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2022–2023 mpox outbreak in Europe

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This article is about the outbreak on the continent. For an overview of the outbreak for the entire world, see 2022–2023 mpox outbreak.

2022–2023 mpox outbreak in Europe
DiseaseMpox
Virus strainMonkeypox virus (West African clade)
Index caseLondon, England
Arrival date6 May 2022 (2 years, 6 months, 1 week and 5 days ago)
Confirmed cases22,640
Suspected cases‡82
Deaths
1
Territories
35
‡Suspected cases have not been confirmed by laboratory tests as being due to this strain, although some other strains may have been ruled out.

The 2022–2023 mpox outbreak in Europe is a part of the outbreak of human mpox caused by the West African clade of the monkeypox virus. The outbreak reached Europe on 6 May 2022 when the United Kingdom reported their first case of mpox. As of 13 July 2022, 35 European countries and territories have confirmed cases.

Background

[edit]
These paragraphs are an excerpt from Mpox.[edit]

Mpox (/ˈɛmpɒks/, EM-poks; formerly known as monkeypox)[1] is an infectious viral disease that can occur in humans and other animals. Symptoms include a rash that forms blisters and then crusts over, fever, and swollen lymph nodes. The illness is usually mild, and most infected individuals recover within a few weeks without treatment. The time from exposure to the onset of symptoms ranges from three to seventeen days, and symptoms typically last from two to four weeks. However, cases may be severe, especially in children, pregnant women, or people with suppressed immune systems.[2][3][4]

The disease is caused by the monkeypox virus, a zoonotic virus in the genus Orthopoxvirus. The variola virus, which causes smallpox, is also in this genus.[5] Human-to-human transmission can occur through direct contact with infected skin or body fluids, including sexual contact.[5] People remain infectious from the onset of symptoms until all the lesions have scabbed and healed.[2] The virus may spread from infected animals through handling infected meat or via bites or scratches.[2] Diagnosis can be confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing a lesion for the virus's DNA.[5]

Vaccination is recommended for those at high risk of infection.[5] No vaccine has been developed specifically against mpox, but smallpox vaccines have been found to be effective.[6] There is no specific treatment for the disease, so the aim of treatment is to manage the symptoms and prevent complications.[5][7] Antiviral drugs such as tecovirimat can be used to treat mpox,[5] although their effectiveness has not been proved.[8]

Transmission

[edit]
Stages of lesion development.

A large portion of those infected were believed to have not recently traveled to areas of Africa where mpox is normally found, such as Nigeria, the Democratic Republic of the Congo as well as central and western Africa. It is believed to be transmitted by close contact with sick people, with extra caution for those individuals with lesions on their skin or genitals, along with their bedding and clothing. The CDC has also stated that individuals should avoid contact and consumption of dead animals such as rats, squirrels, monkeys and apes along with wild game or lotions derived from animals in Africa.[9]

In addition to more common symptoms, such as fever, headache, swollen lymph nodes, and rashes or lesions, some patients have also experienced proctitis, an inflammation of the rectum lining. CDC has also warned clinicians to not rule out mpox in patients with sexually transmitted infections since there have been reports of co-infections with syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and herpes.[10]

Timeline

[edit]

Arrival

[edit]
Main articles: 2022–2023 mpox outbreak in Germany, 2022–2023 mpox outbreak in the United Kingdom, and 2022–2023 mpox outbreak in the Netherlands

An index case was imported into the United Kingdom in late April 2022, by a man who had travelled to Nigeria, where the disease is endemic. He had already showed symptoms since 29 April, and was admitted to hospital in London on 6 May. On 12 May, the man was confirmed to have contracted mpox. The following day, another mpox case was confirmed, and the United Kingdom reported these cases to the World Health Organization (WHO).[11]

Cases transited through Europe

[edit]

May

[edit]
18 May
[edit]
Main articles: 2022–2023 mpox outbreak in Spain and 2022–2023 mpox outbreak in Portugal

On 18 May, Spain and Portugal both confirmed their first cases of mpox following the confirmation of mpox in the United Kingdom starting an outbreak in the countries.[12] It is unknown how it was contracted, but most likely via travel or skin-to-skin contact abroad.

19 May
[edit]

On 19 May, Belgium confirmed its first cases of mpox in two Belgian men, it was later confirmed by Reuters that the men had gone to the same party.[13]

Later, Italy confirmed its first case of mpox in an Italian man in Rome, the man was isolated at the Spallanzani Hospital. The disease was likely contracted from a stay in the Canary Islands.[14] There were 2 suspected cases, which later became confirmed cases.

