective range is approximately 150 meters.[69] This launcher can also be used to launch tear gas and riot control grenades.

All current AKs (100 series) and some older models have side rails for mounting a variety of scopes and sighting devices, such as the PSO-1 Optical Sniper Sight.[70] The side rails allow for the removal and remounting of optical accessories without interfering with the zeroing of the optic. However, the 100 series side folding stocks cannot be folded with the optics mounted.

Characteristics

Service life

The AK-47 and its variants have been and are made in dozens of countries, with "quality ranging from finely engineered weapons to pieces of questionable workmanship."[71] As a result, the AK-47 has a service/system life of approximately 6,000,[72] to 10,000,[73] to 15,000[74] rounds. The AK-47 was designed to be a cheap, simple, easy-to-manufacture rifle,[75] perfectly matching Soviet military doctrine that treats equipment and weapons as disposable items.[76] As units are often deployed without adequate logistical support and dependent on "battlefield cannibalization" for resupply, it is more cost-effective to replace rather than repair weapons.[76]

The AK-47 has small parts and springs that need to be replaced every few thousand rounds. However, "Every time it is disassembled beyond the field stripping stage, it will take some time for some parts to regain their fit, and some parts may tend to shake loose and fall out when firing the weapon. Some parts of the AK-47 line are riveted together. Repairing these can be quite a hassle since the end of the rivet has to be ground off and a new one set after the part is replaced."[54]

Variants

7.62×39mm cartridges from Russia, China and Pakistan
Early variants (7.62×39mm)
  • Issue of 1948/49: Type 1: The very earliest models, stamped sheet metal receivers, are now very rare.
  • Issue of 1951: Type 2: Has a milled receiver. The barrel and chamber are chrome-plated to resist corrosion.
  • Issue of 1954/55: Type 3: Lightened, milled receiver variant. Rifle weight is 3.47 kg (7.7 lb).[7]
  • AKS (AKS-47): Type 1, 2, or 3 receivers: Featured a downward under folding metal stock similar to that of the MP 40, for use in the restricted space of the BMP infantry combat vehicle, as well as for airborne troops.
  • AKN (AKSN): Night sight rail.[77]
Modernized (7.62×39mm)
  • AKM: A simplified, lighter version of the AK-47; the Type 4 receiver is made from stamped and riveted sheet metal. A slanted muzzle device was added to reduce muzzle rise in automatic fire. The rifle weight is 3.1 kg (6.8 lb)[9] due to the lighter receiver. This is the most ubiquitous variant of the AK-47.
    • AKMS: Under-folding stock version of the AKM intended for airborne troops.
    • AKMN (AKMSN): Night scope rail.
    • AKML (AKMSL): Slotted flash suppressor and night scope rail.[78]
  • RPK: Hand-held machine gun version with longer barrel and bipod. The variants—RPKS, RPKN (RPKSN), RPKL (RPKSL)—mirror AKM variants. The "S" variants have a side-folding wooden stock.
Foreign Variants (7.62×39mm)
  • Type 56: Chinese assault rifle based on the AK-47 Type 3.[79] Still in production primarily for export markets.

For the further developed AK models, see Kalashnikov rifles.

Production

Manufacturing countries of AK-47 and its variants in alphabetical order.

Country Military variant(s)
Albania Automatiku Shqiptar 1978 model 56 (ASH-78 Tip-1) made at Poliçan Arsenal (copy of Type 56 based on AKM rifle); model 56 Tip-2, copy of RPK; model 56 Tip-3 hybrid for multi-purpose roles with secondary rifle and grenade launcher capability; 1982 model (ASH-82) copy of AKMS. Several other versions of the AKMS have been produced mainly with short barrels similar to Soviet AKS-74U for special forces, tank & armoured crew and for helicopter pilots and police. There have also been modified ASh-82 (AKMS) with SOPMOD accessories, mainly for Albania's special forces RENEA & exports.[80]
Armenia K-3 (bullpup, 5.45×39mm)
Azerbaijan Khazri (AK-74M)[81]
Bangladesh Chinese Type 56
Bulgaria AKK/AKKS (Type 3 AK-47/w. side-folding buttstock); AKKMS (AKMS), AKKN-47 (fittings for NPSU night sights); AK-47M1 (Type 3 with black polymer furniture); AK-47MA1/AR-M1 (same as -M1, but in 5.56mm NATO); AKS-47M1 (AKMS in 5.56×45mm NATO); AKS-47S (AK-47M1, short version, with East German folding stock, laser aiming device); AKS-47UF (short version of -M1, Russian folding stock), AR-SF (same as −47UF, but 5.56mm NATO); AKS-93SM6 (similar to −47M1, cannot use grenade launcher); and RKKS (RPK), AKT-47 (.22 rimfire training rifle)
Cambodia Chinese Type 56, Soviet AK-47, and AKM
China Type 56
Colombia Galil ACE, Galil Córdova
Croatia APS-95
Cuba AKM[82]
East Germany[83] MPi-K/MPi-KS (AK-47/AKS); MPi-KM (AKM; wooden and plastic stock), MPi-KMS-72 (side-folding stock), MPi-KMS-K (carbine); MPi-AK-74N (AK-74), MPi-AKS-74N (side-folding stock), MPi-AKS-74NK (carbine); KK-MPi Mod.69 (.22 LR select-fire trainer)[83]
Egypt AK-47, Misr rifle (AKMS), Maadi ARM (AKM)
Ethiopia AK-47, AK-103 (manufactured locally at the State-run Gafat Armament Engineering Complex as the Et-97/1)[84]
Finland Rk 62, Valmet M76 (other names Rk 62 76, M62/76), Valmet M78 (light machine gun), Rk 95 Tp
Hungary AK-55 (domestic manufacture of the 2nd Model AK-47); AKM-63 (also known as AMD-63 in the US; modernized AK-55), AMD-65M (modernized AKM-63, shorter barrel and side-folding stock), AMP-69 (rifle grenade launcher); AK-63F/D (other name AMM/AMMSz), AK-63MF (modernized); NGM-81 (5.56×45mm NATO; fixed and under-folding stock)[85]
India INSAS (fixed and side-folding stock), KALANTAK (carbine), INSAS light machine gun (fixed and side-folding stock), a local unlicensed version with carbon fibre furniture designated as AK-7;[86] and Trichy Rifle 7.62 mm manufactured by Ordnance Factory Tiruchirappalli of Ordnance Factories Board[87]
Iran KLS/KLF (AK-47/AKS), KLT (AKMS)
Iraq Tabuk Sniper Rifle, Tabuk Rifle (with fixed or underfolding stock, outright clones of Yugoslavian M70 rifles series), Tabuk Short Rifle (carbine)
Israel IMI Galil: AR (battle rifle), ARM (rifle/light machine gun), SAR (carbine), MAR (compact carbine), Sniper (sniper rifle), SR-99 (sniper rifle); and Galil ACE
Italy Bernardelli VB-STD/VB-SR (Galil AR/SAR)[88]
Nigeria Produced by DICON as OBJ-006[89][90]
North Korea Type 58A/B (Type 3 AK-47/w. stamped steel folding stock), Type 68A/B (AKM/AKMS), Type 88A/B-2 (AK-74/AKS-74/w. top folding stock)[91][92]
Pakistan Reverse engineered by hand and machine in Pakistan's highland areas (see Khyber Pass Copy) near the border of Afghanistan; more recently the Pakistan Ordnance Factories started the manufacture of an AK-47/AKM clone called PK-10[93]
Poland PmK (kbk AK) / PmKS (kbk AKS), Kalashnikov SMG name change to Kbk AK, Kalashnikov Carbine in 1960s, (AK-47/AKS); kbkg wz. 1960 (rifle grenade launcher), kbkg wz. 1960/72 (modernized); kbk AKM / kbk AKMS (AKM/AKMS); kbk wz. 1988 Tantal (5.45×39mm), skbk wz. 1989 Onyks (compact carbine); kbs wz. 1996 Beryl (5.56×45mm), kbk wz. 1996 Mini-Beryl (compact carbine)[94]
Romania PM md. 63/65 (AKM/AKMS), PM md. 80, PM md. 90, collectively exported under the umbrella name AIM or AIMS; PA md. 86 (AK-74) exported as the AIMS-74; PM md. 90 short barrel, PA md. 86 short barrel exported as the AIMR; PSL (designated marksman rifle; other names PSL-54C, Romak III, FPK and SSG-97)
South Africa R4 rifle, Truvelo Raptor, Vektor CR-21 (bullpup)
Sudan MAZ (based on the Type 56)[95]
Türkiye SAR 15T[96], SAR 308[97]
Ukraine Vepr (bullpup, 5.45×39mm), Malyuk (bullpup)[98]
United States Century Arms: C39 (AK-47 var.), RAS47 (AKM var.), and C39v2 (AK-47 var.), InterOrdnance: AKM247 (AKM var.) M214 (pistol), Palmetto State Armory: PSAK-47 (AKM var.), Arsenal Inc: SA M-7 (AK-47 var.), Destructive Devices Industries: DDI 47S (AKM var.) DDI 47M (AK-47 var), Rifle Dynamics: RD700 and other custom build AK / AKM guns
Vietnam AKM-1 (AKM), TUL-1 (RPK), Galil Ace 31/32, STV rifle
Venezuela License granted, factory under construction[99]
Yugoslavia/Serbia M64, M70, M72, M76, M77, M80, M82, M85, M90, M91, M92, M99, M21

