2020 in aquatic sports
Appearance
This article lists the in the water and on the water forms of aquatic sports for 2020.
2020 Summer Olympics (Aquatics)
[edit]- April 21 – 26: 2020 FINA Diving World Cup in Tokyo
- April 30 – May 3: FINA Artistic Swimming Olympic Games Qualification Tournament 2020 in Tokyo
- May 30 – 31: FINA Olympic Marathon Swim Qualifier 2020 in Fukuoka
International and continental competitions
[edit]- March 21 – April 5: 2020 South American Swimming Championships in Mar del Plata
- April 18 – 24: 2020 African Swimming Championships in South Africa
- May 11 – 24: 2020 European Aquatics Championships in Budapest
- June 15 – 21: 2020 Oceania Swimming Championships in Suva
- November 7 – 17: 2020 Asian Swimming Championships in New Clark City
- TBD for December: 2020 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) in Abu Dhabi
FINA Artistic Swimming Olympic Games Qualification Tournament 2020
[edit]- April 30 – May 3: in Tokyo
- March 6 – 8: ASWS #1 in Paris
- March 27 – 29: ASWS #2 in Hurghada
- April 3 – 5: ASWS #3 in Alexandroupolis
- April 10 – 12: ASWS #4 in Budapest
- April 17 – 19: ASWS #5 in Kazan
- April 23 – 25: ASWS #6 in Suzhou
- May 29 – 31: ASWS #7 in Madrid
- June 12 – 14: ASWS #8 in Ypsilanti
- June 19 – 21: ASWS #9 (Super Final) in Windsor
FINA World Junior Artistic Swimming Championships 2020
[edit]- August 24 – 30: 2020 FINA World Junior Synchronised Swimming Championships in Quebec City
2020 Summer Olympics (Canoeing)
[edit]- March 26 – 29: 2020 Canoe Sprint Asian Olympic Qualifier in Pattaya[1]
- May 6 & 7: 2020 Canoe Sprint European Olympic Qualifier in Račice[2]
- May 21 – 24: 2020 ICF Canoe Sprint Final Olympic Qualifier in Duisburg[3]
- July 26 – August 8: Canoeing at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo
- July 26 – 31: Canoe slalom
- August 3 – 8: Canoe sprint
2020 Summer Paralympics (Paracanoeing)
[edit]World canoeing championships
[edit]- July 7: 2020 ICF Junior & Canoe Slalom World in Ljubljana / Tacen[5]
- July 10 – 12: 2020 Canoe Sprint Non-Olympic Events World Championships in Szeged[6]
- July 16 – 19: 2020 ICF Junior & Canoe Sprint World in Brandenburg[7]
- August 14 – 16: 2020 ICF Masters Canoe Sprint World Championship in Ternopil[8]
- September 24 – 27: 2020 Canoe Slalom Non-Olympic Events World Championships in Markkleeberg[9]
2020 ICF Canoe Sprint Olympic Qualifier
[edit]2020 continental canoe sprint championships
[edit]- February 14 – 16: 2020 Oceania Canoe Sprint Championships (Olympic Qualifier) in Penrith[10]
- March 26 – 29: 2020 Asian Canoe Sprint Championships (Olympic Qualifier) in Pattaya[11]
- May 7 – 10: 2020 Pan American Canoe Sprint Championships (Olympic Qualifier) in Curauma[12]
- June 4 – 7: 2020 Canoe Sprint European Championships in Bascov[13]
- July 2 – 5: 2020 ECA Junior And U23 Canoe Sprint European Championships in Moscow[14]
2020 Canoe Sprint World Cup
[edit]2020 International Canoe Slalom Championships
[edit]- February 1 – 3: 2020 Oceania Canoe Slalom Championships (Olympic Qualifier) in Auckland[17]
- March 22 – 24: 2020 Asian Canoe Slalom Championships (Olympic Qualifier) in Pattaya[18]
- April 3 – 5: 2020 Pan-American Canoe Slalom Championships (Olympic Qualifier) in Rio de Janeiro[19] (Cancelled)
- May 15 – 17: 2020 European Canoe Slalom Championships (Olympic Qualifier) at Lee Valley White Water Centre (Cancelled)
- June 6–7: 2020 European Open Canoe Slalom Championships in Merano[20]
