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Styx (moon)

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Styx
Pluto's moon Styx, as seen by the New Horizons spacecraft on 13 July 2015, from a distance of 632,000 km
Discovery
Discovered byShowalter, M. R. et al.
Discovery siteHubble Space Telescope
Discovery date
  • 26 June 2012
  • (verified 7 July 2012)
Photographic
Designations
Designation
Pluto V
Pronunciation/ˈstɪks/[1]
Named after
Στύξ Styx
S/2012 (134340) 1
S/2012 P 1[2]
AdjectivesStygian /ˈstɪdʒiən/[3]
Orbital characteristics[4]
42656±78 km
Eccentricity0.005787±0.001144
20.16155±0.00027 d
Inclination0.809°±0.162°
Satellite ofPluto
Physical characteristics
Dimensions16 × 9 × 8 km[5]
Mass7.5×1015 kg[6]
3.24 ± 0.07 d (chaotic)[5]
82°[7] (to orbital plane)
Albedo0.65 ± 0.07 geometric[5]
27±0.3[8][9]

Styx is a small natural satellite of Pluto whose discovery was announced on 11 July 2012. It was discovered by use of the Hubble Space Telescope, and is the smallest of the five known moons of Pluto. It was imaged along with Pluto and Pluto's other moons by the New Horizons spacecraft in July 2015, albeit poorly with only a single image of Styx obtained.[5]

Styx is the second-closest known satellite to Pluto, and the fifth discovered. It was discovered one year after Kerberos. Styx is approximately 16 km (9.9 mi) across its longest dimension,[5] and its orbital period is 20.1 days.

Discovery and observations

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Hubble image of Styx (circled), with the outer moons' orbits shown

Styx was discovered by a team led by astronomer Mark R. Showalter, using fourteen sets of images taken between 26 June and 9 July 2012 by the Wide Field Camera 3 fitted to the Hubble.[10] The discovery was announced on 11 July 2012. Styx is about half as bright as the dimmest previously known object in the system, Kerberos, and about one hundred thousandth as bright as Pluto.[11] It was designated S/2012 (134340) 1,[12] and informally referred to as P5.[11][13][14]

The survey work leading to the discovery of Styx was in preparation for the mission of the uncrewed New Horizons spacecraft, which flew by the Pluto system on 14 July 2015. The discovery of another small Plutonian moon heightened concerns that this region of space may harbor more bodies too small to be detected, and that the spacecraft could be damaged by an uncharted body or planetary ring as it traversed the system at a speed of over 13 km/s.[8][15] Tiny moons, such as Saturn's moon Pallene, tend to be associated with tenuous rings or arcs, because their gravity is unable to hold on to material ejected by meteoroid impacts and such diffuse material represents the chief navigational hazard.[16] However, the New Horizons spacecraft did not detect any smaller moons or rings and it passed through the Pluto system safely.

Origin

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The unexpectedly complex moon system around Pluto may be the result of a collision between Pluto and another sizable Kuiper belt object in the distant past.[17] Pluto's moons may have coalesced from the debris from such an event, similar to the early giant impact thought to have created the Earth's Moon. The orbital resonances may have acted as "ruts" to gather material from the collision.[11]

Physical characteristics

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Styx was originally estimated to have a diameter of between 10 and 25 km (6.2 and 15.5 mi).[18][19] These figures were inferred from the apparent magnitude of Styx and by using an estimated albedo of 0.35 and 0.04 for the lower and upper bounds, respectively.[8] Measurements made by New Horizons found an elongated shape with dimensions measuring approximately 16 km × 9 km × 8 km (9.9 mi × 5.6 mi × 5.0 mi).[5] It is thought to have formed from the debris lofted by a collision, which would have led to losses of the more volatile ices, such as those of nitrogen and methane, in the composition of the impactors. This process is expected to have created a body consisting mainly of water ice.[20]

