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2015 Ukrainian local elections

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2015 Ukrainian local elections
← 2014 25 October 2015
15 November 2015 (second round)
Nov. 2015–Jan. 2016 and 27 March 2016 (repeat elections)[nb 1]		 2020 →
158,399 deputies[3] / 10,051 mayors[4]
  First party Second party Third party
 
Party Petro Poroshenko Bloc Batkivshchyna Our Land
Seats won 8,830 / 609 8,065 / 367 4,506 / 157
Percentage 5.63% / 6.11% 5.14% / 3.68% 2.87% / 1.58%
Results of the 2015 Ukrainian local elections by oblast.

On 25 October 2015 local elections took place in Ukraine.[5] The elections were conducted a little over a year since the 2014 snap local elections, which were only held throughout parts of the country. A second round of voting for the election of mayors in cities with more than 90,000 residents where no candidate gained more than 50% of the votes were held on 15 November 2015.[6][7]

Because of the ongoing conflict in East Ukraine and the February 2014 annexation of Crimea by Russia, local elections were not conducted throughout all of the administrative subdivisions of Ukraine.[8]

The highest number of seats were won by the Petro Poroshenko Bloc "Solidarity", Fatherland and Our Land parties,[9] followed by the Opposition Bloc and the Radical Party.[9] The Petro Poroshenko Bloc did well in the western regions, central Ukraine, and the Kherson Oblast of the south.[10][11] The Opposition Bloc gained most of the votes of the south and east (except Kharkiv Oblast).[10][11] In the west, Svoboda improved its performance compared with previous year's parliamentary election.[10]

A total of 132 political parties took part in the elections.[12] The political parties contested for the 1,600 regional council seats in 22 regional parliaments, more than 10,700 local councils and mayoral seats.[13] The voter turnout was 46.62% of the population.[14] During the second round, the voter turnout dropped to 34.08%.[6]

Background

[edit]

Late January 2014 the Constitutional Court of Ukraine made a decision declaring that regardless of under which conditions the previous elections were conducted, regularly scheduled local elections must occur in October 2015.[15]

The Central Election Commission of Ukraine asked the government to allocate ₴1.2 billion (approx. 100 million USD) towards financing the election (on 9 July 2014)[16]

The campaign for the elections started on 5 September 2015.[17] But since the start of the summer political advertising had begun to increase rapidly.[17] This was marred with a sharp rise of handouts by potential candidates.[17] Local issues were ignored by parties, who focused on national issues.[18] According to Depo.ua and the Committee of Voters of Ukraine, political parties spend at least $82 million on campaigning.[19] They claim that during the last two months of the campaign political parties rented 75 percent of Ukraine's 20,000 billboards.[19]

More than 350,000 candidates (representing 132 political parties[12] or as an independent candidate) were electable for 168,450 positions of mayors of cities, villages and settlements and for deputies of village, settlement, city, city district, district and 1,600 regional council seats in 22 regional councils.[13][20] A candidate did not have to live in a constituency where she/he was electable.[20]

Elections in Crimea and Donbas

[edit]

Because of the March 2014 unilateral annexation of Crimea by Russia, the elections could not be held throughout Crimea.[8]

With the ongoing Russian aggression against Ukraine in Donbas, elections were not held in regional councils and some parts of Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts.[8]

Mariupol entry sign written in Ukrainian

On 25 October 2015, the elections were not held in certain government-held towns (in south-east Ukraine) close to the frontline because (it was believed in August 2015) there "voting may be dangerous to people's lives".[21][22] These towns include Avdiivka, Marinka, Artemivsk and Kostiantynivka.[22] While in other towns near the frontline, like Mariupol, the elections were decided to be held.[22]

Changes in the law

[edit]