- August 13 – 16: ECA Junior and U23 Canoe Slalom European Championships in Kraków[21]
- September 18 – 20: 2020 European Canoe Slalom Championships (Olympic Qualifier) at Prague-Troja Canoeing Centre[22]
- June 5 – 7: CSWC #1 in Ivrea[23] (Cancelled)
- June 12 – 14: CSWC #2 in Pau[24] (Postponed to November 6 – 8)
- August 21 – 23: CSWC #3 in Liptovský Mikuláš[25] (Cancelled)
- September 18 – 20: CSWC #4 in Prague[26] (Cancelled)
- September 24 – 27: CSWC #5 (final) in Markkleeberg[27] (Cancelled)
- September 16 – 18: CSWC #1 in Tacen[28] (Replacement for Cancelled Ivrea World Cup)
2020 Canoe Slalom European Cup
[edit]2020 International Canoe Marathon Championships
[edit]- August 24 – 25: 2020 ICF Masters Canoe Marathon World in Baerum[31]
- August 27 – 30: 2020 ICF Canoe Marathon World in Baerum[32]
2020 Canoe Marathon Cup
[edit]2020 Continental Championship Canoe Marathon Cup
[edit]2020 International Canoe Ocean Racing Worlds
[edit]2020 International Canoe Polo Championships
[edit]- September 8 – 13: 2020 ICF Canoe Polo World Championship in Viana do Castelo[36]
2020 Continental Championship Canoe Polo
[edit]- September 24 – 26: 2020 European Clubs Championship Canoe Polo in TBD[37]
2020 Continental Canoe Polo Cup
[edit]2020 International Dragon Boat Championships
[edit]- September 8 – 13: 2020 ICF Dragon Boat World Championship in Bilawali Lake / Indore[39]
2020 International Wildwater Canoe Championships
[edit]2020 Continental Wildwater Canoe Cup
[edit]- May 3 – 4: 2020 ICF Wildwater Canoe World Cups 1–2 in Albright[41]
- May 8 – 8: 2020 ICF Wildwater Canoe World Cups 3–4 in Albright[42]
- April 21 – 26: in Tokyo
- February 28 – March 1: DWS #1 in Montreal
- March 6 – 8: DWS #2 in Beijing
- March 20 – 22: DWS #3 in Kazan
- March 27 – 29: DWS #4 (final) in London
2020 FINA Diving Grand Prix
[edit]- February 14 – 16: DGP #1 in Madrid
- February 20 – 23: DGP #2 in Rostock
- May 14 – 17: DGP #3 in Windsor
- May 28 – 31: DGP #4 in Singapore
- June 5 – 7: DGP #5 in Kuala Lumpur
- June 17 – 20: DGP #6 in Cairo
- July 3 – 5: DGP #7 in Bolzano
- November 6 – 8: DGP #8 (final) in Gold Coast
2020 FINA Diving Grand Prix
[edit]- November 29 – December 6: in Kyiv
FINA High Diving World Cup 2020
[edit]- July 11 – 12: in Kazan
- May 16: in Bali, Indonesia
- June 6: in Tour Saint-Nicolas, La Rochelle, France
- June 27: in Possum Kingdom Lake, Fort Worth, United States
- July 19: in Pietro L'Abbate's Terrace, Polignano a Mare, Italia
- August 15: in Oslo, Norway
- September 6: in São Miguel, Vila Franca do Campo, Azores
- September 26: in Stari Most, Mostar
- October 7: in Sydney, Australia
- February 15: MSWS #1 in Doha
- May 3: MSWS #2 in Victoria
- June 6: MSWS #3 in Budapest
- June 13: MSWS #4 in Setúbal
- July 23: MSWS #5 in Lac Saint-Jean
- August 8: MSWS #6 in Lake Mégantic
- August 30: MSWS #7 in Ohrid
- September 19: MSWS #8 in Nantou City
- October 16: MSWS #9 in Hangzhou
- October 25: MSWS #10 (final) in Hong Kong
2020 FINA Ultra Marathon Swim Series
[edit]- February 15: MSWS #1 in Rosario (TBC)
- February 23: UMSS #1 in Santa Fe
- July 25: UMSS #2 in Lac Saint-Jean
- August 22: UMSS #3 in Ohrid
- August 29: UMSS #4 in Novi
- September 9: UMSS #5 (final) in Capri / Napoli
FINA Olympic Marathon Swim Qualifier 2020
[edit]- May 30–31: in Fukuoka
FINA World Junior Open Water Swimming Championships 2020
[edit]- August 21–23: in Victoria
2020 Summer Olympics (Rowing)
