1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election
 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||
All 140 seats in the Kerala Legislative Assembly 71 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turnout | 79.19% ( 3.90%) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Kerala, India Kerala, one of the states in South India, has an electorate of more than 21 million people. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Elections were held on 19 March 1977 to elect members to the fifth Niyamasabha. The United Front, led by INC and CPI won plurality of seats and remained in power, with K. Karunakaran as the Chief Minister.[1]
History
[edit]Fourth Kerala Legislative Assembly, which was elected in 1970, completed its term by 1975, but it was extended on three occasions during the Emergency.[2] Election of 1977 was the general election after the withdrawal of Emergency imposed on 26 June 1975.[3][4]
This is the first election the 1974 delimitation of Assembly Constituencies was put to effect,[5] which increased number of seat in the assembly from 133 to 140
Results
[edit]Party Wise Results
[edit]
| |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alliance | Party | Seats | |||||||
| United Front 111 | Indian National Congress (INC) | 38 | |||||||
| Communist Party of India (CPI) | 23 | ||||||||
| Kerala Congress (KEC) | 20 | ||||||||
| Indian Union Muslim League (IUML) | 13 | ||||||||
| Revolutionary Socialist Party (RSP) | 9 | ||||||||
| United Front Independents | 8 | ||||||||
| Opposition 29 | Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPM) | 17 | |||||||
| Bharatiya Lok Dal (BLD) | 6 | ||||||||
| All India Muslim League (Opposition) (AIML) | 3 | ||||||||
| Kerala Congress (Pillai Group) (KCP) | 2 | ||||||||
| LDF Independent (IND) | 1 (Kovalam) | ||||||||
| Total | 140 | ||||||||
Constituency Wise Results
[edit]| Sl No. | Constituency Name | Category | Winner Candidates Name | Gender | Party | Vote | Runner-up Candidates Name | Gender | Party | vote |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Manjeshwar | GEN | M. Ramappa | M | CPI | 25709 | H. Shankara Alva | M | BLD | 21100 |
| 2 | Kasaragod | GEN | T. A. Ibrahim | M | MUL | 29402 | B. M. Abdul Rehiman | M | MLO | 22619 |
| 3 | Udma | GEN | N. K. Balakrishnan | M | United Front IND | 31690 | K. G. Marar | M | BLD | 28145 |
| 4 | Hosdrug | (SC) | K. T. Kumaran | M | CPI | 34683 | M. Raghavan | M | CPM | 32578 |
| 5 | Trikaripur | GEN | P. Karunakaran | M | CPM | 38632 | P. T. Jose | M | KEC | 32512 |
| 6 | Irikkur | GEN | C. P. Govindan Nambiar | M | INC | 34889 | Sabastian Vettam | M | KCP | 27741 |
| 7 | Payyannur | GEN | N. Subramoniya Shenoy | M | CPM | 37256 | T. C. Bharathan | M | IND | 32209 |
| 8 | Taliparamba | GEN | M. V. Raghavan | M | CPM | 36829 | K. Narayanan Nambiar | M | IND | 35304 |
| 9 | Azhikode | GEN | Chatayan Govindan | M | CPM | 32548 | C. C. Abdul Halim | M | MUL | 26712 |
| 10 | kannur | GEN | P. Bhaskaran | M | BLD | 31391 | N. K. Kumaran | M | INC | 30701 |
| 11 | Edakkad | GEN | P. P. V. Moosa | M | MLO | 34266 | N. Ramakrishnan | M | INC | 30947 |
