3rd World Congress of the Communist International
| 3rd World Congress of the Communist International | |
|---|---|
| Begins | June 22, 1921 |
| Ends | July 12, 1921 |
| Location(s) | Moscow |
| Country |  Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic |
| Previous event | 2nd Congress |
| Next event | 4th Congress |
The 3rd World Congress of the Communist International (Comintern) was held in Moscow on 22 June–12 July 1921. The third official meeting of the Communist International included delegations from more than 50 different national structures and took place in the back-drop of two major events; the failure of the German revolution and the introduction of New Economic Policy in Soviet Russia.[1]
The main language of the congress was German, with three further working languages: French, English and Russian (of the three, French being predominant).[2]
Over 600 delegates were housed at Hotel Lux.[3]
Agenda
[edit]The agenda was circulated in several languages from March 1921:[4]
- Report of the executive committee.
- The world economic crisis and the new rôle of the Communist International.
- Tactics of the Communist International during the revolution.
- The period of transition (partial actions and the final revolutionary struggle).
- The campaign against the Yellow Trade Union International of Amsterdam.
- The International Council of Red Trade Unions and the Communist International.
- The internal structure of the Communist Parties, their methods of action, and the essence of that action.
- The internal structure of the Communist International—and its relations with the affiliated parties.
- The Eastern question.
- The Italian Socialist Party and the Communist International. (Appeal of the Italian Socialist Party against the decision of the executive committee.)
- The K.A.P.D. and the Communist International. (Appeal of the V.K.P.D. against the decision of the executive committee.)
- The women's movement.
- The Young Communist movement.
- Election of the executive committee, and designation of its place of session.
- Miscellaneous.
Delegates
[edit]There were delegates from the following countries.[5]
Armenia
[edit]The Communist Party of Armenia delegation was led by Sarkis Kasyan.[6][7] Other delegates included Sahak Ter-Gabrielyan and Avis Nurijanyan.[7]
Azerbaijan
[edit]The Communist Party of Azerbaijan delegation included Gazanfar Musabekov, Ibrahim Abilov and Mikheil Kakhiani.[8][9][10]
Austria
[edit]The Communist Party of Austria delegation included Franz Koritschoner,[11] Joseph Frey,[11][12] Jacob Riehs[13] and Karl Steinhardt.[14]
Australia
[edit]
By the time of the third Comintern congress the Australian Socialist Party and the Communist Party of Australia had not settled differences between the two parties.[15] Both groups sent delegations to the congress, with Paul Freeman being sent by the ASP to represent the party.[15] The CPA leader William Earsman travelled together with Jack Howie (Australian delegate to the RILU congress), reaching Great Britain and from there went to Moscow where they arrived on 13 June 1921.[16] Upon arrival in Moscow the CPA delegates realised that they had beaten the ASP leader Paul Freeman in the quest to arrive first to the congress, but that another ASP member Alf Rees had already reached the city to attend the RILU congress.[16][17] Rees had already acquired the Comintern congress credentials for the ASP delegation.[16] Freeman arrived later whilst a third ASP delegate, Jim Quinton, was warrested in England whilst en route to Moscow.[16][18]
Freeman died in the Aerowagon experimental monorail crash on 24 July 1921, along with his close friend Commissar Artem. Both was buried at the Kremlin Wall Necropolis.[19]
Argentina
[edit]Rodolfo José Ghioldi represented the Communist Party of Argentina at the congress.[20] Ghiodi travelled to Russia on 29 May 1921, and attended the congress with a consultative vote.[21] He carried a greeting from the Uruguayan communists to the congress.[21] Zalman Yaselman, a former member of the Russian Communist Group in Argentina and a founder of the International Socialist Party (the earlier incarnation of the Communist Party), accommpanied Ghiodi in his travels to Moscow and attended the congress but without obtaining an official credential.[22]