[edit]- April 2 – 5: 2020 FISA Americas Olympic Qualification Regatta in Rio de Janeiro[43]
- April 27 – 29: 2020 FISA European Olympic Qualification Regatta in Varese[44]
- April 27 – 30: 2020 FISA Asia & Oceania Olympic Qualification Regatta in Chungju[45]
- May 17 – 19: 2020 FISA Final Olympic Qualification Regatta in Lucerne[46]
- July 24 – 31: Rowing at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo
2020 Summer Paralympics (Rowing)
[edit]- May 8 – 10: 2020 FISA Final Paralympic Qualification Regatta in Gavirate[47]
- August 27 – 29: Rowing at the 2020 Summer Paralympics in Tokyo
International rowing events
[edit]- January 11: 2020 European Rowing Indoor Championships in Prague[48]
- February 7 & 8: 2020 World Rowing Indoor Championships in Paris[49]
- June 5 – 7: 2020 European Rowing Championships in Poznań[50]
- August 16 – 23: 2020 World Rowing Championships in Bled[51]
- August 16 – 23: 2020 World Rowing Junior Championships in Bled[52]
- August 16 – 23: 2020 World Rowing Under 23 Championships in Bled[53]
- August 27 – 29: 2020 World University Rowing Championships in Zagreb[54]
- September 2 – 6: 2020 World Rowing Masters Regatta in Linz-Ottensheim[55]
2020 World Rowing Cup
[edit]- April 10 – 12: WRC #1 in Sabaudia[56]
- May 1 – 3: WRC #2 in Varese[57]
- May 22 – 24: WRC #3 (final) in Lucerne[58]
2020 Summer Olympics (Sailing)
[edit]International sailing events
[edit]- June 30 – July 4: 2020 World University Sailing Championships in Campione del Garda
- November 8, 2020 – TBA for 2021: 2020–21 Vendée Globe
- TBA: 2020 Youth Sailing World Championships (location TBA)
- TBA: 2020 Youth Match Racing World Championships (location TBA)
- TBA: 2020 Women's Match Racing World Championship (location TBA)
- TBA: 2020 Transat Québec–Saint-Malo
- August 25 – September 1, 2019: SWC #1 in Enoshima
- January 19 – 26: SWC #2 in Miami
- April 13 – 19: SWC #3 in Genoa
- June 14 – 21: SWC #4 (final) in Enoshima
- January 8 – 12: 2020 470 North American Championship in Coconut Grove Sailing Club (Miami)
- January 12 – 18: 2020 470 African Championship in Clube Náutico da Ilha de Luanda
- February 11 – 17: 2020 470 South American Championship (location TBA)
- March 13 – 21: 2020 470 World Championships in Club Nàutic S'Arenal (Mallorca)
- May 2 – 9: 2020 470 European Championships in Base Nautique Municipale (Hyères)
- July 12 – 19: 2020 470 Junior World Championships in Gdynia Marina
- August 2 – 9: 2020 470 Junior European Championship in Warnemünder Segel-Club (Warnemünde)
- August 4 – 9: 2020 470 Masters Cup in Warnemünde
- January 30 – February 3: 2020 49er Oceania Championship in Geelong
- February 9 – 15: 2020 49er & 49er FX World Championships in Geelong
- August 18 – 24: 2020 49er Junior (U23) World Championship in Lake Como
- August 27 – 29: 2020 49er Masters World Championship in Lake Como
- May 9 – 16: 2020 Finn Gold Cup in Palma de Mallorca (Trofeo Princesa Sofia)
- TBA for August: 2020 Finn Silver Cup in Gdynia
- TBA for September: 2020 Finn European Masters in Gdynia
- TBA for September: 2020 Finn European Championship in Gdynia
- TBA: 2020 Finn World Masters in Port Zeeland
- February 9 – 16: 2020 ILCA Laser Standard Men's World Championship in Melbourne
- February 21 – 28: 2020 Laser Radial World Championship for Men and Women in Melbourne
- March 19 – 28: 2020 ILCA Laser Masters World Championships in Geelong
- July 17 – 24: 2020 ILCA Under-21 World Championships in Malcesine
- July 26 – August 3: 2020 ILCA 4.7 Youth World Championships in Arco
