1920 Major League Baseball season
| 1920 MLB season | |
|---|---|
| League | American League (AL) National League (NL) |
| Sport | Baseball |
| Duration | Regular season:
|
| Number of games | 154 |
| Number of teams | 16 (8 per league) |
| Pennant winners | |
| AL champions | Cleveland Indians |
| AL runners-up | Chicago White Sox |
| NL champions | Brooklyn Robins |
| NL runners-up | New York Giants |
| World Series | |
| Champions | Cleveland Indians |
| Runners-up | Brooklyn Robins |
The 1920 major league baseball season began on April 14, 1920. The regular season ended on October 3, with the Brooklyn Robins and Cleveland Indians as the regular season champions of the National League and American League, respectively. The postseason began with Game 1 of the 17th World Series on October 5 and ended with Game 7 on October 12. The Indians defeated the Robins, five games to two.
This was the final season to be presided over by the three-person National Baseball Commission, which ran the major and minor leagues—composed of the American League President, National League President, and one team owner as president. In the wake of the Black Sox scandal, the credibility of baseball had been tarnished with the public and fans and the owners of the teams clamored for credibility to be restored. The owners felt that creating one position with near-unlimited authority was the answer. After the season, the commission was replaced with the newly created office of Commissioner of Baseball.
Creation of the office of the Commissioner of Baseball
[edit]Persisting rumors of the Chicago White Sox throwing the previous year's World Series to the Cincinnati Reds and another game during the 1920 season led to the game's brass looking for ways of dealing with the problems of gambling within the sport. At the time, MLB was governed by a three-man National Baseball Commission composed of American League President Ban Johnson, National League President John Heydler and Cincinnati Reds owner Garry Herrmann. At the request of the other owners, Herrmann left the office reducing the commission to be deadlocked by two. With the owners disliking one or both presidents, calls began for stronger leadership, although they opined they could support the continuation of the leagues' presidencies with a well-qualified Commissioner.[1]
A plan that began to circulate and gain support was dubbed the "Lasker Plan", after Albert Lasker, a shareholder of the Chicago Cubs, called for a three-man commission with no financial interest in baseball. With the Black Sox scandal exposed on September 30, 1920, Heydler began calling for the Lasker Plan. All eight NL teams supported the plan, along with three AL teams. The three AL teams were the White Sox, the New York Yankees and the Boston Red Sox.[2] The teams in support of the Lasker Plan wanted federal judge Kenesaw Mountain Landis to take the office of Baseball Commissioner. Johnson, who opposed the plan and thus, the appointment of Landis, had allies in the other five AL clubs, and attempted to get Minor League Baseball to side with him. However, the minor leagues would not, and when the AL teams learned their position, they relented and instead went along with the Lasker Plan.[3] The owners agreed that they needed a person with near-unlimited authority and a powerful person to fill the position of commissioner.[4]
The owners approached Landis, who eventually accepted the position as the first Commissioner of Baseball.[5] He drafted the agreement which gave him almost unlimited authority throughout the major and minor leagues – every owner on down to the batboys was accountable to the Commissioner – including barring owners from dismissing him, speaking critically of him in public or challenging him in court.[6] Landis also kept his job as a federal judge.
While Landis' record as Commissioner would eventually attract considerable controversy, especially with respect to his role in maintaining the color line, at the time a near autocratic leader was widely believed to be needed for baseball since the Black Sox scandal had placed the public's trust in baseball on shaky ground. As a result, the owners accepted the terms of the agreement with a scant trace of opposition, if any.[7]
Schedule
[edit]The 1920 schedule consisted of 154 games for all teams in the American League and National League, each of which had eight teams. Each team was scheduled to play 22 games against the other seven teams of their respective league. The 154-game format had previously been used since 1904, except for 1919, and would be used until 1961 in the American League and 1962 in the National League.
Opening Day took place on April 14 with all but the Washington Senators and Boston Red Sox playing. The final day of the regular season was on October 3, with all teams but the Boston Red Sox and New York Yankees playing. The World Series took place between October 5 and October 12.
Tripleheader
[edit]
The 1920 season featured an extremely rare tripleheader—the third in National League and major-league history, having previously occurred only in 1890 and 1896—when the Pittsburgh Pirates hosted the Cincinnati Reds on October 2 for three games, the day before the final day of the regular season. The Reds won the first two games while the Pirates won the third game, which was called after six innings on account of darkness.[8]
Rule changes
[edit]The 1920 season saw the following rule changes:[9][10]
- Fly balls hit over the fence along the left and right-field lines will be judged fair or foul according to where the ball passes the fence, rather than where it landed; previously, umpires would judge based on where the ball landed. On June 25, the rule reverted to the 1919 version, which is based upon where the ball disappears from view. The rule would re-revert to the 1920 version before the 1928 season began.
