Young blood transfusion
| Part of a series on |
| Alternative medicine |
|---|
 |
Young blood transfusion refers to transfusing blood specifically from a young person into an older one with the intention of creating a health benefit.[1] The efficacy and safety of young blood transfusions for anti-aging purposes remain a subject of debate in the scientific community, with limited clinical evidence in humans.[1][2][3] There are also concerns of harm.[3] While some preclinical studies on animals suggest potential benefits, there is a lack of robust clinical evidence to support its use in humans.[4][5][6][7][8][9] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration, in 2019, cautioned "consumers against receiving young donor plasma infusions" stating that they are an "unproven treatment".[3]
Research
[edit]Experiments beginning in the 1950s in the Cornell University lab of Clive McCay on pairs of old and young rodents placed into parabiosis provided some evidence, albeit limited and "largely anecdotal", that the circulation of blood from young mice increased both the longevity and the tissue function of old mice.[10] After decades in which relatively little work on parabiosis in aging was done, the work was revived by researchers at Stanford University and the University of California at Berkeley.[10][11] Parabiosis experiments are difficult to generalize, as the circulatory systems of the mice are fully joined and it is unclear whether the benefits come from the sharing of blood or the older mouse's access to the younger mouse's organs.[1]
A study conducted at UC Berkeley found that when delivered alone, blood from older mice was more inhibitory to the regenerative capacities of younger mice than blood from younger mice was beneficial to older ones, and that the benefit of young blood in older mice was less than had been observed when older mice were subjected to parabiosis.[12][13] Replacing plasma of old mice with saline and albumin from young mice was sufficient to rejuvenate brain, liver, and muscle.[13] A 2020 review of plasma components that change with age identified several candidate anti-aging and pro-aging factors.[14]
In experiments like this, researchers found that some of the parabiosed died quickly (11 out of 69 in one experiment) for reasons the scientists could not explain, but described as possibly some form of immune rejection;[10][1] most such cases were the young parabiont.[10] Amy Wagers, a researcher who coauthored several mouse studies on young blood transfusion, has said that her papers do not provide a scientific basis for some of the existing human trials.[2]
A review of studies on donor age for whole blood transfusions reported that blood from donors under the age of 20 years, when compared to donors aged 20–60 years, resulted in a modestly higher risk of death in the recipients.[15] However, other studies have found no effect of age.[16][17] Research on blood transfusion outcomes has been complicated by the lack of careful characterization of the transfusion products that have been used in clinical trials; studies had focused on how storage methods and duration might affect blood, but not on the differences among lots of blood themselves.[18]
Another approach to achieving "younger" blood is to rejuvenate blood-producing stem cells in the bone marrow. A 2023 study reported that the existing rheumatoid arthritis drug anakinra blocked IL-1B in elderly mice and returned those cells to a more youthful state.[19]
Commercial development
[edit]In February 2019 the FDA issued a warning about companies offering young blood transfusions stating:
"simply put, we’re concerned that some patients are being preyed upon by unscrupulous actors touting treatments of plasma from young donors as cures and remedies. Such treatments have no proven clinical benefits for the uses for which these clinics are advertising them and are potentially harmful. There are reports of bad actors charging thousands of dollars for infusions that are unproven and not guided by evidence from adequate and well-controlled trials. The promotion of plasma for these unproven purposes could also discourage patients suffering from serious or intractable illnesses from receiving safe and effective treatments that may be available to them."[3][20]
Ambrosia
