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5th Infantry Division (India)

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For the World War I formation, see 5th (Mhow) Division.
5th Indian Infantry Division
Ball of Fire insignia of the 5th Indian Infantry Division.
Active1939–1945
CountryBritish Raj British India
Allegiance British Empire
Branch British Indian Army
TypeInfantry
SizeDivision
Nickname(s)"Ball of Fire".
EngagementsEast Africa
Western Desert Campaign
Burma Campaign
Battle of Kohima
Operation Tiderace
Battle of Surabaya
Commanders
Notable
commanders		Lewis Heath
Harold Rawdon Briggs
Geoffrey Evans
East Africa Campaign northern front: Allied advances in 1941.

The 5th Indian Infantry Division was an infantry division of the Indian Army during World War II that fought in several theatres of war and was nicknamed the "Ball of Fire". It was one of the few Allied divisions to fight against three different armies - the Italian, German and Japanese armies.[1]

The division was raised in 1939 in Secunderabad with two brigades under command. In 1940, the 5th Indian Division moved to Sudan and took under command three British infantry battalions stationed there and was reorganised into three brigades of three battalions each. The division fought in the East African Campaign in Eritrea and Ethiopia during 1940 and 1941, thence moving to Egypt, Cyprus and Iraq. In 1942, the division was heavily engaged in the Western Desert Campaign and the First Battle of El Alamein. From late 1943 to the Japanese surrender in August 1945, it fought continuously from India through the length of Burma. After the end of the war, it was the first unit into Singapore and then fought pro-Independence forces in Eastern Java.

History

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Cheering crowds welcome the 5th Indian Division after the liberation of Singapore, 1945.
Troops of the 5th Indian Division guarding stockpiles of weapons handed in by surrendering Japanese forces in Singapore.
Disarmed Japanese soldiers, the officers still carrying their swords, march out of Singapore towards prisoner of war camps watched by troops of the 5th Indian Division.
A soldier from the 5th Division stands guard over Japanese prisoners who surrendered during the liberation of Singapore. September 1945.

The division was raised at Secunderabad in India from the Deccan District Headquarters, with two brigades of three Indian infantry battalions each. It moved to the Sudan in 1940 and was joined by three British infantry battalions already there. The division was reorganised into three brigades each with one British and two Indian battalions (as was the prevailing custom).[2]

The divisional sign of a red circle on a black background, which gave the division its nickname, was selected after the first selection of a boar's head was deemed offensive to Muslim soldiers and every other animal suggested had already been selected by other newly raised divisions.[3]

Between 1940 and 1941, the 5th Division was involved in the campaign in East Africa. After periods in Egypt, Cyprus and Syria, by 1942 it was involved in the fighting in the Western Desert of North Africa and the withdrawal of the Allied troops to El Alamein. By late 1943, the 5th Division had been shipped to India and took part in the campaign in Burma, initially deployed to the Arakan front. After the Japanese had been defeated in the Battle of the Admin Box, the division was airlifted north to take part in the Battle of Imphal and the Battle of Kohima. Thereafter, the division was almost constantly involved in the advance through central Burma until fighting ended with the Japanese surrender in August 1945. After the end of the war, it was the first unit into Singapore and then fought pro-Independence forces in Eastern Java while protecting the recovery of Allied prisoners of war who had been incarcerated there.

Lord Louis Mountbatten wrote in his memoirs paying tribute to the division whose record was "second to none", saying

When the Division came under my command in South-East Asia towards the end of 1943, it had already had three years' hard fighting in Africa. In 1941 it had played a leading part in the defeat of the Italian Army in the Sudan, Eritrea, and Abyssinia; in the summer of 1942 it had been very heavily engaged with the Germans and Italians in the crucial battle of the Knightsbridge 'Cauldron,' and in the fighting withdrawal across North Africa to the defence of the Alamein line...when I first met the men of this Division, soon after the formation of the South-East Asia Command—indeed it was the first Division that I visited—its reputation was already high...the Division was heavily engaged in the first land battle to be fought since the Command had been set up...and a large share of the credit must go to the Fifth Indian Division for the first decisive victory against the Japanese since they had invaded two years previously...(the) land victory at Kohima and Imphal, in which the Division played an important part, proved to be the turning-point of the Burma Campaign...The Division continued to fight and to advance throughout the rest of the war, except for one period of rest and reorganization...Its record was second to none and I was proud to have such a fine formation under my command.

— Antony Brett-James [4]

East African Campaign

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Main article: East African Campaign (World War II)

The 5th Indian Division, under the command of Major-General Lewis Heath and comprising only two brigades at the time, was sent from India to the Sudan to reinforce the British forces there under Lieutenant-General Sir William Platt which had been attacked by Italian forces in Eritrea, at the time part of the Italian East African Empire. On 10 June 1940, before the arrival of the 5th Division, Platt had only three infantry battalions[5] and the machine-gun companies of the Sudan Defence Force.

The 5th Division started to arrive in the Sudan in early September 1940 and absorbed Platt's three British infantry battalions (the 1st Battalion, Worcestershire Regiment, the 1st Battalion, Essex Regiment and the 2nd Battalion, West Yorkshire Regiment,) and formed a third infantry brigade. After these rearrangements, the division consisted of the 9th, 10th and 29th Indian Infantry Brigades.