Parties registered 365 days before the election and who had not changed their name 180 days before the election were allowed to participate in the elections.[23] On 14 July 2015, the Ukrainian parliament passed a new law regarding the local elections in the country.[23] This law upgraded the election threshold from 3% to 5% (in order to get any seats in the council a party has to score 5% of the total vote of the election[24]).[20] It also introduced three[20] electoral systems for (these) local elections:

The number of deputies elected to regional councils varies by population; the lowest is 64, while the highest is 120.
  1. Mayors and deputies of settlement and village councils directly elected under a majoritarian system; in a first-past-the-post system.[20]
  2. In cities with fewer than 90,000 voters Mayors are elected under a majoritarian system; in a first-past-the-post system.[25] Region, district, city, and city district councils are elected in multi-member constituencies meaning that for the elections for the city council or district council their territory is split into constituencies.[24] In these constituencies the parties nominated their candidates in closed party lists.[24][26] Independent candidates can not take part in the elections in places bigger than a village or settlement.[26][27] If a party passed the 5% election threshold the number of candidates from that party represented in a council will be established in accordance with the number of votes for a deputy in a certain constituency.[24][25] Ballots have a check box for each party, rather than for individual candidates.[25] Political parties in Ukraine can only register with the Ministry of Justice if they can "demonstrate a base of support in two-thirds of Ukraine's Oblasts" (Ukraine's 24 primary administrative units).[20]
  3. If in a city with more than 90,000 voters (at the time of the elections this was 35 cities) the highest scoring mayoral candidate does not score over 50% of the votes + 1 vote a second round of the election will be held no later than 3 weeks after the election (in these elections that meant all second round elections on 15 November 2015).[7][24][28]

A proposition of the minimum number of deputies in a local council was to be 10 in places were the number of voters does not go above 500.[29] The maximum number of Deputies in a council is 80 in places with more than 1.5 million voters.[29] However, the proposition was not passed and the composition of local councils was preserved according to the law originally adopted on 14 July 2015.[30] According to the article 16 the composition of local council is defined by the number of voters which is set at a minimum 12 deputies for up to 1,000 voters and a maximum 120 deputies for over 2 million voters.[30] The composition of the Supreme Council of Autonomous Republic of Crimea is defined by the Constitution of Autonomous Republic of Crimea.[30]

A year after election voters can achieve a recall election if the collect as many signatures as voters.[31]

On the party list at least 30% have to be of the opposite sex as the other candidates.[24][28] However, there are no legal sanctions if a party does not comply.[20]

Refugees of the war in Donbas and people who moved out of Crimea after the 2014 Russian invasion of Crimea can not vote in the election if they are not registered as voters in the places they fled to.[20]

The new law also implemented election of starosta post[30] which was introduced with the 2015 administrative reform. With the creation of new territorial communities,[32] which started in the summer of 2015, voters are able to elect new leadership.

Results

[edit]
Results of the 2015 local election by raions (districts).

Election summary

[edit]

In the election Petro Poroshenko Bloc "Solidarity", Fatherland and Our Land won the largest number of seats,[9] followed by Opposition Bloc and Radical Party.[9]

Petro Poroshenko Bloc did well in West and central Ukraine[10] and Kherson Oblast.[11] Fellow coalition partners in the second Yatsenyuk Government Self Reliance performed unconvincingly, with about 10 percent of the votes nationwide.[10] (Coalition member People's Front did not take part in the elections, at the time Fatherland was also a member of the coalition.[10]) Former coalition member Radical Party trailed behind Petro Poroshenko Bloc and Fatherland.[9][10]

Only Petro Poroshenko Bloc, Fatherland, Self Reliance and Radical Party won votes throughout the country.[33]

In Southern and Eastern Ukraine Opposition Bloc gained most votes,[10] but in Kharkiv Oblast, Revival gained most votes.[11]

In Western Ukraine Svoboda improved its performance compared with the 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election.[10]

In 29 cities a second round of mayoral elections was held on 15 November 2015.[citation needed]

Mayor (selected cities)

[edit]