Sweden then confirmed its first case of mpox in Stockholm, the Swedish Health Agency confirmed it later. The person was not reported to be a woman or a man, but it was most likely a man.[15] It is unknown how it was contracted, but likely via travel or skin-to-skin contact abroad.

20 May
[edit]
Main articles: 2022–2023 mpox outbreak in France, 2022–2023 mpox outbreak in Germany, and 2022–2023 mpox outbreak in the Netherlands

On 20 May, France reported their first case of mpox. The patient had no travel history, meaning he didn't contract the disease abroad.[16]

On the same day, Germany and the Netherlands reported their first cases of mpox.[17][18] It was unknown how it was contracted in both stories, but likely via travel or skin-to-skin contact abroad.

21 May
[edit]

On 21 May, Switzerland confirmed its first case of mpox. It was in a person of undisclosed gender, contracted through "close physical contact" abroad, according to Reuters.[19]

22 May
[edit]

On 22 May, Austria confirmed its first case of mpox.[20] It is unknown how it was contracted or who contracted it, but likely via travel or skin-to-skin contact abroad.

23 May
[edit]

On 23 May, Denmark detected its first mpox infection. It was in an adult male, likely contracted from a trip to Spain, according to Reuters.[21] No cases of mpox were detected in Greenland, a Danish constituent country in North America.

24 May
[edit]

On 24 May, the Czech Republic registered its first case of mpox in a woman, likely picked up from a festival in Belgium, according to Reuters.[22]

On the same day, Slovenia also registered its first case of mpox. It was in a traveller of undisclosed gender who likely contracted mpox from a trip to the Canary Islands, according to Reuters.[23]

27 May
[edit]

On 27 May, Ireland confirmed its first case of mpox in the east of the country.[24] The Health Protection Surveillance Centre (HPSC) commenced publication of a weekly report on the epidemiology of human mpox in Ireland on 9 June.

On the same day, Finland also confirmed its first case of mpox. It was in a man who likely had contracted the disease from a trip to another European country, according to Reuters.[25][26]

28 May
[edit]

On 28 May, Malta registered its first case of mpox. It was in an adult male, who most likely picked up the disease abroad from one of the countries affected by the outbreak, according to the Malta Times.[27]

31 May
[edit]

On 31 May, Hungary confirmed its first case of mpox, in an adult male. It is still being investigated whether or not he recently travelled, though it is unknown how the man contracted the disease.[28]

On the same day, Norway confirmed its first case of mpox. It was in a person of undisclosed gender who most likely contracted the disease from travelling abroad. The case was linked to the ongoing outbreak in Europe, meaning that the patient may have travelled to a European country that was affected by the outbreak.[29]

June

[edit]
1 June
[edit]

On 1 June, Gibraltar, a British Overseas Territory, registered its first case of mpox in a Spanish resident of undisclosed gender working in Gibraltar. The patient likely contracted the disease from close contact with another Spanish national also working in Gibraltar.[30]

3 June
[edit]

On 3 June, Latvia confirmed its first mpox infection. It was in an elderly person of undisclosed gender who most likely contracted the disease abroad.[31]

8 June
[edit]

On 8 June, Greece confirmed the country's first mpox case. It was in a person of undisclosed gender who likely contracted the disease from a trip to Portugal.[32]

9 June
[edit]

On 9 June, Iceland confirmed its first mpox case. It was in two men who most likely contracted the disease from a trip to Europe.[33]

10 June
[edit]

On 10 June, Poland confirmed its first mpox case. It is unknown who the patient is or how it was contracted, but it is possible it was picked up via travel or skin-to-skin contact.[34]

13 June
[edit]

On 13 June, Romania confirmed its first monkempoxypox infection. It was in an adult male who most likely contracted the disease from his partner who travelled in several different European countries that have been affected by mpox at the time.[35]

15 June
[edit]

On 15 June, Luxembourg confirmed its first mpox case. It is unknown how it was contracted, though it is being investigated. The disease was likely picked up via travelling abroad or skin-to-skin contact.[36]

On the same day, Georgia also confirmed its first case of mpox. It was in a patient of undisclosed gender who likely contracted the disease from a trip to Europe.[37]

17 June
[edit]

On 17 June, Serbia confirmed its first case of mpox. It was in a patient of undisclosed gender. It was revealed that it was an "imported case", meaning that the patient may have contracted the disease abroad.[38]

23 June
[edit]

On 23 June, Bulgaria confirmed its first mpox case. It was in two men who most likely contracted the disease from a trip to Spain and the United Kingdom but don't reckon any contact with infected persons.[39]

