2018 Ferrari Challenge North America
Appearance
The 2018 Ferrari Challenge North America is the 24th season of Ferrari Challenge North America. The season consisted of 7 rounds, starting at the Daytona International Speedway on January 27 and ending at the Autodromo Nazionale Monza on November 3.[1]
Calendar
[edit]Rnd. | Circuit | Dates |
---|---|---|
1 | Daytona International Speedway | January 27–28 |
2 | Circuit of the Americas | March 10–11 |
3 | WeatherTech Raceway Laguna Seca | May 6–7 |
4 | Circuit Gilles Villeneuve | June 9–10 |
5 | Watkins Glen International | July 28–29 |
6 | Road Atlanta | September 15–16 |
7 | Autodromo Nazionale Monza | November 2–3 |
Entry list
[edit]All teams and drivers used the Ferrari 488 Challenge fitted with Pirelli tyres.
Trofeo Pirelli
[edit]Team | No. | Driver | Class | Rounds |
---|---|---|---|---|
Continental AutoSports | 6 | Joel Weinberger | Pro | 1–5, 7 |
36 | Neil Gehani | Pro-Am | 3–4 | |
Ferrari of Long Island | 9 | Alfred Caiola | Pro-Am | 1–6 |
19 | Chris Cagnazzi | Pro | All | |
28 | Joseph Rubbo | Pro | 1–5 | |
Ferrari of Vancouver | 10 | Murray Rothlander | Pro-Am | All |
Wide World Ferrari | 11 | Peter Ludwig | Pro | All |
Ferrari of Denver | 12 | John Boyd | Pro-Am | All |
Ferrari of Ontario | 13 | Marc Muzzo | Pro | All |
99 | Barry Zekelman | Pro-Am | 1–4 | |
Ferrari of Newport Beach | 14 | Brent Holden | Pro | 1–4 |
Ferrari of Fort Lauderdale | 16 | Frank Selldorff | Pro-Am | 4–7 |
56 | José Valera | Pro-Am | 4 | |
The Collection | 17 | Amir Kermani | Pro | 1–2, 6 |
33 | Benjamin Hites | Pro | All | |
Boardwalk Ferrari | 18 | James Weiland | Pro | 1–2, 4, 7 |
61 | Jean-Claude Saada | Pro | 1–2, 4–7 | |
Ferrari of San Francisco | 24 | Ziad Ghandour | Pro-Am | 2 |
Ferrari of Palm Beach | 25 | Ross Chouest | Pro-Am | All |
Lake Forest Sportscars | 27 | Cort Wagner | Pro | 1 |
30 | David Musial | Pro-Am | 1–6 | |
Ferrari of Washington | 51 | Robert Hodes | Pro-Am | All |
Ferrari of Silicon Valley | 63 | Cooper MacNeil | Pro | All |
Ferrari of San Diego | 64 | Naveen Rao | Pro | 1–6 |
Ferrari of Beverly Hills | 77 | Angie King | Pro | 3–5, 7 |
Miller Motor Cars | 93 | Osvaldo Gaio | Pro-Am | 1–3, 5 |
Coppa Shell
[edit]Team | No. | Driver | Class | Rounds |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ferrari of Atlanta | 100 | Armin Oskouei | Am | 6 |
134 | Michael Watt | Pro-Am | 3, 5–6 | |
176 | Lance Cawley | Pro-Am | 1–3, 5–6 | |
Ferrari of Washington | 104 | Theodore Giovanis | Am | 5–7 |
Ferrari of Fort Lauderdale | 106 | Tomas Cabrerizo | Am | 5 |
Ferrari Westlake | 107 | Chris Carel | Pro-Am | 1, 3–7 |
142 | Mark Fuller | Pro-Am | All | |
Ferrari of Central Florida | 108 | David Lo | Am | 1 |
126 | Robert Picerne | Pro-Am | 1–3 | |
Ferrari of San Antonio | 110 | Sam Vick | Am | 2–3, 5 |
Ferrari of South Bay | 111 | Bradley Smith | Am | All |