- August 22 – 30: 2020 ILCA Radial Youth World Championships in Dziwnów
- January 30 – February 3: 2020 Nacra 17 Oceania Championship in Geelong
- February 9 – 16: 2020 Nacra 17 World Championship in Geelong
- August 18 – 24: 2020 Nacra 17 Junior (U23) World Championship in Lake Como
- February 9 – 15: 2020 RS:X Windsurfing South American Championships (Olympic Qualifier) in Mar del Plata
- February 23 – 29: 2020 RS:X Windsurfing World Championships in Auckland
- March 15 – 22: 2020 RS:X Windsurfing Asian Championships (Olympic Qualifier) in Abu Dhabi
- May 10 – 16: 2020 RS:X European & Youth European Championships and Open Trophy in Aigio
- August 23 – 29: 2020 RS:X Windsurfing Youth World Championships in Cádiz
2020 Summer Olympics (Surfing)
[edit]International competitions
[edit]- March 11 – 15: 2020 ISA World Para Surfing Championship in La Jolla, California
- TBA: 2020 ISA World Junior Surfing Championship
- TBA: 2020 ISA World SUP and Paddleboard Championship
- TBA: 2020 ISA World Longboard Surfing Championship
2020 FINA Champions Swim Series
[edit]2020 FINA Swimming World Cup
[edit]- September 4 – 6: SWC #1 in Singapore (TBC)
- September 10 – 12: SWC #2 in Jinan
- October 2 – 4: SWC #3 in Kazan
- October 8 – 10: SWC #4 in Doha
- October 23 – 25: SWC #5 in Berlin
- October 30 – November 1: SWC #6 (final) in Budapest
2020–21 International Swimming League
[edit]- September – April, 2021: 2020–21 ISL regular season (locations TBA)
2020 Summer Olympics (Water polo)
[edit]- October 17, 2019 – April 28, 2020: 2019–20 FINA Men's European Water Polo Preliminary Rounds[68]
- April 28 – May 3: 2020 FINA Men's Intercontinental Water Polo Tournament in the Indianapolis[69]
- June 23 – 28: 2020 FINA Men's Water Polo World League Superfinal (location TBA)[70]
- November 19, 2019 – April 28, 2020: 2019–20 FINA Women's European Water Polo Preliminary Rounds[71]
- April 28 – May 3: 2020 FINA Women's Intercontinental Water Polo Tournament in the Indianapolis[72]
- June 9 – 14: 2020 FINA Women's Water Polo League Superfinal (location TBA)[73]
FINA World Water Polo events
[edit]- July 5 – 12: 2020 FINA World U16 Water Polo Cup in Volos-Larissa[74][75]
- August 22 – 30: 2020 FINA World Men's Youth Water Polo Championships in Turkey (location TBA)[76]
- September 5 – 13: 2020 FINA World Women's Youth Water Polo Championships in Netanya[77]
Ligue Européenne de Natation (Water polo)
[edit]- January 12 – 26: 2020 European Water Polo Championship for Men & Women in Budapest[78]
- August 23 – 30: 2020 LEN European Women's U19 Water Polo Championship in Rome
- September 6 – 13: 2020 LEN European Men's U19 Water Polo Championship in Volos
LEN Club events
[edit]- August 30, 2019 – June 7, 2020: 2019–20 LEN Champions League
- September 13, 2019 – May 9, 2020: 2019–20 LEN Euro Cup
- October 31, 2019 – April 25, 2020: 2019–20 LEN Euro League Women
- TBA: 2020 LEN Super Cup
- TBA: 2019–20 Women's LEN Trophy
- TBA: 2020 Women's LEN Super Cup
- March 21 & 22: 2020 IWWF World Waterski Show Tournament in Mulwala
- April 11 – 18: 2020 IWWF World Barefoot Waterski Championships in Liverpool (Sydney)
- August 18 – 23: 2020 IWWF World Junior Waterski Championships in Santa Rosa Beach, Florida
- September 14 – 20: 2020 IWWF World Cable Wakeboard Championships in Pathum Thani
- September 14 – 20: 2020 IWWF World Over 35 Waterski Championships in Baurech
- September 22 – 27: 2020 FISU World University Waterski & Wakeboard Championships in Dnipro