Kyiv

[edit]
Vitali Klitschko

In Kyiv incumbent Mayor Vitali Klitschko and Boryslav Bereza competed in a second round of the mayoral election after Klitschko scored 40.5% of the vote and Bereza 8.8% in the first round.[34] Klitschko won this second round with 66.5%; Bereza gained 33.51% of the votes.[35]

Former mayor Oleksandr Omelchenko came third with 8.4%, followed by Volodymyr Bondarenko with 7.86% and Serhiy Husovsky with 7.7%.[34]

The voter turnout in the first round of the election was 41.87%.[34][36] In the second round of the election the turnout was 28.35%.[6]

Kharkiv

[edit]

In Kharkiv incumbent Mayor Hennadiy Kernes was re-elected in the first round of the election with 65.8% of the votes; with a voter turnout of 44.4%.[37][38] Taras Sytenko came second with 12.31%, followed by Yuriy Sapronov with 5.08%.[37] Voter turnout was 42.41%.[39]

Dnipropetrovsk

[edit]

Also in Dnipropetrovsk a second round of the mayoral election was held after Borys Filatov scored 37.94% and Oleksandr Vilkul 35.78% in the first round of the election.[40] Zahid Krasnov [uk] finished third with 12.42%.[40] In the second round Filatov was elected Mayor with 53.76% of the votes.[41][42]

Odesa

[edit]

In Odesa incumbent Mayor Gennadiy Trukhanov defeated Oleksandr Borovyk with 52.9% against 25.7% in the first round of the mayoral election.[43] Former Mayor Eduard Gurwits came in third with 8.5% of the vote.[43]

Zaporizhzhia

[edit]

In the mayoral election of Zaporizhzhia Volodymyr Buriak or Mykola Frolov gained most votes in the first round of the election. Buriak gained 22.9% and Frolov 18.9% of the vote.[44][45][46][47] In the second round 58.48% of the votes supported Buriak as Mayor.[42]

Hence, incumbent Oleksandr Sin was not reelected after gaining (in the first round of the election) 9% of the vote.[44][46][47][45]

Voter turnout

[edit]

Turnout of the elections was 46.62% nationwide.[14] The highest participation was in Western Ukraine (around 50%), lowest was in the Donbas region (slightly above 30%).[14] The turnout was typical of rates across Europe.[48]

In the second round of the mayoral election the turnout was 34.08%.[6]

Conduct

[edit]
Chairperson of a local electoral commission in Chernihiv on 15 November 2015.

1.554 international observers to the elections were registered by the Central Election Commission of Ukraine.[49][50]

Council of Europe observers were positive about the electoral process.[51]

The OSCE observer mission was also positive about the electoral process, but it argued that the electoral legislation needed improvement.[52]

The European Network of Election Monitoring Organizations observer mission qualified 15 November second round of mayoral elections as "generally held in line with international standards".[53]

Absence of elections in areas of the Donbas

[edit]

No elections took place on 25 October 2015 in Mariupol, Krasnoarmiisk and Svatove because there the majority of elections commission's members refused to accept the election ballots because of faulty ballots.[54] In Mariupol, allegations were made by pro-Euromaidan parties that the printing house owned by Rinat Akhmetov had manipulated the ballots to help Opposition Bloc (whose mayoral candidate Vadym Boychenko worked in a company owned by Akhmetov).[55][56][57]

On 6 November 2015, the local election committee set the date for local elections in Svatove for the next 27 December.[58]

On 10 November, the Ukrainian parliament set the date for local elections in Krasnoarmiisk and Mariupol for the following 29 November.[59] In Mariupol Vadym Boychenko won this (mayoral) election (with a 36.49% voter turnout).[60][61] The ENEMO-mission in Krasnoarmiisk and Mariupol was mildly positive about the elections.[62]

Mayoral re-elections in Kryvy Rih

[edit]

