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Zarya (ISS module)

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Zarya
Zarya as seen by Space Shuttle Endeavour during STS-88
Module statistics
COSPAR ID1998-067A
Part ofInternational Space Station
Launch date20 November 1998, 06:40 UTC
Launch vehicleProton-K
Mass19,323 kg (42,600 lb)[a]
Length12.56 m (41.2 ft)
Diameter4.11 m (13.5 ft)
Pressurised volume71.5 m3 (2,520 cu ft)[2]
Configuration

Parts of Zarya[b]
Zarya and Unity rendezvous in 1998

Zarya (Russian: Заря, lit. 'Sunrise'[c]), also known as the Functional Cargo Block (Russian: Функционально-грузовой блок), is the inaugural component of the International Space Station (ISS). Launched on 20 November 1998 atop a Proton-K rocket, the module would serve as the ISS's primary source of power, propulsion, and guidance during its early years. As the station has grown, Zarya's role has transitioned primarily to storage, both internally and in its external fuel tanks.[4] A descendant of the TKS spacecraft used in the Salyut programme, Zarya was built in Russia but its construction was financed by the United States. Its name, meaning "sunrise," symbolizes the beginning of a new era of international space cooperation.[5]

Construction

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The Zarya design was originally intended as a module for the Russian Mir space station, but was not flown as of the end of the Mir program. A FGB cargo block was incorporated as an upper stage engine into the Polyus spacecraft, flown (unsuccessfully) on the first Energia launch.[6] With the end of the Mir program, the design was adapted to use for the International Space Station.

The Zarya module is capable of station keeping and provides sizable battery power; it was suggested to have initially been built to both power and control the recoil from a further derivation of the then classified Skif laser system/Polyus satellite. Commentators in the West thought that the Zarya module was constructed more cheaply and lifted to orbit faster than should have been possible in the post-Soviet era, and that the FGB might have been largely constructed from mothballed hardware from the Skif laser program (which had been canceled after the failed 1987 Polyus launch).[7]

The research and development of a similar design was paid for by Russia and the Soviet Union; the design of the module and all systems are Soviet/Russian. The United States funded Zarya through the U.S. prime contracts in the 1990s as the first module for ISS, and it was built from December 1994 to January 1998 in Russia at the Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center (KhSC) in Moscow.[8] The module was included as part of NASA's plan for the International Space Station (ISS) instead of Lockheed Martin's "Bus-1" option because it was significantly cheaper (US$220 million vs. $450 million). As part of the contract, Khrunichev constructed much of an identical module (referred to as "FGB-2") for contingency purposes. FGB-2 was proposed to be used for a variety of projects; it has been used to construct the Russian Multipurpose Laboratory Module Nauka.[9]

Launch of the Zarya module

Design

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Zarya has a mass of 19,323 kilograms (42,600 lb), is 12.56 meters (41.2 ft) long and 4.11 meters (13.5 ft) wide at its widest point.

The module has three docking ports: one axially on the front end at the docking sphere, one on the Earth-facing side (nadir) of the docking sphere and one axially on the aft end. Attached to the forward port is the Pressurized Mating Adapter PMA-1, which in turn is connected to the Unity Module – this is the connection between the Russian Orbital Segment (ROS) and the US Orbital Segment (USOS). Attached to the aft port is the Zvezda Service Module. The lower port (nadir) was initially used by visiting Soyuz spacecraft and Progress spacecraft to dock to the ROS; The Rassvet module is now docked semipermanently on the nadir port of Zarya, and visiting spacecraft use Rassvet's nadir docking port instead.[10] It was planned to install another zenith docking port in the docking sphere, however, after the design was changed, a spherical cover was welded in its place.[11]

Zarya has two solar arrays measuring 10.67 by 3.35 meters (35.0 by 11.0 ft) and six nickel-cadmium batteries that can provide an average of 3 kilowatts (4.0 hp) of power – the solar arrays have been however partially retracted[12] so the P1/S1 radiators of the Integrated Truss Structure could deploy. They are still generating some power, but not the average 3 kilowatts (4.0 hp) of power, they once provided when they were fully unfurled.[13] Zarya has 16 external fuel tanks that can hold up to 6.1 tonnes (13,000 lb) of propellant (this requirement was mandated by NASA in early 1997 over concerns that the Zvezda Service Module would be further delayed, hence the FGB had to be capable of independent propellant storage and transfer from Progress spacecraft even without Zvezda [14]). Zarya also has 24 large steering jets, 12 small steering jets, and two large engines that were used for reboost and major orbital changes; with the docking of Zvezda these are now permanently disabled. Since they are no longer needed for Zarya's engines, Zarya's propellant tanks are now used to store additional fuel for Zvezda.

Launch and flight

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Sergei K. Krikalev and Robert D. Cabana in December 1998

Zarya was launched on 20 November 1998 on a Russian Proton rocket from Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 81 in Kazakhstan to a 400 km (250 mi) high orbit with a designed lifetime of at least 15 years. After Zarya reached orbit, STS-88 launched on 4 December 1998 to attach the Unity module.