For the next three months, the division was involved in a series of aggressive skirmishing operations to keep the Italian forces off balance and confused as to Platt's longer-term intentions. In early 1941, Platt's forces were further augmented by the 4th Indian Infantry Division, rushed from the Western Desert after the breakthrough during Operation Compass, and an attack was launched into Eritrea on 18 January. The climax of the campaign was the Battle of Keren, a fiercely fought series of engagements against superior numbers, which ended with victory for Platt's forces on 1 April.

After Keren, the 4th Indian Division was withdrawn to Cairo and the 5th Indian Division continued the campaign in Eritrea, finally joining up with elements of Lieutenant-General Alan Cunningham's forces, which had advanced north from Kenya to capture Italian Somaliland and the Italian capital of Addis Ababa in Ethiopia, to take the surrender of Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta, the Italian Viceroy, at Amba Alagi.

North Africa and the Middle East

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9 and 10 Brigades of 5 Indian Division were newly stationed around Tobruk when Rommel's offensive against the Gazala Line commenced at the end of May 1942. Fresh to the desert, just recently equipped with obsolete anti tank guns and poor transport, they were ordered to counterattack (Operation Aberdeen) the German breakthrough. The operation was badly mismanaged by the Corps commander; tank and artillery support failed to materialise and casualties were crippling – every one of the West Yorks officers who participated was killed or wounded. The remnants were withdrawn first to Mersa Matruh then to the rudimentary defences at Alamein, where, reformed, they garrisoned the line, formed mobile 'Jock columns' and participated in successful counterattacks in the First Battle of El Alamein in July. After the Battle of Alam Halfa in August, they were withdrawn to garrison duties in Iraq before being shipped to Burma in mid-1943.

Burma campaign

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At the end of 1943, the division began to take part in the Burma Campaign. It was facing the Japanese 55th Division on the coastal flank of the Arakan front. The defeat of the Japanese 55th Division in the Battle of the Admin Box, to which a large share of the credit must go to the 5th Indian Infantry Division, was the first big victory against the Japanese since they had invaded Burma two years previously. From the victory in the Arakan sector, the 5th Indian Infantry Division was air-lifted to the central front. 161 Brigade joined XXXIII Corps, which was beginning to arrive at Dimapur, and fought in the Battle of Kohima; the remainder of the division reinforced IV Corps, whose land victory at Kohima and Imphal, in which the division played an important part, proved to be the turning-point of the Burma Campaign. Except for one period of rest and reorganization, the Indian 5th Division continued to fight and to advance throughout the rest of the war, and took part in the final thrust by IV Corps down to Rangoon.

Service after Burma

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After service in Burma the division was the first unit to be landed in Singapore as part of Operation Tiderace and was later sent to Java as part of the Allied occupation of the Dutch East Indies.[6] It saw heavy fighting during the Battle of Surabaya in November 1945.

Post 1947

After the Sino-Indian War, the division was re-raised as a mountain division and is currently headquartered at Tenga, in Arunachal Pradesh. Units of the erstwhile wartime division were absorbed into Jammu Division during the India-Pakistan War of 1947-1948; the Jammu Division was later renamed as the 26th Infantry Division.

Formation during World War II

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General Officer Commanding:

Headquarters

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Commanders divisional artillery:

9th Indian Infantry Brigade

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Commanders:

10th Indian Infantry Brigade (1940–1942)

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Commanders:

29th Indian Infantry Brigade (1940–1942)

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Commanders:

123rd Indian Infantry Brigade (1942–1946)

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Commanders:

161st Indian Infantry Brigade (1942–1946)

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Commanders:

Support units

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  • Royal Indian Army Service Corps
    • 15th, 17th and 29th M.T. Companies
    • 20th, 60th, 74th and 82nd Animal Transport Companies (Mule)
    • 238th, 239th and 240th GP Transport Companies
    • Composite Issue Units
  • Medical Services
    • I.M.S-R.A.M.C-I.M.D-I.H.C-I.A.M.C
    • 10th, 21st, 45th and 75th Indian Field Ambulances
    • 5th Indian Division Provost Unit
  • Indian Army Ordnance Corps
    • 5th Indian Division Sub Park
  • Indian Electrical and Mechanical Engineers
    • 112th, 113th and 123rd Infantry Workshop Companies
    • 5th Indian Division Recovery Company

Assigned brigades

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All these brigades were assigned or attached to the division at some time during World War II:

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Jeffreys 2005, p. 29.
  2. ^ Das 1996, p. 381.
  3. ^ Brett-James 1951, ch 1.
  4. ^ Brett-James 1951, Foreword.
  5. ^ Mackenzie 1951, pp. 21, 30.
  6. ^ Das 1996, p. 383.
  7. ^ "5 Division units". Order of Battle. Retrieved 22 October 2009.

References

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Further reading

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  • Latimer, Jon (2004). Burma: The Forgotten War. London: John Murray. ISBN 0-7195-6576-6.
  • Mason, Philip (9 June 1982). The Indian Divisions Memorial, 1939–1945, Royal Military Academy Sandhurst. Wellingborough: Skelton's Press. OCLC 476422080.
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