- When a batter hits a ball over the fence to win the game, he is now credited with a home run. Previously, the batter would be rewarded with the number of bases needed for the team to win the game and were not considered home runs.
- Spitballs and other unorthodox ("trick" or "freak") pitches were outlawed. Foreign substances such as rosin, dirt or mud from the field to scar the ball, spit or phlegm, material from rubbing the ball on the glove or clothing, or any kind of defacing of the ball were banned. Violations to this rule would result in immediate ejection and being barred from any championship contest for a period of ten days. There were 17 pitchers who were exempted from the spitball rule, becoming legacy spitballers (the last of which retired in 1934).[11][12]
- A balk was to be called if the pitcher releases the ball while the catcher is out of his box.
- The failure of a preceding runner to touch a base would not affect the status of a succeeding runner.
- Cases where the defense intentionally allows the runner to advance without attempting to put him out are scored as defensive indifference, also called fielder's indifference, and do not count as stolen bases.[13] This is usually only scored late in games when it is clear that the defense's priority is getting the batter out. The lack of a putout attempt does not by itself indicate defensive indifference; the official scorer must also factor in the game situation and the defensive players' actions.
Teams
[edit]Effect of the Black Sox scandal on the AL pennant race
[edit]After an August 31 game between the Philadelphia Phillies and Chicago Cubs, allegations began to arise that the game was fixed. The state court in Chicago opened a grand jury to investigate gambling within baseball. Gambler Billy Maharg came forward with information that he worked with New York gambler Arnold Rothstein and former boxer Abe Attell to get the White Sox to throw the 1919 World Series.[14] The White Sox again were contending for the American League title and were in a near-dead heat with the Cleveland Indians and New York Yankees. However, on September 28, eight White Sox players were indicted and suspended by owner Charlie Comiskey.[15] The Indians pulled ahead and won the pennant by two games over the White Sox.[16]
Standings
[edit]American League
[edit]| Team | W | L | Pct. | GB | Home | Road |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cleveland Indians | 98 | 56 | .636 | — | 51–27 | 47–29 |
| Chicago White Sox | 96 | 58 | .623 | 2 | 52–25 | 44–33 |
| New York Yankees | 95 | 59 | .617 | 3 | 49–28 | 46–31 |
| St. Louis Browns | 76 | 77 | .497 | 21½ | 40–38 | 36–39 |
| Boston Red Sox | 72 | 81 | .471 | 25½ | 41–35 | 31–46 |
| Washington Senators | 68 | 84 | .447 | 29 | 37–38 | 31–46 |
| Detroit Tigers | 61 | 93 | .396 | 37 | 32–46 | 29–47 |
| Philadelphia Athletics | 48 | 106 | .312 | 50 | 25–50 | 23–56 |
National League
[edit]| Team | W | L | Pct. | GB | Home | Road |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brooklyn Robins | 93 | 61 | .604 | — | 49–29 | 44–32 |
| New York Giants | 86 | 68 | .558 | 7 | 45–35 | 41–33 |
| Cincinnati Reds | 82 | 71 | .536 | 10½ | 42–34 | 40–37 |
| Pittsburgh Pirates | 79 | 75 | .513 | 14 | 42–35 | 37–40 |
| St. Louis Cardinals | 75 | 79 | .487 | 18 | 38–38 | 37–41 |
| Chicago Cubs | 75 | 79 | .487 | 18 | 43–34 | 32–45 |
| Boston Braves | 62 | 90 | .408 | 30 | 36–37 | 26–53 |
| Philadelphia Phillies | 62 | 91 | .405 | 30½ | 32–45 | 30–46 |
Postseason
[edit]Bracket
[edit]| World Series | ||||
| AL | Cleveland Indians | 5 | ||
| NL | Brooklyn Robins | 2 | ||
Managerial changes
[edit]Off-season
[edit]| Team | Former Manager | New Manager |
|---|---|---|
| Pittsburgh Pirates | Hugo Bezdek | George Gibson |
League leaders
[edit]American League
[edit]
|
|
National League
[edit]
1 National League Triple Crown pitching winner |
|
Home field attendance
[edit]| Team name | Wins | %± | Home attendance | %± | Per game |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| New York Yankees[17] | 95 | 18.8% | 1,289,422 | 108.3% | 16,746 |
| New York Giants[18] | 86 | −1.1% | 929,609 | 31.1% | 11,620 |
| Cleveland Indians[19] | 98 | 16.7% | 912,832 | 69.6% | 11,703 |