129 | James Camp | Am | All | |
Ferrari of San Francisco | 113 | Geoff Palermo | Pro-Am | 1–3, 5–7 |
Wide World Ferrari | 115 | Jason McCarthy | Pro-Am | 1–2, 5–6 |
172 | Chris O'Donnell | Pro-Am | 5–6 | |
Ferrari of Vancouver | 118 | Colin Liu | Am | 1, 3 |
Ron Tonkin Gran Turismo | 120 | Keith Larson | Am | 6 |
187 | Richard Baek | Pro-Am | 2–3, 5–6 | |
Ferrari of Beverly Hills | 121 | Thomas Tippl | Pro-Am | All |
153 | Neil Langberg | Am | 2–5 | |
Ferrari of Detroit | 122 | Brian Simon | Am | 1–3, 5–7 |
163 | Jay Schreibmann | Am | 6 | |
Ferrari of Long Island | 123 | John Megrue | Am | 1–3, 5–7 |
169 | Kresimir Penavić | Am | 5–6 | |
171 | Brian Kaminskey | Pro-Am | 1–2, 4–5, 7 | |
199 | Alfredo di Scipio | Am | 2 | |
Lake Forest Sportscars | 127 | Rick Mancuso | Am | 2 |
Ferrari of Tampa Bay | 130 | Luis Perusquia | Pro-Am | 1–3, 5, 7 |
183 | Charles Bruck | Am | 3–5, 7 | |
Ferrari North America | 133 | Michael Fassbender | Pro-Am | 1–4 |
Ferrari of San Diego | 138 | Kevin Millstein | Am | 2–7 |
Ferrari of Silicon Valley | 148 | Edward Baalbaki | Am | 2 |
179 | David MacNeil | Am | 1 | |
190 | Oscar Paredes-Arroyo | Pro-Am | 1–6 | |
The Collection | 151 | Kam Habibi | Am | 1, 3 |
197 | Roberto Cava | Am | 2, 4–5, 7 | |
Miller Motor Cars | 155 | Dale Katechis | Am | 1–4, 6–7 |
Ferrari of Ontario | 177 | Aldo Gottardo | Am | 2–6 |
Ferrari of Newport Beach | 178 | Alan Hegyi | Am | 3–4, 7 |
Continental AutoSports | 188 | David Varwig | Pro-Am | 2–5, 7 |
Results and standings
[edit]Race results
[edit]Round | Race | Circuit | Pole position | Fastest lap | Trofeo Pirelli Winners | Coppa Shell Winners |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1 | Daytona International Speedway | TP Pro: Cooper MacNeil TP Pro-Am: David Musial CS Pro-Am: Thomas Tippl CS Am: Dale Katechis |
TP Pro: Peter Ludwig TP Pro-Am: Alfred Caiola CS Pro-Am: Chris Carel CS Am: Dale Katechis |
Pro: Cooper MacNeil Ferrari of Silicon Valley Pro-Am: Alfred Caiola Ferrari of Long Island |
Pro-Am: Michael Fassbender Ferrari North America Am: John Megrue Ferrari of Long Island |
2 | TP Pro: Cooper MacNeil TP Pro-Am: Robert Hodes CS Pro-Am: Brian Kaminskey CS Am: John Megrue |
TP Pro: Cooper MacNeil TP Pro-Am: Alfred Caiola CS Pro-Am: Chris Carel CS Am: Dale Katechis |
Pro: Peter Ludwig Wide World Ferrari Pro-Am: Robert Hodes Ferrari of Washington |
Pro-Am: Brian Kaminskey Ferrari of Long Island Am: Dale Katechis Miller Motor Cars | ||
2 | 1 | Circuit of the Americas | TP Pro: Cooper MacNeil TP Pro-Am: John Boyd CS Pro-Am: Thomas Tippl CS Am: Brian Simon |
TP Pro: Peter Ludwig TP Pro-Am: Ross Chouest CS Pro-Am: Thomas Tippl CS Am: Dale Katechis |
Pro: Cooper MacNeil Ferrari of Silicon Valley Pro-Am: Robert Hodes Ferrari of Washington |
Pro-Am: Thomas Tippl Ferrari of Beverly Hills Am: Brian Simon Ferrari of Detroit |
2 | TP Pro: Cooper MacNeil TP Pro-Am: Robert Hodes CS Pro-Am: Thomas Tippl CS Am: Brian Simon |
