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Zuni (rocket)

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Zuni
TypeAir-to-surface rocket
Place of originUnited States
Service history
Used byUnited States military
French Air Force
Ukrainian Air Force
Production history
Produced1957–present
Specifications
Mass79.5 pounds (36.1 kg) (motor only)
Length77 inches (2,000 mm)
Diameter5 inches (127 mm)
Warheadvarious
EngineSolid-fuel rocket
Operational
range
5 miles (8.0 km)
Maximum speed 1,615 miles per hour (2,599 km/h)
Guidance
system
None

The Zuni 5-inch Folding-Fin Aircraft Rocket (FFAR), or simply Zuni, is a 5.0 in (127 mm) unguided rocket developed by the Hunter-Douglas Division of Bridgeport Brass Company and deployed by the United States Armed Forces,[1][2] and the French Air Force.[3] The rocket was developed for both air-to-air and air-to-ground operations. It can be used to carry various types of warheads, including chaff for countermeasures. It is usually fired from the LAU-10 rocket pod holding four rockets.

Development

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In the early 1950s, U.S. Navy engineers Naval Ordnance Test Station China Lake began to develop a new 12.7 cm unguided rocket to replace the High Velocity Aircraft Rocket.

A VA-113 A-4F launching Zunis during the Battle of Khe Sanh, 1968.

The Zuni was designed as a modular system, to allow the use of different types of warheads and fuzes. One type of warhead had a proximity fuze, as the rocket was originally intended to be used as an air-to-air rocket. This led to its selection as the basis for the AIM-9 Sidewinder airframe in the early 1950s.

The Zuni was approved for production in 1957. A number of different launchers were tested for the Zuni, e.g. the twin-tube launchers fitted to the Sidewinder launching rails of the Vought F-8 Crusader. However, four-tube LAU-10/A series pods became the most commonly used launcher.[4]

The Zuni was named after the Zuni Native American tribe in modern day New Mexico.[5]

Operational history

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The 5 inch Zuni rockets were first used in combat by F-86F Sabres belonging to the Pakistan Air Force during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965.[6]

Sailors aboard Forrestal battle a massive ordnance fire triggered by a Zuni rocket.

The Zuni was widely used in the ground-attack role during the Vietnam War.

On May 1, 1967, during a sortie against Kép Air Base, North Vietnam, Lieutenant Commander Theodore R. Swartz of Squadron VA-76, flying from USS Bon Homme Richard, shot down a MiG-17 with Zuni rockets. This was the only MiG aircraft to be downed by a Douglas A-4 Skyhawk during the Vietnam War.[7] Lieutenant Commander Swartz received the Silver Star for his action.[8]

Later that year, improper handling of a Mk 32 Zuni rocket and other munitions was responsible for a serious fire aboard USS Forrestal aircraft carrier, which killed 134 men. Two years later, in early 1969, a similar incident on the USS Enterprise aircraft carrier resulted in 27 dead, 314 injured and the loss of fifteen aircraft.[9][10][11]

In January 2023, the United States announced that it would be supplying 4,000 Zuni rockets to the Armed Forces of Ukraine for use in the Russo-Ukrainian War.[12] The US transferred its last supplies of Zuni rockets to Ukraine.[13] In June 2024, it was reported that Ukraine had expended its supply of Zuni rockets, possibly indicating the extinction of the weapon system. [14]

Rocket motors and warheads

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The Zuni family consists out of several different rocket motors and warheads:

Rocket motors[15][16][17]
Designation Weight Thrust Length
Mk.16 56.5 lbs (25.6 kg) 7500 lbs (33.3KN) for 1.04s 77 in (2m)
Mk.71 Mod.0 66.85 lbs (30.3 kg) 7780 lbs (34.6KN) for 1.17s 76.3 in (1.9m)
Mk.71 Mod.1 79.5 lbs (36 kg) 8100 lbs (36KN) for 1.8s 82.3 in (2.1m)
Warheads[15][18][19]
Warhead designation Type Weight Filler Additional information
Mk.24 HE 48 lbs (21.7 kg) 9.5 lbs (4.3 kg) Comp.B The head produces over 500 fragments that penetrate up to 3/8" (9.5mm) mild steel at 30 ft (9.1m) distance upon detonation.

When using the Mk.191 base detonating fuze this warhead can penetrate:

  • 2" (50.8mm) Class B armor,
  • 3 ft (914mm) reinforced concrete
  • 30 ft (9.1m) soft earth.
Mk.32 ATAP (Anti-Tank Anti Personnel)/ HEAT-FRAG 45.7 lbs (20,72 kg) 15 lbs (6.8 kg) Comp.B The head produces over 2000 1/4" (6.35mm) square fragments that are capable of damaging light vehicles in a radius of 70 ft (21.3m)

When issued with a point detonating fuze the HEAT warhead penetrates:

  • 18" (457mm) at 0° angle
  • 7" (178mm) at 65° angle
Mk.33 Illumination 46 lbs (20.8 kg) 7 lbs (3.17 kg) pyrotechnic material Flare burns 70 seconds at 1,750,000 cp
Mk.34 Smoke 51 lbs (23 kg) 19.3 lbs (8.7 kg) WP
Mk.63 HE-Frag 56.5 lbs (25.6 kg) 15 lbs (6.8 kg) Comp.B
Mk.84 Chaff 47 lbs (21.3 kg) 12 chaff cassetts
Practice Practice same as simulated warhead Mod. inert

Student use

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The Australian Government has donated its Zuni rockets to the Australian Space Research Institute (ASRI) and they are used for student experiments which are launched from the Woomera launching range.