A private company Kalashnikov Concern (formerly Izhmash) from Russia has repeatedly claimed that the majority of foreign manufacturers are producing AK-type rifles without proper licensing.[100][101]

Accuracy potential

US military method

The AK-47's accuracy is generally sufficient to hit an adult male torso out to about 300 m (328 yd),[102][103] though even experts firing from prone or bench rest positions at this range were observed to have difficulty placing ten consecutive rounds on target.[104] Later designs did not significantly improve the rifle's accuracy.[104] An AK can fire a 10-shot group of 5.9 in (15 cm) at 100 m (109 yd),[105] and 17.5 in (44 cm) at 300 m (328 yd)[104] The newer stamped-steel receiver AKM models, while more rugged and less prone to metal fatigue, are less accurate than the forged/milled receivers of their predecessors: the milled AK-47s are capable of shooting 3 to 5 in (8 to 13 cm) groups at 100 yd (91 m), whereas the stamped AKMs are capable of shooting 4 to 6 in (10 to 15 cm) groups at 100 yd (91 m).[103]

The best shooters can hit a man-sized target at 800 m (875 yd) within five shots (firing from a prone or bench rest position) or ten shots (standing).[106]

The single-shot hit-probability on the NATO E-type Silhouette Target (a human upper body half and head silhouette) of the AK-47 and the later developed AK-74, M16A1, and M16A2 rifles were measured by the US military under ideal proving ground conditions in the 1980s as follows:

NATO E-type Silhouette Target
Single-shot hit-probability on Crouching Man (NATO E-type Silhouette) Target[107]
Rifle Chambering Hit-probability (With no range estimation or aiming errors)
50 m 100 m 200 m 300 m 400 m 500 m 600 m 700 m 800 m
AK-47 (1949) 7.62×39mm 100% 100% 99% 94% 82% 67% 54% 42% 31%
AK-74 (1974) 5.45×39mm 100% 100% 100% 99% 93% 81% 66% 51% 34%
M16A1 (1967) 5.56×45mm NATO M193 100% 100% 100% 100% 96% 87% 73% 56% 39%
M16A2 (1982) 5.56×45mm NATO SS109/M855 100% 100% 100% 100% 98% 90% 79% 63% 43%

Under worst field exercise circumstances, the hit probabilities for all the tested rifles were drastically reduced, from 34% at 50m down to 3–4% at 600m with no significant differences between weapons at each range.[107]

Russian method

The following table represents the Russian circular error probable method for determining accuracy, which involves drawing two circles on the target, one for the maximum vertical dispersion of hits and one for the maximum horizontal dispersion of hits. They then disregard the hits on the outer part of the target and only count half of the hits (50% or R50) on the inner part of the circles. This significantly reduces the overall diameter of the groups. They then use both the vertical and horizontal measurements of the reduced groups to measure accuracy. When the R50 results are doubled, the hit probability increases to 93.7%.

Circular error probable 20 hits distribution example
AK-47 semi-automatic and short burst dispersion with 57-N-231 steel core service ammunition[108]
Range Vertical accuracy of fire (R50) semi-automatic Horizontal accuracy of fire (R50) semi-automatic Vertical accuracy of fire (R50) short burst Horizontal accuracy of fire (R50) short burst Remaining bullet energy Remaining bullet velocity
0 m
(0 yd)		 0 cm (0.0 in) 0 cm (0.0 in) 0 cm (0.0 in) 0 cm (0.0 in) 2,036 J (1,502 ft⋅lbf) 718 m/s (2,356 ft/s)
100 m (110 yd) 8 cm (3.1 in) 4 cm (1.6 in) 9 cm (3.5 in) 11 cm (4.3 in) 1,540 J (1,140 ft⋅lbf) 624 m/s (2,047 ft/s)
200 m (219 yd) 11 cm (4.3 in) 8 cm (3.1 in) 18 cm (7.1 in) 22 cm (8.7 in) 1,147 J (846 ft⋅lbf) 539 m/s (1,768 ft/s)
300 m (330 yd) 17 cm (6.7 in) 12 cm (4.7 in) 27 cm (10.6 in) 33 cm (13.0 in) 843 J (622 ft⋅lbf) 462 m/s (1,516 ft/s)
400 m (440 yd) 23 cm (9.1 in) 16 cm (6.3 in) 31 cm (12.2 in) 44 cm (17.3 in) 618 J (456 ft⋅lbf) 395 m/s (1,296 ft/s)
500 m (550 yd) 29 cm (11.4 in) 20 cm (7.9 in) 46 cm (18.1 in) 56 cm (22.0 in) 461 J (340 ft⋅lbf) 342 m/s (1,122 ft/s)
600 m (656 yd) 35 cm (13.8 in) 24 cm (9.4 in) 56 cm (22.0 in) 67 cm (26.4 in) 363 J (268 ft⋅lbf) 303 m/s (994 ft/s)
700 m (770 yd) 42 cm (16.5 in) 29 cm (11.4 in) 66 cm (26.0 in) 78 cm (30.7 in) 314 J (232 ft⋅lbf) 282 m/s (925 ft/s)
800 m (870 yd) 49 cm (19.3 in) 34 cm (13.4 in) 76 cm (29.9 in) 89 cm (35.0 in) 284 J (209 ft⋅lbf) 268 m/s (879 ft/s)
  • R50 means the closest 50 percent of the shot group will all be within a circle of the mentioned diameter.