| 12 | thalassery | GEN | Pattiam Gopalan | M | CPM | 38419 | N. C. Mammootty | M | CPI | 29946 |
| 13 | Peringalam | GEN | P. R. Karup | M | INC | 33916 | V. K. Achuthan | M | BLD | 31958 |
| 14 | Kuthuparamba | GEN | Pinarayi Vijayan | M | CPM | 34465 | Abdulkadar | M | RSP | 30064 |
| 15 | Peravoor | GEN | K. P. Noorudeen | M | INC | 36449 | E. P. Krishnan Nambiar | M | CPM | 31465 |
| 16 | North Wynad | (ST) | M. V. Rajan | M | INC | 32589 | A. Gopalan | M | CPM | 24288 |
| 17 | Vatakara | GEN | K. Chandrasekharan | M | BLD | 37543 | P. Vijayan | M | INC | 34998 |
| 18 | Nadapuram | GEN | Kandalottu Kunhambu | M | CPI | 37391 | E. V. Kumaran | M | CPM | 30321 |
| 19 | Meppayur | GEN | Panarath Kunhimohammed | M | MUL | 40642 | A. V. Abdurahiman Haji | M | MLO | 34808 |
| 20 | Quilandy | GEN | E. Narayanan Nair | M | INC | 39581 | E. Rajagopalan Nair | M | BLD | 35074 |
| 21 | Perambra | GEN | K. C. Joseph | M | KEC | 35694 | V. V. Dakshinamoorthy | M | CPM | 34921 |
| 22 | Balusseri | GEN | P. K. Sankarankutty | M | BLD | 33960 | Puthoor Ramakrishnan Nair | M | INC | 32413 |
| 23 | Koduvally | GEN | E. Ahammad | M | MUL | 39241 | K. Moosakutty | M | CPM | 31206 |
| 24 | Calicut- I | GEN | N. Chandrasekhara Kurup | M | CPM | 37249 | P. V. Sankaranarayanan | M | INC | 35476 |
| 25 | Calicut- II | GEN | P. M. Aboobacker | M | MLO | 33531 | S. V. Usmankoya | M | MUL | 32433 |
| 26 | Beypore | GEN | N. P. Moideen | M | INC | 35374 | K. Chathunni Master | M | CPM | 33178 |
| 27 | Kunnamangalam | (SC) | K. P. Raman | M | MLO | 30289 | P. K. Kannan | M | CPI | 28601 |
| 28 | Thiruvambady | GEN | P. Cyriac John | M | INC | 29835 | E. T. Mohammed Basheer | M | MLO | 26454 |
| 29 | Kalpetta | GEN | K. G. Adiyodi | M | INC | 28713 | M. P. Veerandrakumar | M | BLD | 26608 |
| 30 | Sultan'S Battery | (ST) | K. Raghavan Master | M | INC | 29204 | Nidyachery Vasu | M | BLD | 24213 |
| 31 | Wandoor | (SC) | V. Eacharan | M | INC | 35369 | K. Gopalan | M | BLD | 22079 |
| 32 | Nilambur | GEN | Aryadan Muhammed | M | INC | 35410 | K. Saidali Kutty | M | CPM | 27695 |
| 33 | Manjeri | GEN | M. P. M Abdulla Kurikkal | M | MUL | 43626 | K. A. Quader | M | MLO | 16807 |
| 34 | Malappuram | GEN | C. H. Mohammed Koya | M | MUL | 39362 | T. K. S. A. Muthukoyathangal | M | MLO | 15724 |
| 35 | Kondotty | GEN | P. Seethi Haji | M | MUL | 41731 | M. C. Muhammed | M | MLO | 20159 |
| 36 | Tirurangadi | GEN | Avakader Kutty Naha | M | MUL | 40540 | T. P. Kunhalan Kutty | M | IND | 21479 |
| 37 | Tanur | GEN | U. A. Beeran | M | MUL | 42886 | C. M. Kutty | M | MLO | 12158 |
| 38 | Tirur | GEN | P. T. Kunhimuhammed ( Kunhukutty Hajee ) | M | MUL | 41675 | K. Moideen Kutty Haji ( K. Bava Haji ) | M | MLO | 26127 |
| 39 | Ponnani | GEN | M. P. Gangadharan | M | INC | 38083 | E. K. Imbichi Bava | M | CPM | 28334 |
| 40 | Kuttippuram | GEN | Chakeri Ahmedkutty | M | MUL | 36367 | K. Moidu | M | MLO | 12023 |
| 41 | Mankada | GEN | Korambayil Ahammed Haji | M | MUL | 33597 | Cherukoya Thangal | M | MLO | 26207 |
| 42 | Perinthalmanna | GEN | K. K. S. Thangal | M | MUL | 32356 | Paloli Muhammed Kutty | M | CPM | 24751 |
| 43 | Thrithala | GEN | K. Sankaranarayanan | M | INC | 34012 | P. P. Krishnan | M | CPM | 24288 |