IWWF Continental Championships
[edit]- August 4 – 8: 2020 IWWF Europe and Africa Youth Waterski Championships in Seseña
- August 23 – 30: 2020 IWWF Europe and Africa Waterski Racing Championships in Beringen (to be confirmed)
- August 27 – 30: 2020 IWWF Europe and Africa 35+ Waterski Championships in Ravenna
- September 1 – 6: 2020 IWWF Asian Waterski & Wakesports Championships in Chuncheon
- September 2 – 6: 2020 IWWF Europe & Africa Cable Wakeboard and Wakeskate Championships in Beckum
IWWF World Cup/Elite events
[edit]- June 5 – 7: 2020 MasterCraft TBD in Zachary, Louisiana
- June 12 & 13: 2020 Malibu Open in Charleston, South Carolina
- June 26 – 28: 2020 BOTASKI Pro Am in Seseña
- July 3 – 5: 2020 VII San Gervasio Pro Am in San Gervasio Bresciano
- July 10 – 12: 2020 Kaiafas Battle Pro Am in Kaiafas Lake
- August 15 & 16: 2020 Hilltop Lake ProAm by Syndicate Waterskis in Arlington, Washington
- ^ ICF's 2020 Canoe Sprint Asian Olympic Qualifier Page
- ^ ICF's 2020 Canoe Sprint European Olympic Qualifier Page
- ^ ICF's 2020 ICF Canoe Sprint (Final) Olympic Qualifier Page
- ^ ICF's 2020 Paracanoe World Championships & Paralympic Qualifier Page
- ^ 2020 ICF JUNIOR & U23 CANOE SPRINT WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS
- ^ ICF's 2020 Canoe Sprint Non-Olympic Events World Championships Page
- ^ 2020 ICF JUNIOR & U23 CANOE SPRINT WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS[permanent dead link ]
- ^ 2020 ICF MASTERS CANOE SPRINT WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS
- ^ ICF's 2020 Canoe Slalom Non-Olympic Events World Championships Page
- ^ ICF's 2020 Oceania Canoe Sprint Championships Page
- ^ ICF's 2020 Asian Canoe Sprint Championships Page
- ^ ICF's 2020 Pan American Canoe Sprint Championships Page
- ^ ICF's 2020 Canoe Sprint European Championships Page
- ^ 2020 ECA JUNIOR AND U23 CANOE SPRINT EUROPEAN CHAMPIONSHIPS
- ^ ICF's 2020 Canoe Sprint World Cup #1 Page
- ^ ICF's 2020 Canoe Sprint World Cup #2 Page
- ^ ICF's 2020 Oceania Canoe Slalom Championships Page
- ^ ICF's 2020 Asian Canoe Slalom Championships Page
- ^ ICF's 2020 American Canoe Slalom Championships Page
- ^ ICF's 2020 European Open Canoe Slalom Championships Page
- ^ ECA Junior and U23 Canoe Slalom European Championships
- ^ ICF's 2020 European Canoe Slalom Championships Page
- ^ ICF's 2020 Canoe Slalom World Cup #1 Page
- ^ ICF's 2020 Canoe Slalom World Cup #2 Page
- ^ ICF's 2020 Canoe Slalom World Cup #3 Page
- ^ ICF's 2020 Canoe Slalom World Cup #4 Page
- ^ ICF's 2020 Canoe Slalom World Cup #5 Page
- ^ ICF's 2020 Canoe Slalom Tacen World Cup #1 Page
- ^ 2020 EUROPEAN JUNIOR CUP CANOE SLALOM #1
- ^ 2020 EUROPEAN JUNIOR CUP CANOE SLALOM #1
- ^ 2020 ICF MASTERS CANOE MARATHON WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS
- ^ 2020 ICF CANOE MARATHON WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS
- ^ ICF Canoe Marathon World Cup
- ^ 2020 ECA Canoe Marathon European
- ^ 2020 ICF Canoe Ocean Racing Worlds
- ^ 2020 ICF Canoe Polo World Championship
- ^ 2020 European Clubs Championship Canoe Polo
- ^ 2020 ECA CUP I Canoe Polo
- ^ 2020 ICF Dragon Boat World Championship
- ^ 2020 ICF Wildwater Canoe World Championship
- ^ 2020 ICF Wildwater Canoe World Cups 1-2
- ^ 2020 ICF Wildwater Canoe World Cups 3-4
- ^ "WR's 2020 FISA Americas Olympic Qualification Regatta Page". Archived from the original on 2019-07-27. Retrieved 2020-01-21.