On 15 November Opposition Bloc Yuriy Vilkul was declared winner of the second round of the mayoral elections in Kryvyi Rih.[63] But runner-up Yuriy Myloboh of Self Reliance filed complaints about the violations of the electoral process.[63] The Verkhovna Rada (on 23 December 2015) set early elections of the mayor of Kryvyi Rih on 27 March 2016.[2] According to NGO's OPORA and Committee of Voters of Ukraine these re-elections were marked by large-scale bribery, the use of administrative resources and other violations.[64] Vilkul won the re-election with 74.18% of the vote; followed by Semen Semenchenko for Self Reliance with 10.92%.[65] Voter turnout on 27 March 2016 was 55.77%.[66]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Repeat elections in 82 locations throughout Ukraine have been scheduled for 29 November 20 December, 27 December 3 January, 10 January, and 17 January.[1] And early mayoral elections in Kryvyi Rih on 27 March 2016.[2]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Перелік рад, у яких не обрано міських, селищних, сільських голів" [The list of councils which did not elect city, town, village heads]. Local elections in Ukraine, 2015 (in Ukrainian). Central Election Commission of Ukraine. Archived from the original on 12 November 2015.
  2. ^ a b UNIAN (27 March 2016). "Special mayor elections held in Kryvyi Rih".
  3. ^ "Candidates who are elected deputies of councils". Local elections in Ukraine, 2015 (in Ukrainian). Central Election Commission of Ukraine. Archived from the original on 13 November 2015. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
  4. ^ "Details on those who were elected as city, town, village chairmen". Local elections in Ukraine, 2015 (in Ukrainian). Central Election Commission of Ukraine. Archived from the original on 18 November 2015. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
  5. ^ "Local elections on October 25 to be held in 73 unified communities – CEC". Interfax-Ukraine. 28 August 2015. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
  6. ^ a b c d "В ЦВК оприлюднили офіційні підрахунки про явку виборців" [Central Election Commission releases official voter turnout estimates]. Ukrainian Pravda (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  7. ^ a b Interfax-Ukraine (2 October 2015). "Local election runoff in Ukraine's major cities should be held no later than Nov. 15". Kyiv Post. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
  8. ^ a b c "Local elections will not take place in 125 localities in Donetsk region, 146 - Luhansk region". Interfax-Ukraine. 28 August 2015. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
    Interfax-Ukraine (11 June 2015). "Poroshenko says local elections in Ukraine will be held on Oct. 25, date on which they will be held in Donbas is hard to predict". Kyiv Post. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
    "Ukraine crisis: President calls snap vote amid fighting". BBC News. 25 August 2014. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
    "Ukraine elections: Runners and risks". BBC News. 22 May 2014. Archived from the original on 27 May 2014. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
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  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i Why a 'Star Wars' Emperor Won Office in Ukraine Archived 14 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Bloomberg News (26 October 2015)
    Exit Polls Show Ukraine Divided For, Against Poroshenko Rule, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (27 October 2015)
    After Ukraine's Local Elections: Early Misinterpretations, Carnegie Europe (27 October 2015)
    Poroshenko hobbles on, Politico Europe (26 October 2015)
    Week's milestones. Elections to be continued, blackmail in Minsk, and emotional lustration, UNIAN (27 October 2015)
  11. ^ a b c d Central Elections Committee of Ukraine (2015). "Кандидати, яких обрано депутатами рад". WWW відображення ІАС "Місцеві вибори 2015" (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 13 November 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
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    Melkozerova, Veronika (2 October 2015). "Rhinos, dill and hidden threats confuse voters in Kyiv". Kyiv Post. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
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    Ukraine's prime minister opts out of polls, Financial Times (24 October 2015)
    (in Ukrainian)Electoral lists of candidates in multimember constituencies within the regions of Ukraine in the local elections in 2015 Archived 30 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Central Election Commission of Ukraine