Mikhail Yaroshevsky arrived in Moscow on 1 June 1921, as a correspondent of Argentinian trade union and Communist Party newspapers, and assisted the congress.[22]
Belgium
[edit]Two delegations from Belgium attended the congress - the 'Left-Wing of the Belgian Labour Party' (a name assigned to the faction from Comintern side) and the 'Communist Party of Belgium'.[23] The former group, led by Joseph Jacquemotte, was the faction around the publication L'Exploité who had broken away from the Belgian Labour Party and reconstituted themselves under the name 'Communist Party of Belgium' in May 1921. The latter group, led by War Van Overstraeten, emerged in August 1920 as members of the Belgian Socialist Youth broke with the Belgian Labour Party and formed a communist organization with the newspaper L'Ouvrier communiste as their organ.[24][25] Both groups had been invited by the Comintern to send two delegates each to the third Comintern congress, to ensure negotiations during the congress proceedings on a merger of the Belgian communists into a single Communist Party.[24]
Jules Poulet accompanied Jaquemotte at the congress as the second member of the 'Left-Wing of the Belgian Labour Party' delegation.[26] Félix Coenen was the second member of the 'Communist Party of Belgium' delegation.[27]
Posterior to the talks in Moscow at the Comintern congress, the two factions merged into the Communist Party of Belgium at a congress 3-4 September 1921.[28]
Britain
[edit]The delegation of the Communist Party of Great Britain was led by Tom Bell (politician).[29] Other CPGB delegates included Norah Smyth,[30] Tom Mann,[13] F. L. Kerran,[6] Thomas Quelch,[31] Joseph J. Vaughan,[32] J. T. Murphy,[33] Harry Pollitt,[34] Ellen Wilkinson[33] and William J. Hewlett.[35] During the congress Bell was pressured by the Comintern on the track record of performance of the CPGB.[29]
The Socialist Labour Party sent James Clunie to attend the congress.[36][37] Whilst the 1921 SLP party conference had voted against a merger with CPGB (17 votes against, 5 votes in favour) the party continued to identify itself with the Comintern. The party conference overwhelmingly voted in favour (21 votes to 1) to seek membership in Comintern and named Clunie as its delegate to the third Comintern congress. The Comintern credentials committee did not award delegate credentials to Clunie (as the SLP had refused to merge with CPGB) but awarded him guest status at the congress.[36] Rose Witcop of the Anti-Parliamentary Communist Federation travelled Moscow to (unsuccessfully) negotiate for 'associate membership' in Comintern for her faction at the congress.[38][39]
Czechoslovakia
[edit]In May 1921 the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia had been founded, in which the Czech Marxist Left and the Marxist Left in Slovakia and the Transcarpathian Ukraine (which had amalgamated the Slovak left socialists and the International Socialist Party of Subcarpathian Rus'). But the merger of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia and the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (German Division) had not yet taken place. At the Third Congress, there were 27 party delegates and 2 youth delegates from Czechoslovakia.[40]
The Czechoslovak delegation arrived in Moscow via Riga on 4 June 1921.[40] The delegation had been stuck in Berlin for a week.[41]
The largest contingent came from the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, with 20 delegates.[40] The erstwhile leader of the Czech Marxist Left and founder of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, Bohumír Šmeral, attended the congress but was not listed as a delegate of any specific party.[42][40] The delegation included Edmund Burian,[43][40] Heřman Tausik,[44] Matej Kršiak[45][40] (Ružomberok),[46] Miloš Vaněk,[40] Jaroslav Handlíř[40] (Prague),[41][46] Josef Skalàk,[13] Otto Rydlo[47] (Třebíč),[41][46] Jan Doležal (Brno),[46] Václav Douša (Prague),[41][46] Oldřich Formánek (Mladá Boleslav),[41][46] Metoděj Galla (Brno),[41][46] Rudolf Hájek (Prague),[41][46] Jan Jaroš (Radvanice),[41][46] Marie Knytlová (Brno),[41][46] Anna Křenová (Prague),[41][46] Zavadil (Prague),[41] Tomáš Koutný (Hodonín),[41][46] František Koza (Hradec Králové),[41][46] František Kučera (Kladno),[41][46] František Melichar (Pardubice)[41][46] and František Sailer (Louny)[41][46] There were additionally a number of Magyar delegates from Slovakia in the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia delegation.[41] Another four Communist Party of Czechoslovakia cadres had been named as delegates to the congress, but they had been denied passports and were thus unable to travel.[48]