| 44 | Pattambi | GEN | E. P. Gopalan | M | CPI | 30659 | Devaki Warrier | F | CPM | 26072 |
| 45 | Ottapalam | GEN | P. Balan | M | INC | 30937 | K. P. Unni | M | CPM | 24120 |
| 46 | Sreekrishnapuram | GEN | K. Sukumaranunni | M | INC | 32071 | C. Govinda Panicker | M | CPM | 28136 |
| 47 | Mannarkkad | GEN | A. N. Yusuff | M | CPI | 30563 | C. S. Gangadharan | M | CPM | 23854 |
| 48 | Malampuzha | GEN | P. V. Kunhikannan | M | CPM | 27122 | C. M. Chandrasekharan | M | RSP | 22696 |
| 49 | Palghat | GEN | C. M. Sundaram | M | United Front IND | 30160 | R. Krishnan | M | CPM | 27357 |
| 50 | Chittur | GEN | P. Sankar | M | CPI | 28698 | K. A. Sivarama Bharathy | M | BLD | 21121 |
| 51 | Kollengode | GEN | C. Vasudeva Menon | M | CPM | 29303 | K. V. Narayanan | M | CPI | 28865 |
| 52 | Coyalmannam | (SC) | M. K. Krishnan | M | CPM | 34798 | N. Subbayyan | M | INC | 29570 |
| 53 | Alathur | GEN | E. M. S. Namboodiripad | M | CPM | 31424 | V. S. Vijayaraghavan | M | INC | 29425 |
| 54 | Chelakara | (SC) | K. K. Balakrishnan | M | INC | 34460 | K. S. Sankaran | M | CPM | 24525 |
| 55 | Wadakkanchery | GEN | K. S. Narayanan Namboodiri | M | INC | 37783 | A. S. N. Nambisan | M | CPM | 25725 |
| 56 | Kunnamkulam | GEN | K. P. Viswanathan | M | INC | 35230 | T. K. Krishnan | M | CPM | 29889 |
| 57 | Cherpu | GEN | K. P. Prabhakaran | M | CPI | 33526 | I. M. Velayudhan | M | IND | 29007 |
| 58 | Trichur | GEN | K. J. George | M | BLD | 32335 | P. A. Antony | M | INC | 28185 |
| 59 | Ollur | GEN | P. R. Francis | M | INC | 30931 | Adv. P. K. Asokan | M | CPM | 29845 |
| 60 | Kodakara | GEN | Lonappan Nambadan | M | KEC | 30569 | T. P. Sitaraman | M | BLD | 29119 |
| 61 | Chalakudi | GEN | P. K. Ittoop | M | KCP | 33581 | P. P. George | M | INC | 25968 |
| 62 | Mala | GEN | K. Karunakaran | M | INC | 34699 | Paul Kokkat | M | CPM | 25233 |
| 63 | Irinjalakuda | GEN | Sidharthan Kattungal | M | INC | 33377 | John Manjooran | M | IND | 31243 |
| 64 | Manalur | GEN | N. I. Devassykutty | M | INC | 32314 | M. G. Jayachandran | M | IND | 24986 |
| 65 | Guruvayoor | GEN | B. V. Seethi Thangal | M | MUL | 34063 | V. M. Sulaiman | M | MLO | 20071 |
| 66 | Nattika | GEN | P. K. Gopalakrishnan | M | CPI | 32917 | V. K. Gopinathan | M | BLD | 24711 |
| 67 | Kodungallur | GEN | V. K. Rajan | M | CPI | 32159 | P. V. Abdul Kader | M | IND | 24048 |
| 68 | Ankamali | GEN | A. P. Kurian | M | CPM | 36261 | P. P. Thankachan | M | INC | 35700 |
| 69 | Vadakkekara | GEN | T. K. Abdu | M | CPM | 30498 | K. C. Mathew | M | CPI | 29541 |
| 70 | Parur | GEN | Xavier Arakkal | M | INC | 29644 | Varkey Painandar | M | IND | 24733 |
| 71 | Narakkal | (SC) | T. A. Paraman | M | RSP | 30985 | S. Vasu | M | CPM | 28795 |
| 72 | Ernakulam | GEN | A. L. Jacob | M | INC | 33367 | Alexander Parambithara | M | BLD | 31643 |
| 73 | Mattancherry | GEN | K. J. Harschel | M | BLD | 29543 | A. A. Kochunny | M | INC | 25348 |
| 74 | Palluruthy | GEN | Eapen Varghese | M | KEC | 32479 | M. M. Lawrence | M | CPM | 30638 |
| 75 | Thrippunithura | GEN | T. K. Ramakrishnan | M | CPM | 35754 | K. M. Ramsakunju | M | MUL | 30009 |
| 76 | Alwaye | GEN | T. H. Musthafa | M | INC | 37017 | M. P. M. Japherkhan | M | MLO | 36259 |