The vertical and horizontal mean (R50) deviations with service ammunition at 800 m (875 yd) for AK platforms are.

SKS, AK-47, AKM, and AK-74 dispersion at 800 m (875 yd)[109]
Rifle Firing mode Vertical accuracy of fire (R50) Horizontal accuracy of fire (R50)
SKS (1945) semi-automatic 38 cm (15.0 in) 29 cm (11.4 in)
AK-47 (1949) semi-automatic 49 cm (19.3 in) 34 cm (13.4 in)
AK-47 (1949) short burst 76 cm (29.9 in) 89 cm (35.0 in)
AKM (1959) short burst 64 cm (25.2 in) 90 cm (35.4 in)
AK-74 (1974) short burst 48 cm (18.9 in) 64 cm (25.2 in)

Users

A map of current AK users (including derivative and modernized variants in orange and purple)


Current

Non-state current

Former

Non-state former

Illicit trade

See also: Crime in Russia § Arms trafficking
AK-47 copies confiscated from Somali pirates by Finnish mine-layer Pohjanmaa during Operation Atalanta, photographed in Manege Military Museum. The stocks are missing on the top three AKs.

Throughout the world, the AK and its variants are commonly used by governments, revolutionaries, terrorists, criminals, and civilians alike. In some countries, such as Somalia, Rwanda, Mozambique, Congo, and Tanzania, the prices for Black Market AKs are between $30 and $125 per weapon and prices have fallen in the last few decades due to mass counterfeiting.[171] In Kenya, "an AK-47 fetches five head of cattle (about 10,000 Kenya shillings or 100 U.S. dollars) when offered for barter, but costs almost half that price when cash is paid".[172] There are places around the world where AK-type weapons can be purchased on the black market "for as little as $6, or traded for a chicken or a sack of grain".[173][174][175]

The AK-47 has also spawned a cottage industry of sorts and has been copied and manufactured (one gun at a time) in small shops around the world (see Khyber Pass Copy).[176][177] The estimated numbers of AK-type weapons vary greatly. The Small Arms Survey suggests that "between 70 and 100 million of these weapons have been produced since 1947".[178] The World Bank estimates that out of the 500 million total firearms available worldwide, 100 million are of the Kalashnikov family, and 75 million are AK-47s.[5] Because AK-type weapons have been made in many countries, often illicitly, it is impossible to know how many exist.[179]

Conflicts

Burundi peacekeepers prepare for next rotation to Somalia, 2006
Kurdish YPJ fighters in Syria, 2014

The AK-47 has been used in the following conflicts:

1940s
1950s
1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s

Cultural influence and impact

The AK-47 on the flag of Mozambique
The AK-47 on the former coat of arms of Burkina Faso
CIA Agent drawing of the alleged first westerner sighting of the AK-47 in 1953

"Basically, it's the anti-Western cachet of it ... And you know, one man's terrorist is another man's freedom fighter, so we all sort of think, oh boy, we've got a little bit of Che Guevara in us. And this accounts for the popularity of the (AK 47) weapon. Plus I think that in the United States it's considered counterculture, which is always something that citizens in this country kind of like ... It's kind of sticking a finger in the eye of the man, if you will."

—Larry Kahaner, author of AK-47: The Weapon That Changed the Face of War[192]

During the Cold War, the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China, as well as United States and other NATO nations supplied arms and technical knowledge to numerous countries and rebel forces around the world. During this time the Western countries used relatively expensive automatic rifles, such as the FN FAL, the HK G3, the M14, and the M16. In contrast, the Russians and Chinese used the AK-47; its low production cost and ease of manufacture allow them to make AKs in vast numbers.

In the pro-communist states, the AK-47 became a symbol of the Third World revolution. They were utilized in the Cambodian Civil War and the Cambodian–Vietnamese War.[193] During the 1980s, the Soviet Union became the principal arms dealer to countries embargoed by Western nations, including Middle Eastern nations such as Libya and Syria, which welcomed Soviet Union backing against Israel. After the fall of the Soviet Union, AK-47s were sold both openly and on the black market to any group with cash, including drug cartels and dictatorial states, and more recently they have been seen in the hands of Islamic groups such as Al-Qaeda, ISIL, and the Taliban in Afghanistan and Iraq, and FARC, Ejército de Liberación Nacional guerrillas in Colombia.[192]

In Russia, the Kalashnikov is a tremendous source of national pride.[194] "The family of the inventor of the world's most famous rifle, Mikhail Kalashnikov, has authorized German engineering company MMI to use the well-known Kalashnikov name on a variety of not-so-deadly goods."[195] In recent years, Kalashnikov Vodka has been marketed with souvenir bottles in the shape of the AK-47 Kalashnikov.[196][197] There are also Kalashnikov watches,[198] umbrellas,[199] and knives.[200][201]

The Kalashnikov Museum (also called the AK-47 museum) opened on 4 November 2004 in Izhevsk, Udmurt Republic. This city is in the Ural Region of Russia. The museum chronicles the biography of General Kalashnikov and documents the invention of the AK-47. The museum complex of Kalashnikov's small arms, a series of halls, and multimedia exhibitions are devoted to the evolution of the AK-47 rifle and attracts 10,000 monthly visitors.[202] Nadezhda Vechtomova, the museum director, stated in an interview that the purpose of the museum is to honor the ingenuity of the inventor and the hard work of the employees and to "separate the weapon as a weapon of murder from the people who are producing it and to tell its history in our country".

On 19 September 2017 a 9 metres (30 ft) monument of Kalashnikov was unveiled in central Moscow. A protester, later detained by police, attempted to unfurl a banner reading "a creator of weapons is a creator of death".[203]

The proliferation of this weapon is reflected by more than just numbers. The AK-47 is included on the flag of Mozambique and its emblem, an acknowledgment that the country gained its independence in large part through the effective use of their AK-47s.[204] It is also found in the coats of arms of East Timor, Zimbabwe and the revolution era Burkina Faso, as well as in the flags of Hezbollah, Syrian Resistance, FARC-EP, the New People's Army, TKP/TIKKO and the International Revolutionary People's Guerrilla Forces.