Orbit

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Animation of moons of Pluto around the barycenter of Pluto – Ecliptic plane
Front view
Side view
   Pluto ·    Charon ·    Styx ·    Nix ·    Kerberos ·    Hydra

Styx orbits the Pluto–Charon barycenter at a distance of 42,656 km,[4] putting it between the orbits of Charon and Nix. All of Pluto's moons appear to travel in orbits that are very nearly circular and coplanar, described by Styx's discoverer Mark Showalter as "neatly nested ... a bit like Russian dolls".[17]

It is in an 11:6 orbital resonance with Hydra, and an 11:9 resonance with Nix (the ratios represent numbers of orbits completed per unit time; the period ratios are the inverses).[4][21] As a result of this "Laplace-like" 3-body resonance, it has conjunctions with Nix and Hydra in a 2:5 ratio.

Its orbital period of 20.16155 days[4] is about 5.0% from a 1:3 mean-motion resonance with the Charon–Pluto orbital period of 6.387 days. With the other moons Nix, Kerberos, and Hydra, it forms part of an unusual 1:3:4:5:6 (period ratio) sequence of near resonances.[11] In contrast to the orbit, Stygian rotation is chaotic; like the other small Plutonian moons, Styx is not tidally locked, and its rotation varies over short timescales (at a rate of about 3.239 days at the time of the New Horizons flyby).[7]

Naming

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Before any of Pluto's moons were discovered, author Edmond Hamilton referred to three moons of Pluto in his 1940 science fiction novel Calling Captain Future, naming them Charon, Styx, and Cerberus.[22]

Upon discovery, Styx received the minor planet designation S/2012 (134340) 1 because it was the first satellite (S) discovered orbiting the minor planet 134340 Pluto in 2012. It is known informally as "P5", meaning the fifth Plutonian moon to be discovered. The designation S/2012 P 1 has sometimes been used, following the pre-2006 format where Pluto was still considered a planet and given its own single-letter abbreviation.[2]

The convention for naming Plutonian moons is to use names associated with the god Pluto in classical mythology. To decide on names for P4 and P5, Mark Showalter and the SETI Institute, on behalf of the discovery team, conducted a non-binding internet poll in 2013, in which the general public was invited to vote for their favorite names. The public could choose from a selection of Greek mythological names related to the god Pluto, or could propose their own names.[23] After the initial announcement, William Shatner, the actor who plays Captain James T. Kirk in the Star Trek franchise, proposed the names Vulcan and Romulus, ostensibly referring to the fire god Vulcan (a nephew of Pluto), and to Romulus the founder of Rome, but also alluding to the fictional planets of Vulcan and Romulus in the Star Trek universe.[24][25] The 'Romulus' suggestion was discounted, as there is already an asteroid moon of that name,[26] but Vulcan won the poll after Shatner tweeted about it, with Cerberus (the dog that guards Pluto's underworld) coming second and Styx (the goddess of the river of the same name in the underworld) coming third. The winning names were submitted to the International Astronomical Union.[25] However, Vulcan was unacceptable to the IAU because it was not the name of an underworld figure and had already been used for a hypothetical planet inside the orbit of Mercury, as well as having given its name to the vulcanoids.[24][27][28]