| 77 | Perumbavoor | GEN | P. R. Sivan | M | CPM | 34133 | P. I. Poulose | M | INC | 32386 |
| 78 | Kunnathunad | GEN | P. R. Esthose | M | CPM | 31126 | Paul P. Mani | M | INC | 28436 |
| 79 | Piravom | GEN | T. M. Jacob | M | KEC | 35598 | Alunkal Devassy | M | BLD | 29868 |
| 80 | Muvattupuzha | GEN | P. C. Joseph | M | KEC | 32994 | Sunny Mannathukaran | M | KCP | 28349 |
| 81 | Kothamangalam | GEN | M. V. Mani | M | KEC | 34523 | M. E. Kuriakose | M | KCP | 31432 |
| 82 | Thodupuzha | GEN | P. J. Joseph | M | KEC | 38294 | A. C. Chacko | M | KCP | 24386 |
| 83 | Devicolam | (SC) | Kittappanarayanaswamy | M | INC | 27348 | G. Varadan | M | CPM | 18949 |
| 84 | Idukki | GEN | V. T. Sebastian | M | KEC | 23244 | John Thomas Mooleparambil | M | IND | 14071 |
| 85 | Udumbanchola | GEN | Thomas Joseph | M | KEC | 29083 | M. Ginadevan | M | CPM | 20843 |
| 86 | Peermade | GEN | C. A. Kuriyan | M | CPI | 27360 | K. S. Krishnan | M | CPM | 20013 |
| 87 | Kanjirappally | GEN | K. V. Kurian | M | KEC | 32207 | Eapen Jacob | M | KCP | 28227 |
| 88 | Vazhoor | GEN | K. Narayana Kurup | M | KEC | 37391 | K. M. Sadasivan Nair | M | CPM | 17356 |
| 89 | Changanacherry | GEN | Joseph Chacko | M | KEC | 31960 | Mathew Mullakupadem | M | KCP | 19481 |
| 90 | Kottayam | GEN | P. P. George | M | CPI | 35683 | M. Thomas | M | CPM | 32107 |
| 91 | Ettumanoor | GEN | P. B. R. Pillai | M | BLD | 23795 | M. C. Abraham | M | INC | 23553 |
| 92 | Puthuppally | GEN | Oommen Chandy | M | INC | 40376 | P. C. Cherian | M | BLD | 24466 |
| 93 | Poonjar | GEN | V. J. Joseph | M | KEC | 34770 | P. I. Devasia | M | KCP | 21065 |
| 94 | Palai | GEN | K. M. Mani | M | KEC | 39664 | N. C. Joseph | M | IND | 24807 |
| 95 | Kaduthuruthy | GEN | O. Lukose | M | KEC | 38403 | K. K. Joseph | M | CPM | 25652 |
| 96 | Vaikom | (SC) | M. K. Kesavan | M | CPI | 39711 | K. G. Bhaskaran | M | CPM | 24770 |
| 97 | Aroor | GEN | P. S. Sreenivasan | M | CPI | 39643 | K. R. Gouri | F | CPM | 30048 |
| 98 | Sherthala | GEN | M. K. Raghavan | M | INC | 37767 | N. P. Thandar | M | CPM | 26007 |
| 99 | Mararikulam | GEN | A. V. Thamarakshan | M | RSP | 39094 | P. K. Chandrandan | M | CPM | 34748 |
| 100 | Alleppey | GEN | P. K. Vasudevan Nair | M | CPI | 35301 | Joseph Matahn | M | BLD | 25631 |
| 101 | Ambalapuzha | GEN | K. K. Kumara Pillai | M | RSP | 32056 | V. S. Achuthanandan | M | CPM | 26471 |
| 102 | Kuttanad | GEN | Eappen Kandakudy | M | KEC | 34161 | K.P. Joseph | M | CPM | 27014 |
| 103 | Haripad | GEN | G.P. Mangalathu Madaom | M | United Front IND | 33037 | C.B.C. Warrier | M | CPM | 30118 |
| 104 | Kayamkulam | GEN | Thundathie Kunjukrishna Pillai | M | INC | 29742 | P.A. Haris P.K. Kunju | M | BLD | 24655 |
| 105 | Thiruvalla | GEN | E. John Jacob | M | KEC | 31548 | John Jacob Vallakkalil | M | KCP | 24573 |
| 106 | Kallooppara | GEN | T.S. John | M | KEC | 33967 | E.K. Kuriakose | M | KCP | 17173 |
| 107 | Aranmula | GEN | M.K. Hemachandran | M | INC | 35482 | P.N. Chandrasenan | M | IND | 21127 |
| 108 | Chengannur | GEN | Thakappan Pillai | M | United Front IND | 33909 | K.R. Saraswathi Amma | F | KCP | 27356 |