U.S. and Western Europe countries frequently associate the AK-47 with their enemies; both Cold War era and present-day. For example, Western works of fiction (movies, television, novels, video games) often portray criminals, gang members, insurgents, and terrorists using AK-47s as the weapon of choice. Conversely, throughout the developing world, the AK-47 can be positively attributed with revolutionaries against foreign occupation, imperialism, or colonialism.[192]

In Ireland the AK-47 is associated with The Troubles due to its extensive use by republican paramilitaries during this period.[205] In 2013, a decommissioned AK-47 was included in the A History of Ireland in 100 Objects collection.[206]

The AK-47 made an appearance in U.S. popular culture as a recurring focus in the Nicolas Cage film Lord of War (2005). Numerous monologues in the movie focus on the weapon, and its effects on global conflict and the gun running market.[207]

In Iraq and Afghanistan, private military company contractors from the U.K. and other countries used the AK-47 and its variants along with Western firearms such as the AR-15.[208][page needed]

In 2006, the Colombian musician and peace activist César López devised the escopetarra, an AK converted into a guitar. One sold for US$17,000 in a fundraiser held to benefit the victims of anti-personnel mines, while another was exhibited at the United Nations' Conference on Disarmament.[209]

In Mexico, the AK-47 is known as "Cuerno de Chivo" (literally "Goat's Horn") because of its curved magazine design. It is one of the weapons of choice of Mexican drug cartels. It is sometimes mentioned in Mexican folk music lyrics.[210]

  • An AK-47 Type 1 (top) and 2 (bottom) on display. The Type 1 features a stamped receiver while the Type 2 receiver is milled.
    An AK-47 Type 1 (top) and 2 (bottom) on display. The Type 1 features a stamped receiver while the Type 2 receiver is milled.
  • A U.S. Army M.P inspects a Chinese AK-47 recovered in Vietnam, 1968
    A U.S. Army M.P inspects a Chinese AK-47 recovered in Vietnam, 1968
  • AK-47s of the PAIGC-liberation movement, ready to be transported from Senegal to Guinea-Bissau, 1973
    AK-47s of the PAIGC-liberation movement, ready to be transported from Senegal to Guinea-Bissau, 1973
  • A Soviet Spetsnaz (special operations) group prepares for a mission in Afghanistan, 1988
    A Soviet Spetsnaz (special operations) group prepares for a mission in Afghanistan, 1988
  • During the Soviet–Afghan War in the 1980s, several sources simultaneously armed both sides of the Afghan conflict, filling the country with AK-47s and their derivatives.[211]
    During the Soviet–Afghan War in the 1980s, several sources simultaneously armed both sides of the Afghan conflict, filling the country with AK-47s and their derivatives.[211]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ 2.6 lb milled from 6 lb stock. This was about 2.2 lb heavier than the stamped receiver.