TP Pro: Benjamin Hites TP Pro-Am: Murray Rothlander CS Pro-Am: Thomas Tippl CS Am: Kevin Millstein |
Pro: Benjamin Hites The Collection Pro-Am: Murray Rothlander Ferrari of Vancouver |
Pro-Am: Thomas Tippl Ferrari of Beverly Hills Am: John Megrue Ferrari of Long Island | ||
3 | 1 | WeatherTech Raceway Laguna Seca | TP Pro: Marc Muzzo TP Pro-Am: John Boyd CS Pro-Am: Thomas Tippl CS Am: John Megrue |
TP Pro: Peter Ludwig TP Pro-Am: Barry Zekelman CS Pro-Am: Thomas Tippl CS Am: Kevin Millstein |
Pro: Cooper MacNeil Ferrari of Silicon Valley Pro-Am: John Boyd Ferrari of Denver |
Pro-Am: Thomas Tippl Ferrari of Beverly Hills Am: John Megrue Ferrari of Long Island |
2 | TP Pro: Peter Ludwig TP Pro-Am: Ross Chouest CS Pro-Am: Thomas Tippl CS Am: John Megrue |
TP Pro: Peter Ludwig TP Pro-Am: Ross Chouest CS Pro-Am: Thomas Tippl CS Am: Dale Katechis |
Pro: Peter Ludwig Wide World Ferrari Pro-Am: John Boyd Ferrari of Denver |
Pro-Am: Thomas Tippl Ferrari of Beverly Hills Am: John Megrue Ferrari of Long Island | ||
4 | 1 | Circuit Gilles Villeneuve | TP Pro: Cooper MacNeil TP Pro-Am: David Musial CS Pro-Am: Thomas Tippl CS Am: Dale Katechis |
TP Pro: Cooper MacNeil TP Pro-Am: Alfred Caiola CS Pro-Am: Thomas Tippl CS Am: Roberto Cava |
Pro: Cooper MacNeil Ferrari of Silicon Valley Pro-Am: David Musial Lake Forest Sportscars |
Pro-Am: Thomas Tippl Ferrari of Beverly Hills Am: Roberto Cava The Collection |
2 | TP Pro: Cooper MacNeil TP Pro-Am: David Musial CS Pro-Am: Thomas Tippl CS Am: Roberto Cava |
TP Pro: Cooper MacNeil TP Pro-Am: David Musial CS Pro-Am: Thomas Tippl CS Am: Roberto Cava |
Pro: Cooper MacNeil Ferrari of Silicon Valley Pro-Am: Alfred Caiola Ferrari of Long Island |
Pro-Am: Thomas Tippl Ferrari of Beverly Hills Am: James Camp Ferrari of South Bay | ||
5 | 1 | Watkins Glen International | TP Pro: Cooper MacNeil TP Pro-Am: Murray Rothlander CS Pro-Am: Thomas Tippl CS Am: John Megrue |
TP Pro: Cooper MacNeil TP Pro-Am: Robert Hodes CS Pro-Am: Thomas Tippl CS Am: Bradley Smith |
Pro: Cooper MacNeil Ferrari of Silicon Valley Pro-Am: Ross Chouest Ferrari of Palm Beach |
Pro-Am: Thomas Tippl Ferrari of Beverly Hills Am: Kevin Millstein Ferrari of San Diego |
2 | TP Pro: Cooper MacNeil TP Pro-Am: Murray Rothlander CS Pro-Am: Thomas Tippl CS Am: Brian Simon |
TP Pro: Cooper MacNeil TP Pro-Am: Robert Hodes CS Pro-Am: Thomas Tippl CS Am: John Megrue |
Pro: Cooper MacNeil Ferrari of Silicon Valley Pro-Am: Murray Rothlander Ferrari of Vancouver |
Pro-Am: Thomas Tippl Ferrari of Beverly Hills Am: Brian Simon Ferrari of Detroit | ||
6 | 1 | Road Atlanta | TP Pro: Cooper MacNeil TP Pro-Am: Ross Chouest CS Pro-Am: Thomas Tippl CS Am: John Megrue |
TP Pro: Cooper MacNeil TP Pro-Am: Robert Hodes CS Pro-Am: Thomas Tippl CS Am: John Megrue |
Pro: Cooper MacNeil Ferrari of Silicon valley Pro-Am: Ross Chouest Ferrari of Palm Beach |