Burian was named as head of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia delegation, Kršiak was named deputy delegation leader, Handlíř as delegation secretary and Vaněk the delegation rapporteur.[40] The delegation brought a memorandum to the congress, requesting affiliation to the Comintern.[40]
The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (German Division) had 5 delegates at the congress.[40] The party leader Karl Kreibich was one of the German delegates.[49] The Polish communist group in Czechoslovakia had a single delegate, Karol Śliwka.[40] Rudolf Kohn was a delegate of the revolutionary Poalei Zion faction.[46]
During the congress proceedings, Lenin highlighted support for Šmeral's tactical line for the communists in Czechoslovakia. Per Trason (1955) this positioning could be explained as linked to the adoption of the NEP which included ideas of emphasizing closer connections to broader popular masses akin to those of Šmeral.[50]
The congress deliberated on the membership application of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia. The Czechoslovak communists were admitted to the Comintern on the condition that the Czechoslovak and German communists merge into a single party.[50]
Bukhara
[edit]The Communist Party of Bukhara sent a 7-member delegation to the congress.[51] The Bukharan delegation protested against the measure to only allowing consultative status, arguing that Bukhara was a 'prominent, significant stronghold of the proletarian revolution in the East'.[52]
Bulgaria
[edit]The Bulgarian Communist Party sent a 19-member delegation to the congress.[51] Vasil Kolarov and Georgi Dimitrov led the Bulgarian delegation.[53] Kolarov presided over the congress.[54] Head of BKP delegation[55] (Sofia)[56]
The other Bulgarian party delegates were Dmitr Popov (Barna),[31][56] Ivan Konstantinov,[35] Krum Kjuljawkow,[57][58] Nayden Kirov (lawyer from Ruse),[55][53] Salcho Vasilev,[53] Vladimir Blagoev,[53] Ivan Abadjiev,[53] Ana Maimunkova (Haskovo),[56][53] Todor Lukanov (Pleven),[56][53] Pencho Dvoryanov (Dereli),[56][53] Todor Atanasov (metal worker from Sofia),[56] Vasil Tabachkin (Pleven),[56] Lulcho Chervenkov (Zlatitsa),[56] Gencho Petrov (Barna),[56] Ivan K. (miner from Gorna Oryahovitsa),[56] Koemdzhiev (textile worker, Sliven)[56] and Ivan Minkov.[56]
At the time of the 2nd World Congress of the Comintern in 1920 one of two boats used by the Bulgarian Communist Party to cross the Black Sea was captured by Romanian forces and Vasil Kolarov, Georgi Dimitrov and Kosta Yankov had been jailed. This time, the Bulgarian Communist Party prepared differently to transport their delegation to Soviet Russia. Those delegates who could get passports travelled via Vienna, whilst others travelled by boat over the Black Sea.[56]
Canada
[edit]In the lead-up to first congress of RILU, the U.S. communist organizer Ella Reeve Bloor travelled to Winnipeg where she sought to convince the One Big Union leader Robert B. Russell to attend the event. Russell did not agree, and Bloor then travelled to Toronto where she met with another OBU organizer, Joseph R. Knight. Knight would travel to Moscow along with the U.S. delegation and attended both the Comintern congress and the RILU congress. The used the pseudonym 'Morgan' whilst in Soviet Russia.[59] Knight was a member of the Socialist Party of Canada, and was listed as a Socialist Party delegate in the Comintern congress documentation.[60]
China
[edit]Zhang Tailei represented the Communist Party of China at the congress.[61] His participation was effectively managed by the Far Eastern Secretariat of the Comintern in Irkutsk, a process that the Communist Party organization in China was unaware of. Zhang had no contact with the Communist Party in China. Afterward the Communist Party of China ratified the nomination of Zhang.[62] Zhang would address the congress plenary.[61]
Cuba
[edit]M. Díaz Ramírez had received a credential from José Rubio to represent the Communist Section of Cuba in the Mexican Region at the Third Congress.[22] page number?
