Adducins are heteromeric proteins composed of different subunits referred to as adducin alpha, beta, and gamma. The three subunits are encoded by distinct genes and belong to a family of membrane skeletal proteins involved in the assembly of spectrin-actin network in erythrocytes and at sites of cell-cell contact in epithelial tissues.
While adducins alpha and gamma are ubiquitously expressed, the expression of adducin beta is restricted to brain and hematopoietic tissues. Adducin, originally purified from human erythrocytes, was found to be a heterodimer of adducins alpha and beta. Polymorphisms resulting in amino acid substitutions in these two subunits have been associated with the regulation of blood pressure in an animal model of hypertension. Heterodimers consisting of alpha and gamma subunits have also been described. Structurally, each subunit is composed of two distinct domains.
The amino-terminal region is protease resistant and globular in shape, while the carboxy-terminal region is protease sensitive. The latter contains multiple phosphorylation sites for protein kinase C, the binding site for calmodulin, and is required for association with spectrin and actin. Various adducin beta mRNAs, alternatively spliced at 3' end and/or internally spliced and encoding different isoforms, have been described. The functions of all the different isoforms are not known.[6]
Miyazaki M, Kaibuchi K, Shirataki H, et al. (1995). "Rabphilin-3A binds to a M(r) 115,000 polypeptide in a phosphatidylserine- and Ca(2+)-dependent manner". Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 28 (1): 29–36. doi:10.1016/0169-328X(94)00180-M. PMID7707875.
Miyazaki M, Shirataki H, Kohno H, et al. (1995). "Identification as beta-adducin of a protein interacting with rabphilin-3A in the presence of Ca2+ and phosphatidylserine". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 205 (1): 460–6. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1994.2688. PMID7999065.
White RA, Angeloni SV, Pasztor LM (1996). "Chromosomal localization of the beta-adducin gene to mouse chromosome 6 and human chromosome 2". Mamm. Genome. 6 (10): 741–3. doi:10.1007/BF00354298. PMID8563174. S2CID23628451.
Tisminetzky S, Devescovi G, Tripodi G, et al. (1996). "Genomic organisation and chromosomal localisation of the gene encoding human beta adducin". Gene. 167 (1–2): 313–6. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(95)00591-9. PMID8566798.
Citterio L, Tizzoni L, Catalano M, et al. (2003). "Expression analysis of the human adducin gene family and evidence of ADD2 beta4 multiple splicing variants". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 309 (2): 359–67. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.08.011. PMID12951058.
Brandenberger R, Wei H, Zhang S, et al. (2005). "Transcriptome characterization elucidates signaling networks that control human ES cell growth and differentiation". Nat. Biotechnol. 22 (6): 707–16. doi:10.1038/nbt971. PMID15146197. S2CID27764390.