References

  1. ^ "AK47 assault rifle designer Kalashnikov dies at 94". BBC News. 23 December 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
  2. ^ "Mikhail Kalashnikov, inventor of AK-47, dies at 94". CNN. 23 December 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
  3. ^ a b Ezell, Edward Clinton (1986). The AK47 Story, Evolution of the Kalashnikov Weapons. Stackpole Books. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-811-70916-3.
  4. ^ Joe, Poyer (2004). The AK-47 and AK-74 Kalashnikov Rifles and Their Variations. North Cape Publications Inc. p. 8. ISBN 1-882391-33-0.
  5. ^ a b c Killicoat, Phillip (April 2007). "Weaponomics: The Global Market for Rifles" (PDF). World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4202 (Post-Conflict Transitions Working Paper No. 10). University of Oxford. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 3 April 2010.
  6. ^ a b "AK-47 Inventor Doesn't Lose Sleep Over Havoc Wrought With His Invention". Fox News Channel. USA. 6 July 2007. OCLC 36334372. Archived from the original on 3 June 2010. Retrieved 3 April 2010.
  7. ^ a b c НСД. 7,62-мм автомат АК 1967, pp. 161–162.
  8. ^ a b НСД. 7,62-мм автомат АКМ (АКМС) 1983, pp. 149–150.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "AKM (AK-47) Kalashnikov modernized rifle, caliber 7.62mm". Izhmash. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014.
  10. ^ a b Monetchikov 2005, p. 67; Bolotin 1995, p. 129.
  11. ^ a b Hallock, Richard R. (16 March 1970). "M16 Rifle Case Study. Prepared for the Presidents Blue Ribbon Defense Panel" (PDF). Pogoarchives.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 September 2015.
  12. ^ a b McCarthy, Erin (12 October 2010). "The AK-47: Questions About the Most Important Weapon Ever". Popular Mechanics. Archived from the original on 3 August 2014.
  13. ^ "Machine Carbine Promoted: M.P.43 Is Now 'Assault Rifle 44'". Tactical and Technical Trends (57). U.S. Military Intelligence Service. April 1945. Archived from the original on 21 September 2012 – via LoneSentry.com.
  14. ^ Rottman 2011, p. 9.
  15. ^ a b Savka, Olga (2 August 2003). "The History of Kalashnikov Gun". Pravda.ru. Archived from the original on 15 October 2015. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
  16. ^ "Mikhail Kalashnikov: The Father of 100 Million Rifles". Field & Stream. February 2006. Archived from the original on 15 August 2016. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
  17. ^ a b Johnson, Harold E. (September 1973). Small Arms Identification and Operations Guide – Eurasian Communist Countries (PDF). U.S. Army Foreign Science and Technology Center of the U.S. Army Materiel Command. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016 – via Virginia1774.org.
  18. ^ Walsh, Nick Paton (10 October 2003). "Mikhail Kalashnikov: 'I sleep soundly'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 12 January 2016.
  19. ^ Kidd, Nadia (28 October 2009). "Russia celebrates Mikhail Kalashnikov's 90th birthday – the designer who armed the world". Russia Beyond the Headlines. Rossiyskaya Gazeta. Archived from the original on 9 December 2015. Retrieved 25 November 2015 – via The Daily Telegraph.
  20. ^ a b Bolotin 1995, pp. 123–124.
  21. ^ Fisk, Robert (22 April 2001). "For Patriotism and Profit: An interview with Mikhail Kalashnikov". The Independent. London, England. Archived from the original on 1 October 2016 – via World Press Review (Vol.48, No.7).
  22. ^ "AK-47 Inventor Doesn't Lose Sleep Over Havoc Wrought With His Invention. An interview with Mikhail Kalashnikov". Fox News Channel. Associated Press. 6 July 2007. Archived from the original on 14 January 2014. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
  23. ^ Popenker, Maksim (5 February 2009). "Kalashnikov AK (AK-47) AKS, AKM and AKMS rifles (USSR)". Modern Firearms. Archived from the original on 11 March 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
  24. ^ Kuptsov, Andrei (2001). Странная история оружия: С. Г. Симонов, неизвестный гений России, или кто и как разоружил русского солдата [Odd History of Weapons: S. G. Simonov, an Unknown Genius of Russia, or How and Who Disarmed the Russian Soldier] (in Russian). Moscow: Kraft+. p. 262. ISBN 978-5-93675-025-0.
  25. ^ Bolotin 1995, p. 123.
  26. ^ Monetchikov 2005, p. 38.
  27. ^ Bolotin 1995a, p. 150
  28. ^ a b Shilin, Val; Cutshaw, Charlie. "Mikhail Kalashnikov". Power Custom. Archived from the original on 2 April 2005. Retrieved 19 October 2008.
  29. ^ a b Sweeney, Patrick (2010). The Gun Digest Book of The AR-15 (Vol. 3.). Iola, WI: Gun Digest Books. p. 20. ISBN 978-1440213762.
  30. ^ Bolotin 1995a, p. 115
  31. ^ Monetchikov 2005, p. 36.
  32. ^ a b "Kalashnikov AK (AK-47) AKS, AKM and AKMS rifles (USSR)". World.guns.ru. 25 November 2015. Archived from the original on 20 January 2013.
  33. ^ Popenker, Maxim; Williams, Anthony G. (2005). Assault Rifle. Crowood Press. ISBN 978-1-86126-700-9.[page needed]
  34. ^ McCollum, Ian (12 December 2012). "AK and StG – Kissing Cousins". Forgotten Weapons. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023.
  35. ^ Monetchikov 2005, p. 64.
  36. ^ a b c Poyer 2006, pp. 8–11.
  37. ^ a b c Ezell, Edward (1986). The AK47 story: Evolution of the Kalashnikov Weapons. Stackpole Books. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-8117-0916-3.
  38. ^ "Russian AK-49". Forgotten Weapons. 23 May 2018. Archived from the original on 8 July 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2018.
  39. ^ a b c "Type 2 & Type 3 AK-47". BrowningMGs.com. Archived from the original on 26 October 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
  40. ^ Poyer 2006, p. 2.
  41. ^ Dunnigan, James (23 April 2003). "An AK for Every Market". Strategypage.com. Archived from the original on 25 March 2007. Retrieved 26 June 2009.
  42. ^ Tilstra, Russell C. (2014). The Battle Rifle: Development and Use Since World War II. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. pp. 25–28. ISBN 978-0-78647-321-2.
  43. ^ a b c d e f Dockery, Kevin (2007). Future Weapons. New York: Berkley Caliber. p. 102. ISBN 978-0-425-21750-4.
  44. ^ Land Forces Weapons: Export Catalogue. Moscow: Rosoboronexport. 2003. p. 85. OCLC 61406322. Archived from the original on 14 June 2017. Retrieved 8 September 2017 – via Scribd.
  45. ^ Bellamy, Ronald F. & Zajtchuk, Russ (1990). "The Physics and Biophysics of Wound Ballistics". In Zajtchuk, R. (ed.). Textbook of Military Medicine, Part I: Warfare, Weaponry, and the Casualty, Vol. 5, Conventional Warfare: Ballistic, Blast, and Burn Injuries. Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General, U.S. Department of the Army. pp. 146–155.
  46. ^ a b Fackler, Martin L. "Patterns of Military Rifle Bullets". TTK Ciar's MBT Resources. Archived from the original on 20 November 2012. Retrieved 23 August 2012.
  47. ^ Roberts, G.K. (21 May 2008). "Time for a Change: U.S. Military Small Arms Ammunition Failures and Solutions" (PDF). National Defense Industrial Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 June 2011.
  48. ^ Fackler, M.L.; Malinowski, J.A.; Hoxie, S.W.; Jason, A. (September 1990). "Wounding effects of the AK-47 rifle used by Patrick Purdy in the Stockton, California, schoolyard shooting of January 17, 1989". American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology. 11 (3): 185–189. doi:10.1097/00000433-199009000-00001. PMID 2220700. S2CID 26582558.
  49. ^ Bellamy, Ronald F. & Zajtchuk, Russ (1990). "The Physics and Biophysics of Wound Ballistics". In Zajtchuk, R. (ed.). Textbook of Military Medicine, Part I: Warfare, Weaponry, and the Casualty, Vol. 5, Conventional Warfare: Ballistic, Blast, and Burn Injuries. Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General, U.S. Department of the Army. p. 148 (Fig. 4–38).
  50. ^ a b c Fackler, Martin L. "Military rifle bullet wound patterns". University Teachers for Human Rights (Jaffna), Sri Lanka. Archived from the original on 10 September 2011. Retrieved 2 October 2014. Taken from Lutz Möller English Rifle Articles
  51. ^ Fackler, Martin L. "Military rifle bullet wound patterns comparison charts". Fr. Frog's Home Page. Archived from the original on 16 August 2014. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
  52. ^ 203d Military Intelligence Battalion, AK-47 Operator's Manual, U.S. Department of the Army.
  53. ^ a b c d e f Kokalis, Peter G. (May 2005). "Kalashnikovs – 3 of the best" (PDF). Shotgun News. Vol. 59, no. 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 25 November 2015 – via ArsenalInc.com.