Japan
[edit]Kondo Eizo was unable to attend the Congress. Two Japanese delegates were present, Taguchi Unzo and Yoshiwara Gentaro, participating in individual capacity with consultative vote. Both were living in the United States. Taguchi was nominated by Katayama Sen as the representative of the Japanese socialist group in the United States. Yoshiwara was also a participant in the Japanese socialist group, as well as a member of the Industrial Workers of the World and a participant at the Congress of the Peoples of the East held at Baku in September 1920.[63][64][65]
Socialist Labor Party of America
[edit]Although the Socialist Labor Party had rejected the 21 conditions, it sent two observers to the Third Congress.[66] The delegation faced some difficulties, as another SLP member and delegate to the Profintern congress Adolf S. Carm, was arrested in Moscow accused of 'having given assistance to the state in repression of IWW'. The two SLP delegates to the Third Congress were also questions. Carm was released after a second arrest following a notification to Lenin and after the two SLP Third Congress delegates had vouched for him.[67][68]
Planned art festival
[edit]Lunacharsky had planned a mass cultural festival to coincide with the congress. It was to display the history of mankind, from the Stone Age, to antiquity (ancient Egypt), feudalism, capitalism, the victory of the Communist International and building the future. It was conceptualized as a mass worker peasant opera with orchestra, chorus, dancers performed in large amphitheater. The festival was cancelled due to economic constraints.[69]
References
[edit]- ^ Vania Bambirra; Theotonio dos Santos (1980). La estrategia y la táctica socialistas de Marx y Engels a Lenin. Ediciones Era. p. 186. ISBN 978-968-411-051-9.
- ^ To the Masses: Proceedings of the Third Congress of the Communist International, 1921. BRILL. 13 February 2015. p. 47. ISBN 978-90-04-28803-4.
- ^ Stephen Kotkin (6 November 2014). Stalin: Paradoxes of Power, 1878-1928. Penguin Publishing Group. p. 442. ISBN 978-0-698-17010-0.
- ^ "Third Congress of the Communist International". The Communist Review. 1 (1). Communist Party of Great Britain. May 1921.
- ^ Riddell, John, ed. (2015). To the Masses: Proceedings of the Third Congress of the Communist International, 1921. London: BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-28803-4.
- ^ a b To the Masses: Proceedings of the Third Congress of the Communist International, 1921. BRILL. 13 February 2015. p. 1223. ISBN 978-90-04-28803-4.
- ^ a b Sahak Ter-Gabrielyan (1979). Hodvatsner, chaṛer, pʻastatʻghtʻer. Hayastan Hratarakchʻutʻyun. p. 236.
- ^ I. S. Samedov; R. G. Askerov (1970). I︠U︡nostʹ nasha komsomolʹskai︠a︡ ...: Sbornik vospominaniĭ. Gi︠a︡ndzhlik. p. 16.
- ^ Интернациональная помощь 11 Армии в борьбе за победу Советской власти в Азербайджане: документы и материалы 1920-1921 гг. Azerbaĭdzhanskoe gos. izd-vo. 1989. p. 190. ISBN 978-5555200129.
- ^ Aleksandr Mikhaĭlovich Prokhorov (1982). Great Soviet encyclopedia. Macmillan. p. 246.
- ^ a b To the Masses: Proceedings of the Third Congress of the Communist International, 1921. Brill. 13 February 2015. p. 399. ISBN 978-90-04-28803-4.
- ^ Milorad M. Drachkovitch (1986). Biographical Dictionary of the Comintern. Hoover Press. p. 124. ISBN 9780817984038.ISBN?
- ^ a b c Marxist Internet Archive. Comintern Glossary
- ^ To the Masses: Proceedings of the Third Congress of the Communist International, 1921. BRILL. 13 February 2015. p. 1243. ISBN 978-90-04-28803-4.
- ^ a b Wilton John Brown (1986). The Communist Movement and Australia: An Historical Outline, 1890s to 1980s. Australian Labor Movement History Publications. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-9589006-1-4.
- ^ a b c d Alastair Davidson (1969). The Communist Party of Australia: A Short History. Hoover Institution Press. p. 22-23. ISBN 9780817932619.