[edit]A startup company, Ambrosia, has been selling "young blood transfusions" for $8,000 since 2016 framing it as a clinical trial, to see if such transfusions lead to changes in the blood of recipients.[1][21] As of August 2017, 600 people had participated in the trial.[22] The clinical trial has no control arm and so is neither randomized nor blind. As described, whole blood collected by blood banks that had passed its 42-day storage limit was centrifuged to remove cells, the resulting cell-free plasma pooled from several donations and intravenously transfused into recipients.[22] The company was started by Jesse Karmazin, a medical school graduate without a license to practice medicine.[23] David Wright is the licensed doctor overseeing the clinical trial; in his practice he administers intravenous treatments of vitamins and antibiotics for nontraditional purposes and was disciplined by the California Medical Board for the latter in 2015. Jonathan Kimmelman, a bioethicist from McGill University, suggests that Ambrosia is running this as a trial as they would be unable to get FDA approval to sell this treatment otherwise.[23]
On February 19, 2019, Ambrosia announced it stopped testing the treatment, responding to concerns from the FDA.[20]
Alkahest
[edit]Another company, Alkahest, was founded based on the Stanford rodent studies. As of 2017 it is collaborating with European pharmaceutical company Grifols to create a blood plasma-based experimental biologic drug which they propose to test on people with Alzheimer's.[21][24]
Maharaj Institute Clinical Trial
[edit]The Maharaj Institute led by Dr. Dipnarine Maharaj MD, a Florida licensed physician, is currently running a clinical trial to test whether using G-CSF (Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor) stem cell mobilized young blood plasma can treat symptoms of frailty in patients aged 55 to 95.[25][26] Participation in the trial is free of charge to the patients.[25] This trial has been promoted by Bill Faloon, who founded the Life Extension Foundation.[2][27] The trial has received FDA Investigational New Drug (IND) and IRB approval for a Phase I/Phase II clinical trial as a single-arm study without a control group, which is not uncommon for Phase I/Phase II studies.[25] Dr. Maharaj also has a program for hematopoietic progenitor stem cell and immune cell banking so that patients can preserve their cells for future use.[26]
Young Blood Institute
[edit]An organization called the Young Blood Institute has also run trials; these, however, involved exchange only of blood plasma.[28]
See also
[edit]- Bryan Johnson: Tech Billionaire that attempted the practice as part of "Project Blueprint"
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e Novella S (3 August 2016). "Parabiosis – The Next Snakeoil". Science-Based Medicine.
- ^ a b c Robbins R (March 2, 2018). "Young-Blood Transfusions Are on the Menu at Society Gala". Scientific American. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
- ^ a b c d "Statement from FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb, M.D., and Director of FDA's Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research Peter Marks, M.D., Ph.D., cautioning consumers against receiving young donor plasma infusions that are promoted as unproven treatment for varying conditions". FDA. 19 February 2019. Retrieved 20 February 2019.
- ^ Conboy IM, Conboy MJ, Wagers AJ, Girma ER, Weissman IL, Rando TA (February 2005). "Rejuvenation of aged progenitor cells by exposure to a young systemic environment". Nature. 433 (7027): 760–764. Bibcode:2005Natur.433..760C. doi:10.1038/nature03260. PMID 15716955.
- ^ Sinha M, Jang YC, Oh J, Khong D, Wu EY, Manohar R, et al. (May 2014). "Restoring systemic GDF11 levels reverses age-related dysfunction in mouse skeletal muscle". Science. 344 (6184): 649–652. Bibcode:2014Sci...344..649S. doi:10.1126/science.1251152. PMC 4104429. PMID 24797481.
- ^ Villeda SA, Plambeck KE, Middeldorp J, Castellano JM, Mosher KI, Luo J, et al. (June 2014). "Young blood reverses age-related impairments in cognitive function and synaptic plasticity in mice". Nature Medicine. 20 (6): 659–663. doi:10.1038/nm.3569. PMC 4224436. PMID 24793238.
- ^ Katsimpardi L, Litterman NK, Schein PA, Miller CM, Loffredo FS, Wojtkiewicz GR, et al. (May 2014). "Vascular and neurogenic rejuvenation of the aging mouse brain by young systemic factors". Science. 344 (6184): 630–634. Bibcode:2014Sci...344..630K. doi:10.1126/science.1251141. PMC 4123747. PMID 24797482.
- ^ Mccay CM, Pope F, Lunsford W, Sperling G, Sambhavaphol P (1957). "Parabiosis between old and young rats". Gerontologia. 1 (1): 7–17. doi:10.1159/000210677. PMID 13405201.
- ^ Horvath S, Singh K, Raj K, Khairnar SI, Sanghavi A, Shrivastava A, et al. (February 2024). "Reversal of biological age in multiple rat organs by young porcine plasma fraction". GeroScience. 46 (1): 367–394. doi:10.1007/s11357-023-00980-6. PMC 10828479. PMID 37875652.
- ^ a b c d Conboy MJ, Conboy IM, Rando TA (June 2013). "Heterochronic parabiosis: historical perspective and methodological considerations for studies of aging and longevity". Aging Cell. 12 (3): 525–530. doi:10.1111/acel.12065. PMC 4072458. PMID 23489470.