Pro-Am: Thomas Tippl Ferrari of Beverly Hills Am: John Megrue Ferrari of Long Island |
2 | TP Pro: Peter Ludwig TP Pro-Am: Murray Rothlander CS Pro-Am: Geoff Palermo CS Am: John Megrue |
TP Pro: Peter Ludwig TP Pro-Am: Murray Rothlander CS Pro-Am: Geoff Palermo CS Am: John Megrue |
Pro: Peter Ludwig Wide World Ferrari Pro-Am: Ross Chouest Ferrari of Palm Beach |
Pro-Am: Geoff Palermo Ferrari of San Francisco Am: John Megrue Ferrari of Long Island | ||
7 | 1 | Autodromo Nazionale Monza | TP Pro: Cooper MacNeil TP Pro-Am: Murray Rothlander CS Pro-Am: Thomas Tippl CS Am: Dale Katechis |
TP Pro: Cooper MacNeil TP Pro-Am: Ross Chouest CS Pro-Am: Thomas Tippl CS Am: Brian Simon |
Pro: Cooper MacNeil Ferrari of Silicon Valley Pro-Am: Ross Chouest Ferrari of Palm Beach |
Pro-Am: Thomas Tippl Ferrari of Beverly Hills Am: John Megrue Ferrari of Long Island |
2 | TP Pro: Peter Ludwig TP Pro-Am: Murray Rothlander CS Pro-Am: Thomas Tippl CS Am: John Megrue |
TP Pro: Peter Ludwig TP Pro-Am: Murray Rothlander CS Pro-Am: Thomas Tippl CS Am: John Megrue |
Pro: Benjamin Hites The Collection Pro-Am: Murray Rothlander Ferrari of Vancouver |
Pro-Am: Mark Fuller Ferrari Westlake Am: Brian Simon Ferrari of Detroit |
Championship standings
[edit]Points were awarded to the top ten classified finishers as follows:
Race Position | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th | 6th | 7th | 8th | 9th or lower | Pole | FLap | Entry |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Points | 20 | 15 | 12 | 10 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
- Trofeo Pirelli
Pos. | Driver | DAY |
AUS |
MTY |
MTL |
WKG |
ATL |
MNZ |
Points | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R1 | R2 | R1 | R2 | R1 | R2 | R1 | R2 | R1 | R2 | R1 | R2 | R1 | R2 | |||
Pro Class[2] | ||||||||||||||||
1 | Cooper MacNeil | 1 | 2 | 1 | Ret | 1 | DNS | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 1 | DNS | 230 |
2 | Peter Ludwig | 2 | 1 | 2 | Ret | 9 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 204 |
3 | Benjamin Hites | 9 | 10 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 4 | Ret | Ret | 6 | 8 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 1 | 130 |
4 | Marc Muzzo | 5 | 9 | 7 | 3 | 2 | 7 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 6 | DNS | DNS | 4 | 4 | 111 |
5 | Chris Cagnazzi | 6 | 11 | 8 | Ret | 4 | 3 | 8 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 7 | DNS | 89 |
6 | Naveen Rao | 11 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 9 | 10 | 3 | 6 | 5 | 88 | ||
7 | James Weiland | 3 | 3 | 9 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 6 | 2 | 86 | ||||||
8 | Jean-Claude Saada | 7 | 7 | 5 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 3 | Ret | DNS | DNS | 3 | 3 | 77 | ||
9 | Joseph Rubbo | 4 | 4 | 10 | Ret | 3 | 2 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 4 | 75 | ||||