  14. ^ a b c "ЦИК: Явка на местных выборах по Украине составила более 46%, наибольшая – на западе, наименьшая – на Донбассе". Интерфакс-Украина (in Ukrainian). 26 October 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
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  16. ^ "CEC asked for 1.2 billion for local elections" (in Ukrainian). Ukrainska Pravda. 9 July 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
  17. ^ a b c Kozlyuk, Stanislav (9 September 2015). "Здивувати електорат: від рекламних аеростатів до спідвейних мотоциклів" [Surprise electorate from advertising balloons to motorcycles]. The Ukrainian Week (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 11 December 2023.
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  19. ^ a b Zhuk, Alyona (23 October 2015). "Millions Of Ukrainians To Vote On Oct. 25: Parties to spend $82 million in local vote". Kyiv Post. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h OSCE/ODIHR Election Observation Mission. "Interim Report (9 September–8 October 2015)" (PDF). Ukraine, Local Elections, 25 October 2015.
  21. ^ Shurkhalo, Dmytro (14 August 2015). "Там, де стріляють, місцеві вибори радять відкласти" [Where there is shooting it is advised to postpone local elections]. Radio Svoboda (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  22. ^ a b c Ukraine's pro-government parties join forces ahead of local elections Archived 20 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Ukrainian Weekly (18 September 2015)
  23. ^ a b "Rada adopts Law on local elections". Ukrainian Independent Information Agency. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  24. ^ a b c d e f "Groysman explains how local elections will be held on October 25". Interfax-Ukraine. 15 July 2015. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
  25. ^ a b c Antonovych, Mariana; Wamberg Andersen, Johannes (17 July 2015). "Critics say new election law doesn't advance democracy". Kyiv Post. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
  26. ^ a b "Surprises Local elections: be aware to not "break the brain"" (in Ukrainian). Ukrainska Pravda. 30 September 2015. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
  27. ^ Chaplya, Mariya (21 September 2015). "Let the local electoral process in Ukraine begin". beyondtheEU. Archived from the original on 4 October 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  28. ^ a b РАДА ПРИЙНЯЛА ЗАКОН ПРО МІСЦЕВІ ВИБОРИ [The Rada adopted the law on local elections] (in Ukrainian). Ukrainska Pravda. 14 July 2015. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
  29. ^ a b "Рада прийняла за основу законопроект про місцеві вибори" [The Rada adopted on the basis of a draft law on local elections]. Ukrainian Pravda. 18 June 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  30. ^ a b c d "Про місцеві вибори | від 14.07.2015 № 595-VIII" [On local elections]. Verkhovna Rada Ukraine. 26 May 2016. Archived from the original on 26 May 2016. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  31. ^ Local vote, global implications Archived 4 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Business Ukraine (1 October 2015)
    Poroshenko responds to petition on recalling MPs, UNIAN (16 October 2015)
    What the new Local Elections Law changed?, Ukrainian Crisis Media Center (8 September 2014)
  32. ^ "Про добровільне об'єднання територіальних громад" [About a volunteer association of territorial communities]. Parliament of Ukraine (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  33. ^ Kazanskyi, Denys (20 November 2015). "Oligarch Turf Wars. 2.0". The Ukrainian Week. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  34. ^ a b c "With 100% of ballots counted, Klitschko, Bereza to stand in Kyiv mayoral election runoff". Interfax-Ukraine. 30 October 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  35. ^ "Kyiv Mayor Klitschko reelected with 66.5% of vote, 100% of ballot protocols processed - preliminary data". Interfax-Ukraine. 16 November 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  36. ^ "Остаточні дані: Явка на виборах в Києві становила 41,87%" [The final data: turnout in elections in Kyiv was 41.87%]. ua.korrespondent.net (in Ukrainian). 26 October 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  37. ^ a b "Kernes wins elections for Kharkiv mayor with over 65% of vote". Interfax-Ukraine. 