On 2 July 2013, the IAU announced that it had formally approved the names Styx for P5 and Kerberos for P4.[29][30]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Styx". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  2. ^ a b Scott S. Sheppard, Pluto Moons
  3. ^ "Stygian". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  4. ^ a b c d Showalter, M. R.; Hamilton, D. P. (3 June 2015). "Resonant interactions and chaotic rotation of Pluto's small moons". Nature. 522 (7554): 45–49. Bibcode:2015Natur.522...45S. doi:10.1038/nature14469. PMID 26040889. S2CID 205243819. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
  5. ^ a b c d e f "Special Session: Planet 9 from Outer Space – Pluto Geology and Geochemistry". Lunar and Planetary Institute. 25 March 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2019 – via YouTube.
  6. ^ Johnston, Robert. "(134340) Pluto, Charon, Nix, Hydra, Kerberos, and Styx". Asteroids with Satellites Database—Johnston's Archive. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
  7. ^ a b "DPS 2015: Pluto's small moons Styx, Nix, Kerberos, and Hydra [UPDATED]". planetary.org.
  8. ^ a b c Sanders, Ray (11 July 2012). "Hubble Space Telescope detects fifth moon of Pluto". Phys.org. Retrieved 11 July 2012.
  9. ^ "Pluto's Moons: Five and Counting". Sky & Telescope. 11 July 2012.
  10. ^ Showalter, M.R.; Weaver, H. A.; Stern, S. A.; Steffl, A. J.; Buie, M. W.; Merline, W. J.; Mutchler, M. J.; Soummer, R.; Throop, H. B. (2012). "New Satellite of (134340) Pluto: S/2012 (134340) 1". IAU Circular. 9253: 1. Bibcode:2012IAUC.9253....1S.
  11. ^ a b c d Matson, J. (11 July 2012). "New Moon for Pluto: Hubble Telescope Spots a 5th Plutonian Satellite". Scientific American web site. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
  12. ^ "Hubble Discovers a Fifth Moon Orbiting Pluto". NASA. 11 July 2012. Retrieved 18 July 2012.
  13. ^ Chang, Kenneth (13 July 2012). "Pluto jokes resurface after new moon found". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 18 July 2012.
  14. ^ "New moon spotted orbiting Pluto, scientists say". The Guardian. Associated Press. 11 July 2012. Retrieved 18 July 2012.
  15. ^ Wall, Mike (11 July 2012). "Hubble telescope spots fifth moon orbiting Pluto". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 11 July 2012.
  16. ^ Redd, N. T. (28 November 2011). "Pluto's Moons Could Spell Danger for New Horizons Spacecraft". Space.com. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
  17. ^ a b Maugh, Thomas H. II (11 July 2012). "Astronomers find fifth moon at Pluto". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 11 July 2012.
  18. ^ "Hubble Discovers a Fifth Moon Orbiting Pluto". HubbleSite. 11 July 2012. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
  19. ^ "Hubble discovers new Pluto moon". BBC News. 11 July 2012. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
  20. ^ Nemiroff, R.; Bonnell, J., eds. (16 July 2012). "Fifth Moon Discovered Orbiting Pluto". Astronomy Picture of the Day. NASA. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
  21. ^ Witze, Alexandra (3 June 2015). "Pluto's moons move in synchrony". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2015.17681. S2CID 134519717.
  22. ^ Codex Regius (2016). Pluto & Charon. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 978-1534960749.
  23. ^ "You & William Shatner Can Name Pluto's 2 Newest Moons". 14 February 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
  24. ^ a b Marcia Dunn (25 February 2013). "Capt. Kirk's Vulcan entry wins Pluto moons contest". San Francisco Chronicle. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 26 February 2013. Retrieved 25 February 2013.
  25. ^ a b Witze, Alexandra (23 April 2013). "Moon and planet names spark battle". Nature. 496 (7446): 407. Bibcode:2013Natur.496..407W. doi:10.1038/496407a. PMID 23619668.
  26. ^ "'Vulcan' tops poll for moon name". 3 News NZ. 26 February 2013. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
  27. ^ Miriam Krame (25 February 2013). "'Vulcan' and 'Cerberus' Win Pluto Moon Naming Poll". SPACE.com. Retrieved 25 February 2013.
  28. ^ Rice, Tony. "Kerberos and Styx named as moons of Pluto". WRAL.
  29. ^ "Names for New Pluto Moons Accepted by the IAU After Public Vote". IAU. 2 July 2013. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
  30. ^ "Pluto's Smallest Moons Receive Their Official Names". SETI Institute. 2 July 2013. Archived from the original on 5 July 2013. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
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