10 | Joel Weinberger | 8 | 5 | 6 | 5 | Ret | 8 | 7 | 5 | 9 | Ret | DNS | DNS | 51 | ||
11 | Angie King | 8 | 5 | Ret | 10 | 8 | 7 | Ret | Ret | 22 | ||||||
12 | Amir Kermani | 10 | Ret | Ret | 6 | 4 | 6 | 18 | ||||||||
13 | Brent Holden | 12 | 12 | DNS | DNS | 7 | 9 | Ret | DNS | 14 | ||||||
14 | Cort Wagner | Ret | 8 | 5 | ||||||||||||
Pro-Am Class[3] | ||||||||||||||||
1 | Ross Chouest | Ret | Ret | 4 | 2 | 7 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 188 |
2 | Robert Hodes | 3 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 182 |
3 | Murray Rothlander | 7 | 6 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 7 | 7 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 2 | Ret | 1 | 177 |
4 | John Boyd | 4 | Ret | Ret | 5 | 1 | 1 | DNS | DNS | 2 | Ret | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 153 |
5 | Alfred Caiola | 1 | 5 | Ret | DNS | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 4 | Ret | 6 | 130 | ||
6 | David Musial | 2 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 1 | 2 | Ret | DNS | Ret | DNS | 117 | ||
7 | Frank Selldorff | 3 | 7 | Ret | 5 | Ret | 5 | 4 | DNS | 44 | ||||||
8 | Osvaldo Gaio | 6 | 3 | Ret | 6 | 8 | 6 | DNS | DNS | 43 | ||||||
9 | Barry Zekelman | 5 | 2 | Ret | DNS | 9 | 9 | DNS | DNS | 41 | ||||||
10 | Neil Gehani | 5 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 34 | ||||||||||
11 | José Valera | 8 | 8 | 9 | ||||||||||||
12 | Ziad Ghandour | Ret | DNS | 5 |
- Coppa Shell
Pos. | Driver | DAY |
AUS |
MTY |
MTL |
WKG |
ATL |
MNZ |
Points | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R1 | R2 | R1 | R2 | R1 | R2 | R1 | R2 | R1 | R2 | R1 | R2 | R1 | R2 | |||
Pro-Am Class[4] | ||||||||||||||||
1 | Thomas Tippl | 9 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 284 |
2 | Mark Fuller | 4 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | Ret | 1 | 192 |
3 | Chris Carel | 2 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 4 | Ret | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 147 | ||
4 | Brian Kaminskey | 3 | 1 | 6 | DNS | 3 | Ret | 5 | 5 | 2 | 4 | 105 | ||||
5 | Michael Fassbender | 1 | Ret | 2 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 6 | 3 | 94 | ||||||
6 | Geoff Palermo | 5 | Ret | 3 | 3 | Ret | DNS | Ret | 11 | 4 | 1 | 4 | Ret | 91 | ||
7 | David Varwig | 8 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 5 | Ret | 6 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 53 | ||||
8 | Richard Baek | 5 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 6 | Ret | DNS | 52 | ||||||
9 | Jason McCarthy | 7 | Ret | Ret | Ret | 4 | 9 | DNS | DNS | 43 | ||||||
10 | Oscar Paredes-Arroyo | 6 | DNS | 11 | 6 | DNS | DNS | 7 | 4 | Ret | Ret | 6 | DNS | 41 | ||
= | Lance Cawley | 11 | 6 | 10 | 10 | 7 | 6 | Ret | 8 | 7 | 6 | 41 | ||||