On the same day, Croatia also received its first case of mpox. It was in an adult man who most likely contracted the disease from a stay in Italy and Spain.[40]

28 June
[edit]

On 28 June, Estonia confirmed its first case of mpox. It was in a middle-aged man who most likely contracted the disease abroad. He had no close contacts with anyone in Estonia.[41]

July

[edit]
2 July
[edit]

On 2 July, Andorra registered its first mpox case in a woman of unknown age. It is unknown how it was contracted, but it may likely have been picked up either abroad via travel or via skin-to-skin contact.[42]

7 July
[edit]

On July 7, Slovakia received its first case of mpox. It was in a person of undisclosed gender in the 20-59 age group who most likely contracted the disease abroad.[43]

12 July
[edit]

On 12 July, Russia confirmed its first case of mpox. It was in a man probably in his 20-25 age group who likely contracted the disease from a trip to Europe where the outbreak had started. The man then tested positive for the virus and was isolated in a hospital, most likely in Saint Petersburg.[44]

13 July
[edit]

On 13 July, Bosnia and Herzegovina registered its first mpox case. It is unknown how it was contracted, although the disease was likely picked up abroad via travel or skin-to-skin contact.[45]

22 July
[edit]

On 22 July, Monaco confirmed its first case of mpox, in a man who most likely had travelled to France where the disease was spreading. The Princess Grace Hospital Centre later reported that the first case of the disease had been confirmed in the residential area of La Colle.[citation needed]

September

[edit]
15 September
[edit]

On 15 September, Ukraine's Ministry of Health reported the country's first case of mpox. The Ministry noted that the patient, who did not travel abroad, was experiencing "mild symptoms" and undergoing hospital treatment.[46][47] The region where the case was reported was not disclosed.[46]

Responses

[edit]

World Health Organization (WHO)

[edit]

On 20 May, the WHO convened an emergency meeting of independent advisers to discuss the outbreak and assess the threat level.[48] Its European chief, Hans Kluge, expressed concern that infections could accelerate in Europe as people gather for parties and festivals over the summer.[49] On 14 June, the WHO announced plans to rename the disease from monkeypox to mpox in order to combat stigma and racism surrounding the disease.[50] Another meeting convened on 23 June determined that the outbreak does not constitute a Public Health Emergency of International Concern for the time being.[51]

Countries

[edit]

The majority of European countries responded to the outbreak, and the responses of some are listed below.

  •  Belgium: The Risk Assessment Group (RAG) and health authorities declared that those infected with mpox must self-isolate for 21 days.[52]
  •  Germany: Fabian Leendertz of the Robert Koch Institute described the outbreak as an epidemic that will not last long: "The cases can be well isolated via contact tracing and there are also drugs and effective vaccines that can be used if necessary."[49]
  •  Ireland: The Health Service Executive (HSE) has set up a multidisciplinary incident management team to prepare for the possible arrival of mpox, and infectious diseases experts are on alert for patients with symptoms of the virus.[53]
  •  Kosovo: On 23 May, the Ministry of Health and the National Public Health Institute, have drafted a document of recommendations and measures to help prevent the spread of the disease. In a press statement, healthcare authorities have declared that the situation is being closely monitored.[54]
  •  Luxembourg: On 21 May, the Ministry of Health said that they are monitoring the situation with its Europe.[55] he National Infectious Diseases Department of the HLC and refrain from close contact activities until the infection has resolved.[56]
  •  United Kingdom: On 22 May, Education Secretary Nadhim Zahawi said "we're taking it very, very seriously" and that the UK government had already started purchasing smallpox vaccines.[57] The Terrence Higgins Trust and British Association for Sexual Health and HIV (BASHH) expressed concern about the impact on sexual health services in the United Kingdom.[58][59]

Dependent territories

[edit]
  •  Gibraltar: On 31 May, a Strategic Coordination Group met to discuss Gibraltar's state of preparedness in the eventuality that a case of mpox was confirmed in the territory amid the rapid rise of cases in the United Kingdom and Spain.[60]

Cases per country and territory

[edit]

This is a table of confirmed and suspected mpox cases in European countries during the ongoing 2022–2023 mpox outbreak. It does not include countries where suspected cases were reported but later discarded. (As of 13 July 2022)