  54. ^ a b c d "AK 47 Technical Manual". Archived from the original on 8 October 2014. Retrieved 2 October 2014 – via scribd.com.
  55. ^ Rottman 2011, p. 42.
  56. ^ Thornton, Nathan (31 January 2020). "Rifle 101: Replicating True Soviet/Russian Shellac Finish". International Sportsman. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
  57. ^ "Identifying & Collecting the 7.62×39 AK-47/AKM Magazine". Small Arms Defense Journal. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  58. ^ Polenar Tactical (7 May 2014). "The many uses of an AK-47 magazine". YouTube. Archived from the original on 17 May 2015. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
  59. ^ a b c "AK 47 Technical Description – Manual". Scribd.com. 30 September 2010. Archived from the original on 28 March 2012. Retrieved 23 August 2012.
  60. ^ "A Brief History of the Kalashnikov Magazine Part 1: Metal Magazines". The Firearm Blog. 17 September 2016. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
  61. ^ Kokalis, Peter G. (May 2005). "Kalashnikovs – 3 of the best" (PDF). Shotgun News. 59 (12). Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
  62. ^ Grezin, V. M. (1966). "Elastic characteristics of AG-4S glass-reinforced plastic under short-time and long-time loads". Polymer Mechanics. 2 (2): 188–190. Bibcode:1966PoMec...2..188G. doi:10.1007/BF00867112. ISSN 0032-390X. S2CID 135895271.
  63. ^ a b Kokalis, p.49.
  64. ^ ADA046961: Rifle Evaluation Study (PDF) (Report). United States Army, Combat Development Command. 20 December 1962. Archived from the original on 1 December 2012. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
  65. ^ David M., Fortier (20 July 2011). "Are Kalashnikov magazines as robust as their reputation? He tormented a selection of AR magazines last year, now he takes on the AK. The results you may find surprising". Shotgun News. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 2 October 2014 – via Free Library.
  66. ^ Cobb, Ralph E. (2010). "AK Bayonets 101 – The Four Basic Types". WorldBayonets.com. Archived from the original on 24 March 2015. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
  67. ^ "40 mm underbarrel grenade launcher GP-34". Izhmash. Archived from the original on 28 July 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
  68. ^ Russian Close Combat Weapon. Moscow: Association "Defense Enterprises Assistance League". 2010. pp. 482–489. ISBN 978-5-904540-04-3.
  69. ^ 203rd Military Intelligence Battalion. Operator's Manual for AK-47 Rifle (PDF). Department of the Army. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2014. Retrieved 25 November 2015 – via ar15.com.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  70. ^ "7.62 mm Kalashnikov assault rifles AK103, АК104". Izhmash. Archived from the original on 21 April 2012. Retrieved 8 June 2012.
  71. ^ Rottman 2011, p. 39.
  72. ^ Norinco. "Instruction Manual Model MAK-90 Semi-Automatic Rifle" (PDF). Mouseguns.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2016.
  73. ^ "wz.88 Tantal". Forgotten Weapons. 29 March 2013. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  74. ^ "Arsenal 7.62mm "Arsenal" Rifle AR-M1 and with Folding Butt AR-M1F". Arsenal AD. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  75. ^ Hanson, Victor Davis (2011). "The Most Popular Gun in the World". The New Atlantis. 32: 140–147. Archived from the original on 12 September 2014. Retrieved 1 July 2014.
  76. ^ a b Irvine, James H. (October 1991). "Soviet Weapon-System Acquisition". Naval Weapons Center, China Lake, CA: Technical Information Department. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 8 September 2017 – via Scribd.
  77. ^ Monetchikov 2005, p. 76.
  78. ^ "AKML (AKMSL)". AK-info.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 23 May 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
  79. ^ Miller, David (2001). The Illustrated Directory of 20th Century Guns. Salamander Books Ltd. ISBN 1-84065-245-4.
  80. ^ Ethan M. (20 April 2015). "Albanian Small Arms". Aftermath Gun Club. Archived from the original on 14 October 2017.
  81. ^ Азербайджан приступил к серийному производству автоматов АК-74М по российской лицензии [Azerbaijan began serial production of AK-74M rifles under Russian license]. ЦАМТО (in Russian). Moscow: Centre for Analysis of World Arms Trade. 8 July 2011. Archived from the original on 22 September 2013. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
  82. ^ Dimov, Roman. "Kalashnikov Arms Versions". The AK Site. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007.
  83. ^ a b "Автомат (штурмовая винтовка) серии MPi-K / MPi-AK" [MPi-K / MPi-AK Assault Rifle Series]. Энциклопедия оружия и боеприпасов (in Russian). Archived from the original on 29 June 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
  84. ^ "Advertisement flyer for manufacturing capabilities of the Gafat Armament Engineering Complex". EthiopiaBook.com. Archived from the original on 10 July 2011. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
  85. ^ "Венгрия – Штурмовые винтовки / Автоматы" [Hungary – Assault Rifles / Submachine guns]. Энциклопедия оружия и боеприпасов [Encyclopedia of Arms and Ammunition] (in Russian). Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  86. ^ Unnithan, Sandeep (30 December 2013). "Why General Kalashnikov couldn't sell the AK in India". India Today. Archived from the original on 16 April 2015.
  87. ^ "Assault Rifle 7.62 mm". Indian Ordnance Factory Board. Archived from the original on 27 October 2010.
  88. ^ "Bernardelli company profile and history". V. Bernardelli S.r.l. Archived from the original on 10 February 2013. Retrieved 20 February 2013.
  89. ^ "Nigeria to mass-produce Nigerian version of AK-47 rifles". People's Daily. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  90. ^ "Military Products". Defence Industry Corporation of Nigeria (DICON). Archived from the original on 27 December 2013. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  91. ^ "Appendix A: Equipment Recognition, PPSH 1943 Submachinegun (Type-50 China/Model-49 DPRK)". North Korea Country Handbook. U.S. Department of Defense. 1997. p. A-79.
  92. ^ "Appendix A: Equipment Recognition, Type-68 (AKM) Rifle". North Korea Country Handbook. U.S. Department of Defense. 1997. p. A-77.
  93. ^ Chang, Andrei (16 November 2009). "Russia confronts Pakistan, China over copied weapons". UPI Asia.com. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011.
  94. ^ "Poland: Assault Rifles". Энциклопедия оружия и боеприпасов (in Russian). Archived from the original on 19 March 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
  95. ^ "MAZ". Military Industry Corporation. Archived from the original on 27 December 2008. Retrieved 8 February 2009.
  96. ^ "SAR 15T". www.sarsilmaz.com. Sarsılmaz Arms. Retrieved 7 November 2024. Manufacturer Website
  97. ^ "SAR 308". www.sarsilmaz.com. Sarsılmaz Arms. Retrieved 7 November 2024. Manufacturer Website
  98. ^ Raigorodetsky, Aleksandr (6 October 2011). Автомат "Малюк" ("Малыш") (Украина) ["Malyuk" Assault Rifle (Ukraine)]. Оружейная экзотика (in Russian). Archived from the original on 3 September 2015.
  99. ^ Sieff, Martin (15 August 2007). "Defense Focus: Venezuela's Kalashnikovs". United Press International. Archived from the original on 4 June 2008. Retrieved 19 October 2008.
  100. ^ "Восточная Европа захватила рынок продаж автоматов Калашникова" [Eastern Europe captured the market for Kalashnikov assault rifles]. Lenta.ru (in Russian). 13 June 2006. Archived from the original on 2 July 2006.
  101. ^ "'Ижмаш' подсчитал контрафактные автоматы Калашникова" ['Izhmash' counted counterfeit Kalashnikov assault rifles]. Lenta.ru (in Russian). 15 April 2006. Archived from the original on 23 June 2006. Retrieved 13 June 2006.
  102. ^ "The USA's M4 Carbine Controversy". Defense Industry Daily.com. 21 November 2011. Archived from the original on 13 July 2007. Retrieved 10 January 2012.
  103. ^ a b "Avtomat Kalashnikov". Alpharubicon.com. March 1998. Archived from the original on 13 May 2012. Retrieved 10 June 2012.
  104. ^ a b c Chivers, C. J. (2011). The Gun. Simon & Schuster. pp. 206–207. ISBN 978-0743271738. Taken from the Long-Range Dispersion Firing Test of the AK-47 Rifle, U.S. Army Foreign Science and Technology Center, August 1969.
  105. ^ Kjellgren, G. L. M. (March 1970). "The Practical Range of Small Arms" (PDF). The American Rifleman. 118 (3): 40–44. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 March 2015.
  106. ^ НСД. 7,62-мм автомат АКМ (АКМС) 1983, p. 155: (under the default conditions of no wind and sea level atmospheric pressure, 15 °C (59 °F)).