- ^ To the Masses: Proceedings of the Third Congress of the Communist International, 1921. BRILL. 13 February 2015. p. 735. ISBN 978-90-04-28803-4.
- ^ David W. Lovell; Kevin Windle (1 August 2008). Our Unswerving Loyalty: A Documentary Survey of Relations Between the Communist Party of Australia and Moscow, 1920-1940. ANU E Press. pp. xviii, 60. ISBN 978-1-921313-96-7.
- ^ Australian Dictionary of Biography. Freeman, Paul (1884–1921)
- ^ Ronaldo Munck; Ricardo Falcón; Bernardo Galitelli (February 1987). Argentina: from anarchism to Peronism : workers, unions and politics, 1855-1985. Zed Books. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-86232-570-1.
- ^ a b Lazar Jeifets; Víctor Jeifets; Peter Huber (2004). La Internacional comunista y América Latina, 1919-1943: diccionario biográfico. Instituto de Latinoamérica de la Academia de las Ciencias. p. 127. ISBN 9783033003637.
- ^ a b c Lazar Jeifets; Víctor Jeifets; Peter Huber (2004). La Internacional comunista y América Latina, 1919-1943: diccionario biográfico. Instituto de Latinoamérica de la Academia de las Ciencias. ISBN 9783033003637.
- ^ Rapport présenté par les délégués de l’aile gauche du P.O.B. à l’Exécutif de l’I.C. − 1921
- ^ a b Witold S. Sworakowski (1973). World Communism; a Handbook, 1918-1965. Hoover Institution Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-8179-1081-5.
- ^ Anne Morelli; José Gotovitch (2007). Contester dans un pays prospère: l'extrême gauche en Belgique et au Canada. Peter Lang. p. 54. ISBN 978-90-5201-309-1.
- ^ José Gotovitch; Mikhail Matveevich Narinskiĭ; Aldo Agosti (2001). Komintern: l'histoire et les hommes. Editions de l'Atelier. p. 463. ISBN 978-2-7082-3506-9.
- ^ Maitron. COENEN Félix
- ^ Donald F. Busky (2002). Communism in History and Theory: the European experience. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-275-97734-4.
- ^ a b Andrew Thorpe (2000). The British Communist Party and Moscow, 1920-43. Manchester University Press. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-7190-5312-2.
- ^ To the Masses: Proceedings of the Third Congress of the Communist International, 1921. BRILL. 13 February 2015. p. 328. ISBN 978-90-04-28803-4.
- ^ a b To the Masses: Proceedings of the Third Congress of the Communist International, 1921. BRILL. 13 February 2015. p. 1235. ISBN 978-90-04-28803-4.
- ^ To the Masses: Proceedings of the Third Congress of the Communist International, 1921. BRILL. 13 February 2015. p. 1247. ISBN 978-90-04-28803-4.
- ^ a b Laura Beers (10 October 2016). Red Ellen. Harvard University Press. p. 206. ISBN 978-0-674-97152-3.
- ^ Beiträge zur Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung. Dietz Verlag. 1972. p. 822.
- ^ a b Алексей Сергеевич Абрамов (1983). У кремлевской стены. Политиздат. p. 136-137.
- ^ a b Leslie John Macfarlane (1966). The British Communist Party: Its Origin and Development Until 1929. MacGibbon & Kee. p. 68.
- ^ The Word. Strickland Press. 1955. p. 4.
- ^ Shipway, Mark (2016). Anti-Parliamentary Communism: The Movement for Workers' Councils in Britain, 1917–45. Springer. ISBN 978-1-349-19222-9.
- ^ Jones, rob. "Anti-Parliamentarism and Communism in Britain, 1917-1921 – R. F. Jones | The Free Communist". The Free Communist. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Dějiny a současnost. Orbis. 1966. p. 1.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Říjen 1917: vzpomínky na jeho ohlas u nás. Státni naklad. polit. lit-ry. 1957. p. 302.
- ^ Archiv Orientální. Orientální ústav. 1981. p. 326.
- ^ To the Masses: Proceedings of the Third Congress of the Communist International, 1921. BRILL. 13 February 2015. p. 1207. ISBN 978-90-04-28803-4.