Cases of mpox by countries of Europe (last updated on as of 8 July 2022)
Country Confirmed Suspected Total Last update First confirmed case Last confirmed case
 Andorra 1 — 1 8 July 2022[42] 2 July 2022[42]
 Austria 83 — 83 14 July 2022[61] 22 May 2022[62]
 Belgium 225 1 226 14 July 2022 19 May 2022[13]
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 1 — 1 13 July 2022[45][63] 13 July 2022[45]
 Bulgaria 3 — 3 5 July 2022[64][63] 23 June 2022[39]
 Croatia 3 — 3 12 July 2022[40][63] 23 June 2022[40]
 Czech Republic 12 — 12 13 July 2022[65][63] 24 May 2022[22]
 Denmark 32 — 32 13 July 2022[63] 23 May 2022[21]
 Estonia 2 — 2 5 July 2022[63] 28 June 2022[41]
 Finland 13 — 13 11 July 2022[66][63][67] 27 May 2022[25][26]
 France 912 — 912 12 July 2022[68] 20 May 2022[69]
 Georgia 2 — 2 28 June 2022[70] 15 June 2022[37]
Germany 1,859 — 1,859 15 July 2022[71] 20 May 2022[17]
 Gibraltar[a] 5 — 5 14 July 2022[30][63][72] 1 June 2022[30]
 Greece 12 — 12 13 July 2022[73] 8 June 2022[32][74]
 Hungary 28 — 28 13 July 2022[75] 31 May 2022[28]
 Iceland 6 — 6 7 July 2022[76] 9 June 2022[33]
 Ireland 85 — 85 27 July 2022[77] 27 May 2022[78]
 Italy 339 — 339 15 July 2022[79] 19 May 2022[80]
 Latvia 2 — 2 5 July 2022[63] 3 June 2022[31]
 Luxembourg 7 — 7 5 July 2022[63] 15 June 2022[36]
 Malta 9 — 9 13 July 2022[63] 28 May 2022[27]
Netherlands 549 — 549 14 July 2022[81] 20 May 2022[18]
 Norway 35 — 35 14 July 2022[82] 31 May 2022[29]
 Poland 22 — 22 13 July 2022[83] 10 June 2022[34]
Portugal 515 — 515 14 July 2022[84] 18 May 2022[85]
 Romania 16 — 16 14 July 2022[86] 13 June 2022[35]
 Russia 1 — 1 12 July 2022[49] 12 July 2022[44]
 Serbia 5 — 5 14 July 2022[38][63][87] 17 June 2022[38]
 Slovakia 1 — 1 7 July 2022[43] 7 July 2022[43]
 Slovenia 19 — 19 13 July 2022[88] 24 May 2022[23]
Spain 4,371 62 4,433 12 July 2022[89] 18 May 2022[90]
 Sweden 58 — 58 13 July 2022[91] 19 May 2022[92][93]
  Switzerland 181 — 181 13 July 2022[94] 21 May 2022[19]
 Ukraine 3 — 3 22 September 2022[95] 15 September 2022[46]
United Kingdom 2,469 — 2,469 14 July 2022[96] 6 May 2022[97]
 Total 10,005 82 10,087 —

Timeline of first confirmed cases by country or territory

[edit]
First confirmed mpox cases by country or territory
Date Countries / Territories
6 May 2022 United Kingdom
18 May 2022 Spain • Portugal
19 May 2022  Belgium •  Italy •  Sweden
20 May 2022  France • Germany • Netherlands
21 May 2022   Switzerland
22 May 2022  Austria
23 May 2022  Denmark
24 May 2022  Czech Republic •  Slovenia
27 May 2022  Finland •  Ireland
28 May 2022  Malta
31 May 2022  Hungary •  Norway
1 June 2022  Gibraltar[a]
3 June 2022  Latvia
8 June 2022  Greece
9 June 2022  Iceland
10 June 2022  Poland
13 June 2022  Romania
15 June 2022  Luxembourg •  Georgia
17 June 2022  Serbia
23 June 2022  Bulgaria •  Croatia
28 June 2022  Estonia
2 July 2022  Andorra
7 July 2022  Slovakia
12 July 2022  Russia
13 July 2022  Bosnia and Herzegovina
15 September 2022  Ukraine

Timeline of suspected cases by country or territory

[edit]

Countries listed below had only suspected cases at the time of reporting. Some countries reported confirmed cases after reporting suspected cases. Countries listed several times reported suspected cases again after they discarded suspected cases before.

Timeline of suspected mpox cases by country or territory
Date Countries / Territories
20 May 2022  Greece (discounted on 22 May)
5 June 2022  Georgia (confirmed on 15 June)[98]

As of 11 July 2022, 33 European countries and territories have been affected by the pandemic.

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b British Overseas Territory.

References

[edit]
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