  107. ^ a b Weaver, Jonathan M. Jr. (May 1990). "System Error Budgets, Target Distributions and Hitting Performance Estimates for General-Purpose Rifles and Sniper Rifles of 7.62 × 51 mm and Larger Calibers" (PDF). Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland: U. S. Army Materiel Systems Analysis Activity. p. 87. Technical Report No. 461. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 November 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2019.
  108. ^ Instruction on small business 7,62- mm Kalashnikov (AK). Moscow: Military Publishing House of the Ministry of Defense of the USSR. 1967.
  109. ^ Manual on small business. 7.62-mm modernized Kalashnikov assault rifle (AKM and AKMS). – 3rd ed. – Moscow: Military Publishing, 1983. – 160 p., Ill.
  110. ^ a b Kahaner, Larry (26 November 2006). "Weapon of Mass Destruction". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2010.
  111. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo Rottman 2011, p. 78.
  112. ^ Dale, Richard (1995). Botswana's Search for Autonomy in Southern Africa. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-313-29571-3.
  113. ^ "Burkina : nouveau mouvement de colère des militaires à Ouagadougou" [Burkina: new angry movement of the soldiers in Ouagadougou]. Africa Defense Journal (in French). 24 May 2011. Archived from the original on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
  114. ^ Bationo, Arsène Flavien (October 2012). "Burkina Faso: Ces Mesures Présidentielles Qui Font Plaisir à l'Armée" [Burkina Faso: The Presidential Measures Which Please the Army]. AfrikItalia.it (in French). Archived from the original on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
  115. ^ "Blending". Flickr. 21 July 2012. Archived from the original on 22 October 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
  116. ^ Burt, Geoff (22 October 2010). "Latest edition of the SSR Monitor: Burundi focuses on armed forces reform". Security Sector Reform Resource Centre. Archived from the original on 18 October 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
  117. ^ Terry J., Gander; Hogg, Ian V. (1995). Jane's Infantry Weapons 1995–96 (21st ed.). Jane's Information Group. ISBN 978-0-7106-1241-0. Archived from the original on 18 March 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
  118. ^ a b Miller, David M. O. (2001). The Illustrated Directory of 20th Century Guns. Illustrated Directory Series. Salamander Books. ISBN 978-1-84065-245-1. Archived from the original on 19 March 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
  119. ^ Huffstutter, Robert (22 December 2011). "Djiboutian Army Quick Reaction Regiment trains at Ali Oune, Djibouti, February 2011". Flickr. Archived from the original on 22 October 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
  120. ^ Kevytasekäsikirja 2019 [Small Arms Manual 2019] (PDF) (in Finnish). Finnish Defence Forces. 2019. ISBN 978-951-25-3060-1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 March 2019. Retrieved 23 March 2019.
  121. ^ Milosevic, Milan (2005). "Trojanski Konj za Teroriste". Kalibar (in Serbian). Novosti. Archived from the original on 27 February 2012. Retrieved 4 April 2009.
  122. ^ "Greece Ministry of Public Order Press Office: Special Anti-Terrorist Unit" (PDF). Hellenic Police. July 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2010. Retrieved 27 September 2009.
  123. ^ "Maha's elite counter terror unit Force One becomes operational". Business Standard. New Delhi: Business Standard Ltd. 25 November 2009. OCLC 496280002. Retrieved 5 July 2010.
  124. ^ "Komando Pasukan Khusus (Kopassus)". Shadowspear.com. 28 January 2009. Archived from the original on 2 December 2020.
  125. ^ Jones, Richard D.; Ness, Leland S., eds. (2009). Jane's Infantry Weapons 2009–2010 (35th ed.). Jane's Information Group. ISBN 978-0-7106-2869-5.
  126. ^ Menges, Werner (18 December 2002). "Namibia: Soldier Claims Ignorance About AK-47 Used to Murder Farmer". The Namibian. Windhoek. Archived from the original on 1 January 2003. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
  127. ^ Jurado, Carlos Caballero (1990). Central American Wars 1959–89. Men-at-Arms 221. London: Osprey Publishing. pp. 20, 45. ISBN 978-0-85045-945-6.
  128. ^ Nikolovski, Zoran (12 October 2006). "Macedonian military police, US National Guard conduct joint manoeuvres". Southeast European Times. United States European Command. OCLC 731936128. Archived from the original on 25 January 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
  129. ^ Hashim, Asad (4 February 2019). "Darra Adam Khel: Pakistan's dying gun bazaar". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 1 May 2023.
  130. ^ "UAE, Saudi Arabia Dispatch Troops to Syria". Syrian Observer. 22 November 2018. Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 28 March 2019.
  131. ^ "Newly recruited Rangers practice with their AK-47 rifles during a training session at a military camp in Thailand's restive southern Narathiwat province". Getty Images. 21 May 2009.
  132. ^ "AKs among U.S. Police Departments". The Firearm Blog. 12 April 2016. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023.
  133. ^ "Why U.S. Commandos Loved the AK-47 Rifle". The National Interest. 18 February 2019. Archived from the original on 13 August 2020.
  134. ^ a b "Violence, Crime And Illegal Arms Trafficking In Colombia" (PDF). United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. November 2006. p. 26. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
  135. ^ Acosta, Luis Jaime (21 August 2024). "Meet the secretive Colombian guerrillas who could deal final blow to peace plan". Reuters. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
  136. ^ a b Biesecker, Michael (15 January 2024). "Hamas fights with a patchwork of weapons built by Iran, China, Russia and North Korea". AP News. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
  137. ^ a b Zagdanski 2007, p. 32.
  138. ^ a b "Islamic State Captures Masses of Iranian-supplied Weaponry Near Khanasir". bellingcat. 16 April 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
  139. ^ a b "Myanmar's Anti-Junta Protesters Turning to Rebel Armies for Military Training". Voice of America. 27 April 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
  140. ^ a b Tan, Rebecca (24 November 2023). "In the jungle with Myanmar's oldest rebel group amid new threat to junta". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 11 February 2024. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
  141. ^ Reynolds, James; Erdim, Zeynep (25 April 2013). "PKK fighters face life after Turkey withdrawal". BBC News. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
  142. ^ a b Diallo, Tiemoko; Diarra, Adama (1 October 2013). "Mali fights rebels in north as army officers protest in south". Reuters. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
  143. ^ Meniano, Sarwell (6 September 2024). "Another NPA arms cache unearthed in Samar". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
  144. ^ Tucker-Jones 2012, p. 237.
  145. ^ a b Bender, Jeremy (11 April 2016). "Here's a look at the weapons the US is sending to Syrian rebels". Business Insider. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
  146. ^ Watson, Ivan; Iqbal, Javed; Maung, Manny (11 November 2015). "Myanmar's hidden war". CNN. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
  147. ^ Tucker-Jones 2012, p. 131.
  148. ^ a b Florence 1983, p. 31.
  149. ^ a b Tucker-Jones 2012, p. 75.
  150. ^ Jones & Ness 2010, p. 917.
  151. ^ a b Hasenauer 1990, p. 51.
  152. ^ Wells, Rod (2011). Part-Time War. Fern House. p. 155. ISBN 978-1-902702-25-4.
  153. ^ Miller, D. M. O. (2001). Illustrated Directory of Twentieth Century Guns. Salamander. ISBN 978-1-84065-245-1.
  154. ^ a b Lanning 2011, p. 125.
  155. ^ Tucker-Jones 2012, pp. 78−79.
  156. ^ a b German 2003, p. 58.
  157. ^ Binder 1987, p. 25.
  158. ^ Bracamonte & Spencer 1995, p. 182.
  159. ^ a b "Hundreds of foreign fighters join pro-Russian rebels in eastern Ukraine". ABC News. 21 September 2015.
  160. ^ Bracamonte & Spencer 1995, p. 180.
  161. ^ a b Tucker-Jones 2012, pp. 186, 193, 210.
  162. ^ "Violations Of The Laws Of War By The Khmer Rouge" (PDF). Human Rights Watch. April 1990. pp. 7−8, 10. Retrieved 14 October 2024.
  163. ^ a b Desmond, Edward W. (16 September 1991). "Sri Lanka's Tamil Tigers". TIME. Retrieved 14 October 2024.
  164. ^ a b Tucker-Jones 2012, p. 21.
  165. ^ a b Morea 2008, p. 42.
  166. ^ Tucker-Jones 2012, p. 161.
  167. ^ a b Horgan & Braddock 2012, p. 179.
  168. ^ Moorcraft 1987, pp. 43, 45.