| 109 | Mavelikara | GEN | Bhaskaran Nair | M | United front IND | 35103 | S. Govinda Kurup | M | CPM | 26310 |
| 110 | Pandalam | (SC) | Damodaran Kalassery | M | INC | 36938 | V. Kesavan | M | CPM | 31764 |
| 111 | Ranni | GEN | K.A. Mathew | M | KEC | 32530 | F. Thomas Kuttikayam | M | KCP | 23235 |
| 112 | Pathanamthitta | GEN | George Mathew | M | KEC | 34853 | K.K. Nair | M | IND | 30686 |
| 113 | Konni | GEN | P.J. Thomas | M | INC | 30714 | R.C. Unnithan | M | CPM | 30277 |
| 114 | Pathanapuram | GEN | E.K. Pillai | M | CPI | 30927 | A. George | M | KCP | 30136 |
| 115 | Punalur | GEN | P.K. Sreenjvasan | M | CPI | 33870 | V. Bharathan | M | CPM | 30668 |
| 116 | Chadayamangalam | GEN | Chandrasekharan Nair | M | CPI | 31906 | N. Sundaresan | M | CPM | 20219 |
| 117 | Kottarakkara | GEN | R. Balakrishan Pillai | M | KCP | 37253 | Kottara Gopalkrishan | M | INC | 23098 |
| 118 | Neduvathur | (SC) | Bhargavi Thankappan | F | CPI | 33941 | Vettikavala Kochukunju | M | BLD | 22019 |
| 119 | Adoor | GEN | Thennala Balakrishna Pillai | M | INC | 31214 | Mathew Muthalali | M | KCP | 23826 |
| 120 | Kunnathur | (SC) | Kallada Narayanan | M | RSP | 43347 | C.K. Thankappan | M | CPM | 25103 |
| 121 | Karunagappally | GEN | P. M. Sheriff | M | CPI | 29739 | C.P. Karunnakaran Pillai | M | CPM | 24255 |
| 122 | Chavara | GEN | Baby John | M | RSP | 36892 | A. Noorundin Kunju | M | IND | 17583 |
| 123 | Kundara | GEN | A. A. Rahim | M | INC | 29758 | V. V. Joseph | M | IND | 29362 |
| 124 | Quilon | GEN | Thyagarajan | M | RSP | 37065 | N. Padmalochanan | M | CPM | 24049 |
| 125 | Eravipuram | GEN | R. S. Unni | M | RSP | 39119 | R. M. Parameswaran | M | IND | 22666 |
| 126 | Chathanoor | GEN | J. Chitharanjan | M | CPI | 38787 | Varinja Vasu Pillai | M | BLD | 20016 |
| 127 | Varkala | GEN | T. A. Majeed | M | CPI | 25210 | Shamsuddin | M | BLD | 18991 |
| 128 | Attingal | GEN | Vakkam Purushothaman | M | INC | 32452 | Varkala Radhakrishnan | M | CPM | 23892 |
| 129 | Kilimanoor | (SC) | P. K. Chathan Master | M | CPI | 32242 | C. K. Balakrishnan | M | CPM | 31412 |
| 130 | Vamanapuram | GEN | N. Vasudevan Pillai | M | CPM | 31463 | M. Kunju Krishnan Pillai | M | INC | 29071 |
| 131 | Ariyanad | GEN | K. C. Vamadevan | M | RSP | 26100 | Thakidi Krishanan Nair | M | BLD | 18908 |
| 132 | Nedumangad | GEN | Kaniapuram Ramachandran Nair | M | CPI | 34731 | R. Sundaresan Nair | M | IND | 23992 |
| 133 | Kazhakuttam | GEN | Thlaekunnil Basheer | M | INC | 37014 | A. Essuddin | M | MLO | 22637 |
| 134 | Trivandrum North | GEN | K. Raveendran Nair | M | United Front IND | 31971 | S. Dharmarajan | M | CPM | 25806 |
| 135 | Trivandrum West | GEN | K. Pankajakshan | M | RSP | 31224 | S.M. Noohu | M | BLD | 20301 |
| 136 | Trivandrum East | GEN | P. Narayanan Nair | M | United Front IND | 33405 | J. Saradamma | F | CPM | 22802 |
| 137 | Nemom | GEN | S. Varadarajan Nair | M | INC | 32063 | Pallichal Sadasivan | M | CPM | 25142 |
| 138 | Kovalam | GEN | A. Neellalohithadasan Nadar | M | Left IND | 32549 | N. Sakthan | M | KEC | 28435 |
| 139 | Neyyattinkara | GEN | R. Sundaresan Nair | M | United Front IND | 30372 | R. Parameswaran | M | CPM | 24678 |