- ^ "WR's 2020 FISA European Olympic Qualification Regatta Page". Archived from the original on 2019-07-27. Retrieved 2020-01-21.
- ^ "WR's 2020 FISA Asia & Oceania Olympic Qualification Regatta Page". Archived from the original on 2019-07-27. Retrieved 2020-01-21.
- ^ WR's 2020 FISA Final Olympic Qualification Regatta Page
- ^ WR's 2020 FISA Final Paralympic Qualification Regatta Page
- ^ WR's 2020 European Rowing Indoor Championships Page
- ^ WR's 2020 World Rowing Indoor Championships Page
- ^ WR's 2020 European Rowing Championships Page
- ^ WR's 2020 World Rowing Championships Page
- ^ WR's 2020 World Rowing Junior Championships Page
- ^ WR's 2020 World Rowing Under 23 Championships Page
- ^ "WR's 2020 World University Rowing Championships Page". Archived from the original on 2019-07-27. Retrieved 2020-01-21.
- ^ WR's 2020 World Rowing Masters Regatta Page
- ^ WR's 2020 World Rowing Cup #1 Page
- ^ WR's 2020 World Rowing Cup #2 Page
- ^ WR's 2020 World Rowing Cup #3 Page
- ^ "Tweed Coast Pro - Men's Specialty Event 2020".
- ^ "Professional surfing contest to go ahead at Tweed, despite fatal shark attack 20km north - ABC News". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 10 September 2020.
- ^ "What You Need to Know About the Tweed Coast Pro".
- ^ "WSL Announces 2020 Australian Grand Slam of Surfing".
- ^ "The Australian Grand Slam of Surfing: What You Need to Know".
- ^ "ATDW Page".
- ^ "Introducing the Australian Grand Slam of Surfing | Form Guide | Swellnet".
- ^ [1]%20Coast%20Pro%20Bolsters%20Australian%20Grand%20Slam%20of%20Surfing[permanent dead link ]
- ^ FINA's 2020 Men's Water Polo Olympic Games Qualification Tournament Page
- ^ "FINA's 2019–20 Men's European Water Polo Preliminary Rounds Page". Archived from the original on 2020-01-06. Retrieved 2020-01-21.
- ^ FINA's 2020 Men's Intercontinental Water Polo Tournament Page
- ^ "FINA's 2020 Men's Water Polo World League Superfinal Page". Archived from the original on 2020-01-21. Retrieved 2020-01-21.
- ^ "FINA's 2019–20 Women's European Water Polo Preliminary Rounds Page". Archived from the original on 2020-02-25. Retrieved 2020-01-21.
- ^ "FINA's 2020 Women's Intercontinental Water Polo Tournament Page". Archived from the original on 2019-09-25. Retrieved 2020-01-21.
- ^ "FINA's 2020 Women's Water Polo League Superfinal Page". Archived from the original on 2020-01-21. Retrieved 2020-01-21.
- ^ "FINA's 2020 Men's World U16 Water Polo Cup Page". Archived from the original on 2020-02-02. Retrieved 2020-01-21.
- ^ "FINA's 2020 Women's World U16 Water Polo Cup Page". Archived from the original on 2020-02-07. Retrieved 2020-01-21.
- ^ "FINA's 2020 World Men's Youth Water Polo Championships Page". Archived from the original on 2020-01-21. Retrieved 2020-01-21.
- ^ "FINA's 2020 World Women's Youth Water Polo Championships Page". Archived from the original on 2020-01-21. Retrieved 2020-01-21.
- ^ "LEN's 2020 European Water Polo Championship Page". Archived from the original on 2020-02-03. Retrieved 2020-01-21.