  169. ^ Felbab-Brown 2009, p. 82.
  170. ^ "Vigorous Burmese Student Warriors". Federation of American Scientists. 24 January 2000. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
  171. ^ Sprague, Oliver & Griffiths, Hugh (26 June 2006). "Control Arms Briefing Note: The AK-47, The World's Favourite Killing Machine" (PDF). Oxfam. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 August 2014.
  172. ^ van Schendel, Willem & Abraham, Itty (2005). Illicit Flows and Criminal Things: States, Borders, and the Other Side of Globalization. Indiana University Press. p. 217. ISBN 978-0-25321-811-7.
  173. ^ Fleshman, Michael (December 2001). "Small arms in Africa: Counting the cost of gun violence". Africa Recovery. Vol. 15, no. 4. United Nations. Archived from the original on 5 January 2006.
  174. ^ Human Rights Watch (31 May 2002). "Playing with Fire: Weapons Proliferation, Political Violence, and Human Rights in Kenya". Archived from the original on 20 November 2012 – via UNHCR Refworld.
  175. ^ Kabbani, Khaldoun (2013). "Intelligence and Historical Background on the AK-47 and AK Variants" (PDF). AFTE Journal. 45 (3). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
  176. ^ Santos, Soliman M. Jr; Santos, Paz Verdades M. (April 2010). Rodriguez, Diana (ed.). Primed and Purposeful: Armed Groups and Human Security Efforts in the Philippines (PDF). Quezon City, Philippines/Geneva, Switzerland: South–South Network for Non-State Armed Group Engagement/Small Arms Survey. ISBN 978-2-940415-29-8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015.
  177. ^ Berman, Eric G. (March 2011). "Craft Production of Small Arms" (PDF). Research Notes (3). Small Arms Survey: 1–2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015.
  178. ^ "Continuity and Change: Products And Producers" (PDF). Small Arms Survey. 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 May 2012.
  179. ^ Graves-Brown, P. (November 2007). "Avtomat Kalashnikova". Journal of Material Culture. 12 (3): 285–307. doi:10.1177/1359183507081896. S2CID 220192559.
  180. ^ Hastings, Max (10 February 2011). "The Most Influential Weapon of Our Time". The New York Review of Books. Archived from the original on 11 August 2017. József Tibor Fejes, a young Hungarian identified by C. J. Chivers in 'The Gun' as 'the first known insurgent to carry an AK-47.' According to Chivers, 'Fejes obtained his prize after Soviet soldiers dropped their rifles during their attack on revolutionaries in Budapest in 1956…. The Hungarian Revolution marked the AK-47's true battlefield debut.
  181. ^ "Simba uprising 1964–1965; mercenary with captured AK-47, December 1964". AKG Images.
  182. ^ Abbott, Peter; Botham, Philip (1986). Modern African Wars (1): Rhodesia 1965–80. Men-at-Arms 183. Osprey Publishing. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-85045-728-5.
  183. ^ Scarlata, Paul (1 March 2009). "Ethiopian Military Rifle Cartridges: Part 2: from Mauser to Kalashnikov". Shotgun News. Archived from the original on 24 November 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
  184. ^ a b c Tucker-Jones 2012, p. 105.
  185. ^ Kanwal, Gurmeet (April 1999). "Proxy War in Kashmir: Jehad or State-Sponsored Terrorism?". Strategic Analysis: A Monthly Journal of the IDSA. XXIII (1): 4 – via Proxy War in Kashmir: Jehad or State-Sponsored Terrorism?.
  186. ^ "Soviet made AK-47 assault rifles seized during Operation Urgent Fury. On the top of the pile of weapons is the barrel attachment to a 7.62 mm machine gun". The U.S. National Archives. 25 October 1983.
  187. ^ Small Arms Survey (2007). "Persistent Instability: Armed Violence and Insecurity in South Sudan" (PDF). The Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City. Cambridge University Press. p. 325. ISBN 978-0-521-88039-8. Archived from the original on 27 August 2018. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
  188. ^ Small Arms Survey (2005). "Sourcing the Tools of War: Small Arms Supplies to Conflict Zones". Small Arms Survey 2005: Weapons at War. Oxford University Press. p. 166. ISBN 978-0-19-928085-8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 August 2018. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
  189. ^ Small Arms Survey (2007). "Armed Violence in Burundi: Conflict and Post-Conflict Bujumbura" (PDF). The Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City. Cambridge University Press. p. 204. ISBN 978-0-521-88039-8. Archived from the original on 27 August 2018. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
  190. ^ Small Arms Survey (2003). "Making the Difference?: Weapon Collection and Small Arms Availability in the Republic of Congo". Small Arms Survey 2003: Development Denied. Oxford University Press. p. 268. ISBN 0199251754. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 August 2018. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
  191. ^ Touchard, Laurent (17 December 2013). "Centrafrique : le Soudan a-t-il armé les ex-Séléka ?". Jeune Afrique (in French). Archived from the original on 30 January 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
  192. ^ a b c Seabrook, Andrea (26 November 2006). "AK-47: The Weapon Changed the Face of War". NPR Weekend Edition Sunday. Archived from the original on 30 July 2014.
  193. ^ Jones, Christopher (20 December 1981). "In The Land Of The Khmer Rouge". The New York Times Magazine. Archived from the original on 11 December 2017.
  194. ^ Solovyov, Dmitry (24 December 2013). "AK-47 rifle inventor Mikhail Kalashnikov dies at 94". Reuters UK. Archived from the original on 14 June 2015. Retrieved 13 June 2015.
  195. ^ Abdullaev, Nabi (21 February 2003). "Care for a Kalashnikov Umbrella?". The Moscow Times. Archived from the original on 10 June 2014.
  196. ^ "The AK 47 Kalashnikov Vodka Souvenir Bottle". Kalashnikov Vodka. Archived from the original on 27 February 2015. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
  197. ^ Hodge, Nathan (31 December 2009). "Celebrate 2010 with a Kalashnikov!". Wired. Archived from the original on 5 July 2017. Retrieved 4 March 2017.
  198. ^ "Kalashnikov Watches Swiss Made – Kalashnikov Uhren". Kalashnikov Watches - Ultralux Marketing AG. Archived from the original on 15 June 2015. Retrieved 13 June 2015.
  199. ^ "Coming soon – the Kalashnikov brolly?". BBC News. 17 February 2003. Archived from the original on 14 June 2015. Retrieved 13 June 2015.
  200. ^ "EDC for CCW: Boker Kalashnikov Anniversary Knife". The Truth About Knives. June 2013. Archived from the original on 15 June 2015. Retrieved 13 June 2015.
  201. ^ "Boker Kalashnikov Knives". BladeHQ.com. Archived from the original on 15 June 2015. Retrieved 13 June 2015.
  202. ^ Chivers, C.J. (18 February 2007). "AK-47 Museum: Homage to the Gun That Won the East". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 22 June 2007.
  203. ^ Bennetts, Marc (19 September 2017). "30ft-high statue of Mikhail Kalashnikov unveiled in Moscow". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 19 September 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
  204. ^ Gordon, Michael R. (13 March 1997). "Burst of Pride for a Staccato Executioner: AK-47". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 23 June 2017.
  205. ^ Oppenheimer, A. R. (2009). IRA: The Bombs and The Bullets. A History of Deadly Ingenuity. Newbridge, County Kildare: Irish Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-7165-2895-1.
  206. ^ O'Toole, Fintan. "A History of Ireland in 100 Objects: Decommissioned AK-47 assault rifle, 2005". The Irish Times. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
  207. ^ "Lord of War (2005) – memorable quotes". Internet Movie Database. Archived from the original on 24 April 2022. Retrieved 29 October 2012.
  208. ^ Palou-Loverdos, Jordi & Armendáriz, Leticia. "The Privatization of Warfare, Violence and Private Military & Security Companies" (PDF). The International Institute for Nonviolent Action. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
  209. ^ Latorre, Héctor (24 January 2006). "Escopetarras: disparando música". BBC Mundo (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 22 February 2007. Retrieved 31 January 2007.
  210. ^ Muessig, Ben (10 August 2010). "Narcocorridos: The Songs of Mexico's Drug War". AOL News. Archived from the original on 14 August 2012.
  211. ^ Chivers, C.J. (24 December 2013). "How did the AK-47 become the most abundant weapon on earth?". The Independent. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 21 August 2017.

Bibliography

Further reading

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AK-47&oldid=1257246817"