| 140 | Parassala | GEN | M. Kunjukrishnan Nadar | M | INC | 34485 | M. Sathyanesan | M | CPM | 21084 |
By-Elections
[edit]| S.No. | Constituency | Type | Year | Winning Candidate | Party | Votes | Runner-up Candidate | Party | Votes | Winning Party | Majority |
| 133 | Kazhakootam | GEN | 1977 | A.K. Antony | INC | 38463 | P. Sreedharan Nair | CPM- Ind. | 29794 | INC | 8669 |
| 136 | Trivandrum East | GEN | 1978 | K.Anirudhan | CPM | 23891 | P.K.Pillai | IND | 22106 | CPM | 1785 |
| 2 | Kasaragod | GEN | 1979 | B. M. A. Rahiman | MLO | 22419 | C. T. A. Ali | MUL | 21269 | MLO | 1150 |
| 12 | Tellicherry | GEN | 1979 | M.V.Rajagopalan | CPM | 44457 | K.Sreedharan | CPI | 23799 | CPM | 20658 |
| 105 | Thiruvalla | GEN | 1979 | P.C.T.Painummoottil | JNP | 30552 | J.J.Vallakkalil | KEC | 24863 | JNP | 5689 |
| 140 | Parassala | GEN | 1979 | M.Sahyanesan | CPM | 27986 | M. S. Nadar | INC(I) | 20657 | CPM | 7329 |
Formation of Ministry
[edit]On 25 March, K. Karunakaran of Congress sworn as Chief Minister. However, Karunakaran had to resign within a month over the controversial death of Left-leaning engineering student Rajan, who was tortured during the Emergency when he was the Home Minister.[8][9] Then 15 member ministry under the leadership of A.K. Antony assumed office on 27 April 1977. When Congress split in January 1978, Karunakaran joined the new Indira Congress, and A K Antony continued with the 'main' Congress, which was variously known as Congress (Urs), Congress (Socialist). Antony resigned as Chief Minister in late 1978 when his Congress faction decided to support Indira Gandhi in Chickmagalur bye-election. CPI and Congress also drifted apart. Though the ruling alliance had won nearly 80% seats in the election, it became unstable, and the assembly lasted less than 3 years.
K. Karunakaran's ministry holds the record for ministry which served the shortest term[10]
References
[edit]- ^ "History of Kerala legislature - Government of Kerala, India". kerala.gov.in. Archived from the original on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2019.
- ^ "Golden Jubilee of Kerala Assembly: 2006-2007- records (updated)". www.keralaassembly.org. Retrieved 26 May 2019.
- ^ "Recalling the Emergency years". The Indian Express. 29 June 2015. Retrieved 26 May 2019.
- ^ "Who was K Karunakaran?". NDTV.com. Retrieved 26 May 2019.
- ^ "A Bill with limitations". frontline.thehindu.com. Retrieved 26 May 2019.[permanent dead link]
- ^ STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1977 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF KERELA (PDF). ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA. 1987. pp. 4–7.
- ^ "Kerala Assembly Election Results in 1977". www.elections.in. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ Haritha John, Rakesh Mehar (21 June 2017). "Kerala Chronicles: How one missing student brought down a Congress govt in just a month". The News Minute. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
- ^ "Once there was a hero.... - Indian Express". archive.indianexpress.com. Retrieved 26 May 2019.
- ^ "Golden Jubilee of Kerala Assembly: 2006-2007- records (updated)". www.keralaassembly.org. Retrieved 26 May 2019.