- ^ Scudellari M (January 2015). "Ageing research: Blood to blood". Nature. 517 (7535): 426–429. Bibcode:2015Natur.517..426S. doi:10.1038/517426a. PMID 25612035.
- ^ Rebo J, Mehdipour M, Gathwala R, Causey K, Liu Y, Conboy MJ, et al. (November 2016). "A single heterochronic blood exchange reveals rapid inhibition of multiple tissues by old blood". Nature Communications. 7: 13363. Bibcode:2016NatCo...713363R. doi:10.1038/ncomms13363. PMC 5121415. PMID 27874859.
- ^ a b Mehdipour M, Skinner C, Wong N, Lieb M, Liu C, Etienne J, et al. (May 2020). "Rejuvenation of three germ layers tissues by exchanging old blood plasma with saline-albumin". Aging. 12 (10): 8790–8819. doi:10.18632/aging.103418. PMC 7288913. PMID 32474458.
- ^ Kang JS, Yang YR (November 2020). "Circulating plasma factors involved in rejuvenation". Aging. 12 (22): 23394–23408. doi:10.18632/aging.103933. PMC 7746393. PMID 33197235.
- ^ Edgren G, Ullum H, Rostgaard K, Erikstrup C, Sartipy U, Holzmann MJ, et al. (June 2017). "Association of Donor Age and Sex With Survival of Patients Receiving Transfusions". JAMA Internal Medicine. 177 (6): 854–860. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.0890. PMC 5540056. PMID 28437543.
- ^ Vasan SK, Chiesa F, Rostgaard K, Magnusson PK, Halmin M, Nielsen KR, et al. (February 2016). "Lack of association between blood donor age and survival of transfused patients". Blood. 127 (5): 658–661. doi:10.1182/blood-2015-11-683862. PMID 26702060.
- ^ Guinn NR, Waldron NH, Cooter ML, Goldberg CL, Kertai MD, Raghunathan K, et al. (July 2016). "No association between donor age and recipient outcomes: transfusion of plasma in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting surgery". Transfusion. 56 (7): 1723–1729. doi:10.1111/trf.13616. PMID 27105928. S2CID 3604995.
- ^ Ning S, Heddle NM, Acker JP (January 2018). "Exploring donor and product factors and their impact on red cell post-transfusion outcomes". Transfusion Medicine Reviews. 32 (1): 28–35. doi:10.1016/j.tmrv.2017.07.006. PMID 28988603.
- ^ Irving M (2023-02-06). "Arthritis drug mimics "young blood" transfusions to reverse aging in mice". New Atlas. Retrieved 2023-02-06.
- ^ a b Mole B (February 19, 2019). "Blood of the young won't spare rich old people from sadness and death, FDA says". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on February 20, 2019. Retrieved February 20, 2019.
- ^ a b de Magalhães JP, Stevens M, Thornton D (November 2017). "The Business of Anti-Aging Science". Trends in Biotechnology. 35 (11): 1062–1073. doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2017.07.004. PMID 28778607.
- ^ a b Haynes G (21 August 2017). "Ambrosia: the startup harvesting the blood of the young". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
- ^ a b Maxmen A (January 13, 2017). "This startup takes cash from aging adults in exchange for young people's blood". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved May 26, 2018.
- ^ Drew L (September 2017). "Neuroscience: The power of plasma". Nature. 549 (7673): S26–S27. Bibcode:2017Natur.549S..26D. doi:10.1038/549S26a. PMID 28953857.
- ^ a b c "ClinicalTrials.gov". clinicaltrials.gov. Retrieved 2024-07-29.
- ^ a b Miranda D. "Home - The Maharaj Institute Regenerative Medicine Services". The Maharaj Institute. Retrieved 2024-07-29.
- ^ Funcheon D (2015-05-12). "South Florida Church Pursues Eternal Life Through Cryonics, Inflaming Critics and the IRS". Miami New Times. Retrieved 2018-06-10.
- ^ Basu T, Weill K (22 February 2019). "FDA Warns: Don't Give These Companies Your 'Young Blood'". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
Further reading
[edit]- Makin S (21 April 2017). "Fountain of Youth? Young Blood Infusions "Rejuvenate" Old Mice". Scientific American. Retrieved 5 May 2018.