- ^ To the Masses: Proceedings of the Third Congress of the Communist International, 1921. BRILL. 13 February 2015. p. 1244. ISBN 978-90-04-28803-4.
- ^ Slovanský přehled. Knihtiskárna F. Šimáček. 1986. p. 444.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Za revoluční stranu: Dokumenty ke vzniku KSČ. 1919-1921. [Sborník. Svoboda, t. Rudé právo. 1971. p. 316.
- ^ Časopis Matice moravské. Matice moravská. 1989. p. 7.
- ^ Za revoluční stranu: Dokumenty ke vzniku KSČ. 1919-1921. [Sborník.]. Svoboda, t. Rudé právo. 1971. p. 316.
- ^ Protokoll des III. Kongresses der Kommunistischen Internationale (Moskau, 22. Juni bis 12. Juli 1921). Feltrinelli Reprint. 1967. p. 411.
- ^ a b Zdenek Trason (1955). The Origins of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia. University of California, Berkeley. p. 95.
- ^ a b To the Masses: Proceedings of the Third Congress of the Communist International, 1921. BRILL. 27 January 2015. pp. 897, 1209. ISBN 978-90-04-28803-4.
- ^ Революционная демократия и коммунисты Востока. Глав. ред. восточной лит-ры, 1984. p. 235
- ^ a b c d e f g h Boi︠a︡n Grigorov (1970). Vladimir Ilich Lenin i Bŭlgarskata komunisticheska partii͡a: Sbornik materiali . (Red. Boi͡an Grigorov). BKP. p. 379.
- ^ Wojciech Roszkowski; Jan Kofman (8 July 2016). Biographical Dictionary of Central and Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century. Taylor & Francis. p. 1994. ISBN 978-1-317-47593-4.
- ^ a b Известия на държавните архиви. Наука и изкуство. 1989. p. 171.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Darina Gerova (1977). Ana Maĭ. Partizdat. p. 120.
- ^ I︠A︡kov Semenovich Bludov; Aleksandr Mikhaĭlovich Stepanchenko (1968). Prostota i skromnostʹ. Politizdat. p. 36.
- ^ Ilia Dorontchenkov; N. A. Gurʹi︠a︡nova (10 June 2009). Russian and Soviet Views of Modern Western Art, 1890s to Mid-1930s. Univ of California Press. p. 317. ISBN 978-0-520-25372-8.
- ^ Socialist History Project. Joe Knight Speech to the Comintern, 1921
- ^ To the Masses: Proceedings of the Third Congress of the Communist International, 1921. BRILL. 27 January 2015. pp. 897, 1223. ISBN 978-90-04-28803-4.
- ^ a b Milorad M. Drachkovitch (1986). Biographical Dictionary of the Comintern. Hoover Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-8179-8403-8.
- ^ Yoshihiro Ishikawa (2013). The Formation of the Chinese Communist Party. Columbia University Press. p. xiii. ISBN 978-0-231-15808-4.
- ^ Beckmann, George M.; Genji, Okubo (1969). The Japanese Communist Party. Stanford University Press. p. 35. ISBN 9780804706742.
- ^ Reiner Tosstorff (8 September 2016). The Red International of Labour Unions (RILU) 1920 - 1937. BRILL. p. 174. ISBN 978-90-04-32557-9.
- ^ Marxists Internet Archive. Karl Radek: Report from Credentials Commission (June 25, 1921)
- ^ Socialist Labor Party (1943). Workers of the World, Unite!: Declaration on the Dissolution of the Communist International, Adopted May 27, 1943. New York Labor News Company. p. 16.
- ^ Игорь Бунич (2003). Золото партии. Яуза. p. 213. ISBN 9785815301658.
- ^ Reiner Tosstorff (8 September 2016). The Red International of Labour Unions (RILU) 1920 - 1937. BRILL. p. 330. ISBN 978-90-04-32557-9.
- ^ David Roberts (15 November 2011). The Total Work of Art in European Modernism. Cornell University Press. p. 213. ISBN 978-0-8014-6097-5.