1936 Syrian general strike

1936 Syrian general strike
الإضراب الستيني
1936 Syrian general strike; الإضراب الستيني
	Crowds in Damascus cheering National Bloc leaders headed by Jamil Mardam Bey before they left for talks in Paris on 31 March 1936
Date	20 January – 6 March 1936
Location	Mandatory Syria
Caused by	Closure of National Bloc offices and arrest of two nationalist leaders
Goals	Independence
Methods	Riots, Strike, Protests
Resulted in	French concessions in the form of the 1936 Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence
Parties
French Mandate authorities	National Bloc; League of National Action
Lead figures
	Damien de Martel; Charles Huntziger; Taj al-Din al-Hasani Shukri al-Quwatli; Khalil Mardam Bey; Faris al-Khoury; Lutfi al-Haffar; Nasib al-Bakri
Casualties and losses
Deaths: dozens; Arrests: at least 3,000

The 1936 Syrian general strike (Arabic: الإضراب الستيني) was a 50-day strike that was organized as a response to the policies of the French occupation of Syria and Lebanon. The strike action paralyzed the country for two months and forced France to negotiate the Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence with the National Bloc.

Overview

On 11 January 1936, the National Bloc held a commemoration for one of its leaders, Ibrahim Hananu, who had died in November 1935. The meeting featured several speeches that lamented and attacked the French occupation.^[1] Soon thereafter the French mandate authorities closed the office of the National Bloc in Damascus, and arrested two prominent nationalist leaders from the party, Fakhri al-Baroudi and Sayf al-Din al-Ma'mun. In response, the Bloc called for strike action against the French occupation policies. The strike, which started on 20 January with work stoppages and student protests in Damascus, Homs, Hama and Aleppo, soon spread to all major towns.^[2]

Leaders from the National Bloc, including Nasib al-Bakri, Jamil Mardam Bey, Lutfi al-Haffar and Faris al-Khoury actively participated and organized demonstrations against the French occupation and the French-appointed president, Taj al-Din al-Hasani,^[3] and demanded the reinstatement of the 1930 constitution that was suspended in 1933. The League of National Action supported the strike and participated in organizing marches and protests in Damascus.^[4] The civil disobedience action paralyzed the economy and quickly brought the country to the "verge of a complete shutdown."^[2]

French response

The French High Commissioner, Damien de Martel, was urgently recalled from Beirut to Damascus to handle the situation,^[2] and General Charles Huntziger, commander of the Army of the Levant was tasked with restoring calm. Several Bloc leaders including Nasib al-Bakri and Mardam Bey were exiled, and more than 3,000 people were arrested.^[1]

In an effort to disperse the demonstrations, French troops opened fire on the protesting crowds, leaving dozens dead.^[2] However, the measures failed to quell the uprising which garnered support from other Arab countries as people protested on the streets of Iraq, Lebanon, Palestine and Jordan in solidarity with the Syrian people. The French government also came under severe pressure inside France from the leftist media and the emerging Popular Front which called for a complete re-haul of its policy in Syria and Lebanon.^[1]

Resolution

On 2 March, the French authorities relented and agreed to start negotiations with the National Bloc. They also granted a general amnesty for those arrested or exiled during the crisis. The Bloc called off the strike on 6 March after the release of its arrested leaders. Later that year, a delegation from the National Bloc travelled to Paris and signed the Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence.^[1]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Ṣulḥ, Raghīd (2004). Lebanon and Arabism: national identity and state formation. I.B.Tauris. pp. 20–21. ISBN 978-1-86064-051-3.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Thomas, Martin (2005). The French empire between the wars: imperialism, politics and society. Manchester University Press. p. 295. ISBN 978-0-7190-6518-7.
^ Moubayed, Sami M. (2006). Steel & Silk: Men & Women Who Shaped Syria 1900–2000. Cune Press. p. 236. ISBN 1-885942-41-9.
^ Commins, David Dean (2004). Historical dictionary of Syria. Scarecrow Press. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-8108-4934-1.

[Sulh-1] Ṣulḥ, Raghīd (2004). Lebanon and Arabism: national identity and state formation. I.B.Tauris. pp. 20–21. ISBN 978-1-86064-051-3.

[Thomas-2] Thomas, Martin (2005). The French empire between the wars: imperialism, politics and society. Manchester University Press. p. 295. ISBN 978-0-7190-6518-7.

[Moubayed-3] Moubayed, Sami M. (2006). Steel & Silk: Men & Women Who Shaped Syria 1900–2000. Cune Press. p. 236. ISBN 1-885942-41-9.

[Commins-4] Commins, David Dean (2004). Historical dictionary of Syria. Scarecrow Press. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-8108-4934-1.

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