| Chicago White Sox[20] | 96 | 9.1% | 833,492 | 32.9% | 10,825 |
| Brooklyn Robins[21] | 93 | 34.8% | 808,722 | 124.2% | 10,368 |
| Detroit Tigers[22] | 61 | −23.8% | 579,650 | −10.0% | 7,431 |
| Cincinnati Reds[23] | 82 | −14.6% | 568,107 | 6.7% | 7,378 |
| Chicago Cubs[24] | 75 | 0.0% | 480,783 | 13.3% | 6,244 |
| Pittsburgh Pirates[25] | 79 | 11.3% | 429,037 | 55.0% | 5,500 |
| St. Louis Browns[26] | 76 | 13.4% | 419,311 | 20.0% | 5,376 |
| Boston Red Sox[27] | 72 | 9.1% | 402,445 | −3.6% | 5,295 |
| Washington Senators[28] | 68 | 21.4% | 359,260 | 53.5% | 4,727 |
| Philadelphia Phillies[29] | 62 | 31.9% | 330,998 | 37.7% | 4,299 |
| St. Louis Cardinals[30] | 75 | 38.9% | 326,836 | 95.6% | 4,300 |
| Philadelphia Athletics[31] | 48 | 33.3% | 287,888 | 27.8% | 3,739 |
| Boston Braves[32] | 62 | 8.8% | 162,483 | −2.9% | 2,196 |
References
[edit]- ^ Spink, pp. 54–55.
- ^ Cottrell, p. 243.
- ^ Cottrell, pp. 236–237.
- ^ Cottrell, pp. 239–240.
- ^ Cottrell, p. 244.
- ^ Cottrell, p. 247.
- ^ Watson, Bruce. "The judge who ruled baseball". Smithsonian, Volume 31, Number 7, October 2000, pp. 120–132.
- ^ "Triple Headers in Major League Baseball". www.baseball-almanac.com. Retrieved April 19, 2024.
- ^ sabr. "How Rules Changes in 1920 Affected Home Runs – Society for American Baseball Research". Retrieved April 19, 2024.
- ^ "MLB Rule Changes | Baseball Almanac". www.baseball-almanac.com. Retrieved April 19, 2024.
- ^ Okrent, Daniel (April 20, 1989). Baseball anecdotes. ISBN 9780195043969.
- ^ Faber, Charles F.; Faber, Richard B. (2006). Spitballers - The Last Legal Hurlers of the Wet One. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland and Company. p. v. ISBN 0-7864-2347-1. Retrieved August 26, 2018.
- ^ Curry, Jack "Safe at Second, but No Stolen Base to Show for It" The New York Times, Wednesday, September 23, 2009
- ^ Pietrusza, p. 160.
- ^ Cottrell, pp. 221–223.
- ^ Cottrell, p. 227.
- ^ "New York Yankees Attendance, Stadiums and Park Factors". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
- ^ "San Francisco Giants Attendance, Stadiums and Park Factors". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
- ^ "Cleveland Guardians Attendance, Stadiums and Park Factors". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
- ^ "Chicago White Sox Attendance, Stadiums and Park Factors". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
- ^ "Los Angeles Dodgers Attendance, Stadiums and Park Factors". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
- ^ "Detroit Tigers Attendance, Stadiums and Park Factors". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
- ^ "Cincinnati Reds Attendance, Stadiums and Park Factors". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
- ^ "Chicago Cubs Attendance, Stadiums and Park Factors". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
- ^ "Pittsburgh Pirates Attendance, Stadiums and Park Factors". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
- ^ "Baltimore Orioles Attendance, Stadiums and Park Factors". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
- ^ "Boston Red Sox Attendance, Stadiums and Park Factors". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
- ^ "Minnesota Twins Attendance, Stadiums and Park Factors". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
- ^ "Philadelphia Phillies Attendance, Stadiums and Park Factors". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
- ^ "St. Louis Cardinals Attendance, Stadiums and Park Factors". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
- ^ "Oakland Athletics Attendance, Stadiums and Park Factors". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
- ^ "Atlanta Braves Attendance, Stadiums and Park Factors". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
Bibliography
[edit]- Cottrell, Robert C. (2002). Blackball, the Black Sox, and the Babe. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co. ISBN 978-7-86411-643-6.
- Pietrusza, David (1998). Judge and Jury: The Life and Times of Judge Kenesaw Mountain Landis. South Bend, Indiana: Diamond Communications. ISBN 978-1-888698-09-1.
- Spink, J. G. Taylor (1974). Judge Landis and 25 Years of Baseball (revised ed.). St. Louis: The Sporting News Publishing Company. ASIN B0006CGPF6.