Although only designed to fly autonomously for six to eight months, Zarya was required to do so for almost two years due to delays to the Russian Service Module, Zvezda. Zvezda was finally launched on 12 July 2000, docking with Zarya on 26 July 2000.

Zarya passed the 50,000-orbit mark at 15:17 UTC on 14 August 2007 during the STS-118 mission to the International Space Station.

Dockings

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Nadir
Spacecraft Launch (UTC) Carrier
rocket 		Launch
pad 		Docking Undocking Deorbit Remarks
Progress M1-4[15] 16 November 2000 01:32:36 Soyuz-U Site 1/5 18 November
03:48 		1 December
16:23 		8 February
13:50 		ISS-2P. The automatic Kurs docking system failed, and the manual backup, TORU, was used for the docking. Following undocking, Progress M1-4 spent 25 days in free flight, prior to redocking with the same port.[16]
26 December
10:54 		8 February 2001
11:26
Progress M-64 14 May 2008
20:22:56 		Soyuz-U Site 1/5 16 May 2008
21:39 		1 September 2008
19:46 		8 September 2008
21:33 		ISS-29P
Forward
Aft
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  • Interior of Zarya
    Interior of Zarya
  • Zarya (top) and Unity (Node 1)
    Zarya (top) and Unity (Node 1)
  • Zarya as seen in 2009 during STS-128, solar arrays folded
    Zarya as seen in 2009 during STS-128, solar arrays folded
  • View through the window of Zarya, 2006
    View through the window of Zarya, 2006

Notes

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  1. ^ Initial in-orbit mass including 3,800 kg (8,400 lb) of propellants[1]
  2. ^
    1. Air Ducts
    2. Communications Panel
    3. Caution and Warning Systems Panel
    4. Contaminant Filters
    5. Contingency Transfer (Water)/Container Bag
    6. Contingency Transfer (Water)/Container Connections
    7. Dust Collectors
    8. Electrical Outlet
    9. Flex Airduct Container
    10. Fuse
    11. Fuse Panels (behind close-outs)
    12. Gas Analyzer
    13. Gas Mask
    14. Handrail
    15. Hatch Protection
    16. Instrument Containers
    17. Docking Port to PMA-1
    18. Laptop Outlets
    19. Lighting Panel
    20. Lights
    21. Docking Port to Rassvet
    22. Onboard Documentation
    23. Onboard Network Receptacle Outlets
    24. Pole and Hook
    25. Portable Fans
    26. Removable Fire Extinguisher
    27. Power Outlet
    28. Pressurized Valve Unit
    29. Caution and Warning Panel
    30. Smoke Detector
    31. TV Outlet
    32. Wipes/Filters
  3. ^ "Zarya" has several meanings: "daybreak" or "dawn" (in the morning) or "afterglow", "evening glow" or "sunset" (in the evening), but NASA and Roscosmos translate it as "sunrise."[3]

References

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  1. ^ Hendrickx, Bart (15 October 2015). "From Mir-2 to the ISS Russian Segment" (PDF). BIS. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  2. ^ "S.P. Korolev RSC Energia - ISS - ISS Russian Segment". www.energia.ru.
  3. ^ bryan (2016-01-25). "Image showing Zarya mockup at the NASA Johnson Space Center with the translation Sunrise". Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved 2024-11-20.
  4. ^ "Zarya Module". NASA. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2014.
  5. ^ Zak, Anatoly (15 October 2008). "Russian Segment: Enterprise". RussianSpaceWeb. Archived from the original on 11 August 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
  6. ^ B. Hendrickx, "The Origins and Evolution of the Energiya Rocket Family," J. British Interplanetary Soc., Vol. 55, pp. 242-278 (2002).
  7. ^ "The secret laser-toting Soviet satellite that almost was | Ars Technica". September 26, 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-09-26.
  8. ^ NASA, International Space Station, Zarya (accessed 19 Apr. 2014)
  9. ^ "Russian segment of the ISS". www.russianspaceweb.com. Retrieved 2021-08-03.
  10. ^ Reference Guide to the International Space Station by Gary Kitmacher, pp. 24-25 (2006), Apogee Books, ISBN 1-894959-34-5.
  11. ^ "Центр подготовки космонавтов им. Ю.А.Гагарина. Официальный Web-сайт". www.gctc.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2022-07-21.
  12. ^ "International Space Station background". CBS News.
  13. ^ "Space Station Primed to Unfold New Radiators". Space.com. 2 October 2007.
  14. ^ Hendrickx, Bart (15 October 2015). "From Mir-2 to the ISS Russian Segment (p.19)" (PDF). BIS. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  15. ^ Wade, Mark. "Progress M1". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 2010-01-03. Retrieved 2008-12-26.
  16. ^ Anikeev, Alexander. "Cargo spacecraft "Progress M1-4"". Manned Astronautics - Figures & Facts. Archived from the original on 2007-10-09. Retrieved 2009-06-07.

See also

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