ASRI has also designed and constructed custom nosecones and payload recovery mechanisms for the Zuni. With a payload of 20 kg, the Zuni has an approximate range of 5.9 km, which it attains in about 40 seconds, experiencing 55 G and 491 m/s (Mach 1.4) during the flight.

Laser Guided Zuni Rocket

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The 5-inch (127 mm) Laser Guided Zuni Rocket is a precision weapon and an upgrade to the unguided Zuni rocket. The North American division of MBDA is the only manufacturer of the Laser Guided Zuni Rocket,[20] which is similar to the Advanced Precision Kill Weapon System upgrade to the Hydra 70 system.[21] The Laser Guided Zuni Rocket is composed of the new WGU-58/B Guidance and Control Section that is attached to the front end of an unguided Zuni rocket and warhead. The weapon requires semi-active laser energy to guide to a precise target.[22] The Laser Guided Zuni Rocket is on the U.S. Marine Corps Aviation Weapons Roadmap and Plan[21] and is compatible with any aircraft that is cleared to carry unguided Zunis in a four-place LAU-10 Launcher, including AV-8B Harriers, F/A-18 Hornets, AH-1 Cobra helicopters and P-3 Orion aircraft.[20] The precision weapon fits in the same launcher as unguided Zunis and requires only a 28V firing pulse and a semi-active laser designator. The weapon was developed under a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement with the Weapons Division of the U.S. Navy's Air Warfare Center in China Lake, California.[23]

In 2009, the Laser Guided Zuni Rocket was successfully tested against both a stationary[22] and moving targets.[23][24] The weapon successfully underwent a live fire warhead test flight in September 2010.[25][page needed]

References

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Notes
  1. ^ "Zuni 5.0-Inch [130 mm] Rocket". DoD 101. FAS. Archived from the original on May 8, 2016. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
  2. ^ "Zuni Missile". Air & space. SI. Archived from the original on July 22, 2019. Retrieved September 14, 2017.
  3. ^ "French Jaguar A armaments list". Boutique aero. Archived from the original (infographic) on 2022-12-12. Retrieved 2021-01-21.
  4. ^ "Air-Launched 5-Inch Rockets". Designation systems. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
  5. ^ "Zuni missile". National Air and Space Museum. Retrieved May 19, 2020 – via SI.
  6. ^ Husseini. "Wars in the Mach-2 era (1961–1970)". PAF Over the years (rev. ed.). directorate of Media Affairs, Pakistan Air Force. p. 45.
  7. ^ Grossnick and Armstrong 1997
  8. ^ Marolda, Edward J. (1 July 1996). By Sea, Air, and Land: An Illustrated History of the U. S. Navy and the War in Southeast Asia. Diane Publishing. p. 391 – via Internet Archive. Theodore Swartz 1 May 1967.
  9. ^ "The USS Enterprise (CVAN-65) fire and munition explosions". The History of Insensitive Munitions – via Insensitive munitions.
  10. ^ "Forrestal in Flames" (PDF). System Failure Case Studies. 1 (9). NASA.
  11. ^ "Dissecting a Carrier Disaster | Naval History Magazine - August 2022, Volume 36, Number 4".
  12. ^ "More Than $3 Billion in Additional Security Assistance for Ukraine" (Press release). United States Department of Defense. 6 January 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2023.
  13. ^ "The Last of America's 66-Year Old Zuni Rockets Have Been Deployed". Popular Mechanics. 2024-07-22. Retrieved 2024-07-29.
  14. ^ "The Last of America's 66-Year Old Zuni Rockets Have Been Deployed". Popular Mechanics. July 22, 2024.
  15. ^ a b "Microsoft OneDrive".
  16. ^ OV-10 bronco Tactical manual - Page 119
  17. ^ "Air-Launched 5-Inch Rockets". www.designation-systems.net. Retrieved 2019-02-09.
  18. ^ OV-10 Bronco tactical manual - Page 114
  19. ^ 5 inch Folding Fin Aircraft Rockt Zuni "5.0-Inch high-performance folding-fin aircraft rocket Zuni" (PDF). www.bulletpicker.com. 1960-12-15.
  20. ^ a b WGU-58/B Laser Guided Zuni Rocket Data Sheet, MBDA Archived April 8, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  21. ^ a b "2007 Marine Aviation Plan" (PDF). USMC. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 27, 2007.
  22. ^ a b Laser Guided Zuni (TM) Stationary Target Composite Video Public Release May, 2009. January 9, 2010. Archived from the original on 2019-09-28. Retrieved December 27, 2015 – via YouTube.
  23. ^ a b Laser Guided Zuni (TM) Moving Target Shot August, 2009. January 9, 2010. Retrieved December 27, 2015 – via YouTube.
  24. ^ Jean Dupont 10/6/2009, MBDA Incorporated Scores a Direct Hit in a Moving Target Demonstration of the Semi-Active Laser Guided Zuni Rocket, MBDA Archived October 17, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  25. ^ "MBDA Inc". Retrieved December 27, 2015.
Bibliography
  • Grossnick, R. and Armstrong W.J. (1997). United States Naval Aviation, 1910–1995. Naval Historical Center. ISBN 0-16-049124-X.
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