31 October 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  38. ^ Wilson, Andrew (29 October 2015). "Five lessons from the local elections in Ukraine". European Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  39. ^ Tsyomyk, Anna (9 November 2021). "Спадкоємець Кернеса" [The Heir to Kernes]. The Ukrainian Week (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  40. ^ a b "Opposition Bloc's Vilkul, UKROP's Filatov to participate in Dnipropetrovsk mayoral election runoff". Interfax-Ukraine. 2 November 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  41. ^ "Borys Filatov becomes Dnipropetrovsk mayor – election commission". www.ukrinform.net. 17 November 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  42. ^ a b "Голова КВУ: Кличко набрав найбільше голосів серед мерів мегаполісів" [CVU Chairman: Klitschko won the most votes among the mayors of cities]. espreso.tv (in Ukrainian). 18 November 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  43. ^ a b "Incumbent Odesa Mayor Trukhanov declared winner in Sunday mayoral election". Interfax-Ukraine. 28 October 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  44. ^ a b "Assistant Vladimir Buriak: We do not care who will be our opponent in the 2nd round". zpinfo.com.ua. 30 October 2015. Archived from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  45. ^ a b "The results of the elections in the Zaporozhye region". zpinfo.com.ua. 3 November 2015. Archived from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  46. ^ a b "Local elections: Exit polls for main regions". Ukrinform. 26 October 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
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  48. ^ Sasse, Gwendolyn (27 October 2015). "After Ukraine's Local Elections: Early Misinterpretations". Carnegie Europe. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  49. ^ "The CEC of Ukraine registered more than 1,5 thousand election observers". news.rin.ru. 20 October 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  50. ^ Ukrainian Independent Information Agency (20 October 2015). "Week in numbers". www.unian.info. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  51. ^ "Council of Europe observers give positive marks to electoral process in Ukrainian local elections". Interfax-Ukraine. 26 October 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  52. ^ "Electoral process in local elections in Ukraine went in an organized manner, but legislation needs improvement – OSCE ODIHR". Interfax-Ukraine. 26 October 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  53. ^ "ENEMO says second round of mayoral elections in Ukraine held in line with intl standards, notes minor issues". Interfax-Ukraine. 17 November 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  54. ^ "Dispute over Mariupol mars Ukraine's regional elections". www.ft.com. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  55. ^ "Ukraine: Mariupol vote called off amid 'irregularities'". euronews. 26 October 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  56. ^ Vlasova, Anastasia (25 October 2015). "Politicians exchange accusations, as residents outraged at no vote in Mariupol (VIDEO)". Kyiv Post. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
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  58. ^ "Вибори в Сватове і Новоайдарському районі призначені на грудень" [Elections in Svatove and Novoaidar district are scheduled for December]. Liga (in Ukrainian). 6 November 2015. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
  59. ^ Рада призначила вибори в Маріуполі та Красноармійську на 29 листопада [Rada appointed elections in Mariupol and Krasnoarmeisk on 29 November]. Ukrainska Pravda (in Ukrainian). 10 November 2015. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
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  61. ^ Krasnolutska, Daryna (2 December 2015). "Old Guard Clinches Mayoral Race on Edge of Ukraine's Eastern War". Bloomberg. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  62. ^ "Votings in Mariupol, Krasnoarmiysk meet law – ENEMO". Interfax-Ukraine. 30 November 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  63. ^ a b "Rada schedules early mayoral elections in Kryvy Rih for March 27". Interfax-Ukraine. 23 December 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  64. ^ "No fair, democratic standards in Kryviy Rih mayor elections – CVU". www.unian.info. 28 March 2016. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  65. ^ "Вілкул склав присягу мера Кривого Рогу" [Vilkul took the oath of the mayor of Kryvyi Rih]. Ukrainian Pravda (in Ukrainian). 31 March 2016. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  66. ^ "Yuriy Vilkul sworn in as Kryvy Rih mayor". Interfax-Ukraine. 1 April 2016. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
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