12 | Robert Picerne | 8 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 6 | 7 | 37 | ||||||||
13 | Luis Perusquia | 10 | Ret | 9 | 9 | Ret | 9 | 9 | Ret | 6 | 6 | 33 | ||||
14 | Michael Watt | DNS | DNS | 8 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 27 | ||||||||
15 | Chris O'Donnell | 10 | 10 | 8 | 4 | 17 | ||||||||||
Am Class[5] | ||||||||||||||||
1 | John Megrue | 1 | 6 | Ret | 1 | 1 | 1 | Ret | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 187 | ||
2 | Kevin Millstein | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | Ret | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | Ret | 5 | 5 | 146 | ||
3 | Dale Katechis | 2 | 1 | 2 | 10 | 2 | 2 | Ret | 8 | 4 | 2 | 4 | Ret | 134 | ||
4 | Brian Simon | 3 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 11 | 1 | DNS | DNS | 2 | 1 | 130 | ||
5 | Bradley Smith | 6 | 3 | Ret | 8 | 4 | 4 | 6 | Ret | 2 | Ret | 7 | 3 | 8 | DNS | 102 |
6 | James Camp | 7 | 7 | 4 | 5 | 8 | 12 | 2 | 1 | 8 | 11 | 8 | DNS | 6 | 6 | 81 |
7 | Theodore Giovanis | 7 | 7 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 56 | ||||||||
= | Aldo Gottardo | 9 | 7 | 7 | 9 | 5 | 5 | 9 | 8 | 9 | DNS | 56 | ||||
9 | Roberto Cava | 5 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 4 | 54 | ||||||
10 | Alan Hegyi | 10 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 9 | 7 | 50 | ||||||||
11 | Charles Bruck | 6 | 13 | 7 | 4 | 5 | 5 | DNS | Ret | 46 | ||||||
12 | Neil Langberg | 7 | 6 | 9 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 10 | 10 | 38 | ||||||
13 | Tomas Cabrerizo | 3 | 3 | 25 | ||||||||||||
= | Colin Liu | 4 | 4 | 11 | 8 | 25 | ||||||||||
15 | Keith Larson | 3 | 5 | 21 | ||||||||||||
16 | David MacNeil | 5 | 5 | 17 | ||||||||||||
17 | Kresimir Penavić | 6 | 9 | Ret | 7 | 15 | ||||||||||
18 | Armin Oskouei | 6 | 6 | 13 | ||||||||||||
= | Sam Vick | 8 | 9 | 13 | 11 | Ret | Ret | 13 | ||||||||
20 | Rick Mancuso | 6 | DNS | 11 | ||||||||||||
21 | Kam Habibi | DNS | DNS | 12 | 10 | 9 | ||||||||||
22 | David Lo | Ret | Ret | 6 | ||||||||||||
23 | Jay Schreibmann | Ret | DNS | 2 | ||||||||||||
24 | Edward Baalbaki | DNS | DNS | 1 | ||||||||||||
= | Alfredo di Scipio | DNS | DNS | 1 |
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Ferrari Challenge North America - Trofeo Pirelli 2018 Calendar". Driver Database AB. 1 December 2019.
- ^ "Ferrari Challenge North America - Trofeo Pirelli Pro 2018 standings". Driver Database AB. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
- ^ "Ferrari Challenge North America - Trofeo Pirelli Pro-Am 2018 standings". Driver Database AB. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
- ^ "Ferrari Challenge North America - Coppa Shell Pro-Am 2018 standings". Driver Database AB. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
- ^ "Ferrari Challenge North America - Coppa Shell Am 2018 standings". Driver Database AB. Retrieved 1 December 2019.