Young Ireland rebellion

Young Irelander Rebellion
	Part of the Revolutions of 1848
	; Daguerreotype of Young Irelanders Thomas Francis Meagher and William Smith O'Brien (centre) in Kilmainham Gaol after the rebellion
Date	29 July 1848
Location	Ballingarry, South Tipperary, Ireland52°35′N 7°32′W / 52.59°N 7.54°W
Result	Rebels besiege a police unit, but retreat after police reinforcements arrive
Belligerents
Young Irelanders	Irish Constabulary
Commanders and leaders
William Smith O'Brien	Sub-Inspector Trant; Sub-Inspector Cox;
Strength
Unknown	47, unknown number of reinforcements arrived later
Casualties and losses
	2 killed: Thomas Walsh; Patrick McBride;
	class=notpageimage\| Location within Ireland

The Young Irelander Rebellion was a failed Irish nationalist uprising led by the Young Ireland movement,^[1] part of the wider Revolutions of 1848 that affected most of Europe. It took place on 29 July 1848 at Farranrory, a small settlement about 4.3 km north-northeast of the village of Ballingarry, South Tipperary. After being chased by a force of Young Irelanders and their supporters, an Irish Constabulary unit took refuge in a house and held those inside as hostages. A several-hour gunfight followed, but the rebels fled after a large group of police reinforcements arrived.

It is sometimes called the Famine Rebellion (because it took place as a result of the Great Irish Famine), the Battle of Ballingarry or the Battle of Widow McCormack’s Cabbage Patch.

Background

As with the earlier United Irishmen, who sought to emulate the French Revolution,^{[citation needed]} the Young Irelanders were inspired by Republicanism in America and in Europe.^{[citation needed]}

The year 1848 was a year of revolutions throughout continental Europe. In France, King Louis Philippe was overthrown by the February Revolution and the Second Republic was proclaimed in Paris.^[2] This revolution sent political shock waves across Europe, and revolutions broke out in Berlin, Vienna, Rome, Prague, and Budapest. At least temporarily, absolutist governments were replaced by liberal administrations, suffrage was introduced for a portion of the population and elections were held to constituent assemblies to draw up new national constitutions. It was sometimes described as the "springtime of the people".

Ireland was also still reeling from the impact of the Great Famine. The British government's reaction had been too little and too late to prevent the Irish people from suffering great hardship. This delayed reaction was criticized by Irish officials, to little avail.^[2]

Inspired by these events and the success of liberal, romantic nationalism on the European mainland and disgusted by Daniel O'Connell's consideration of a renewed alliance with the British Whigs,^[3]^{[page needed]} a group known as Young Ireland broke away from O'Connell's Repeal Association. They took an uncompromising stand for a national Parliament with full legislative and executive powers. At its founding, the Confederation resolved to be based on principles of freedom, tolerance and truth.^[4]^{[page needed]} While the young men did not call for rebellion, neither would they make absolute pledges for peace. Their goal was independence of the Irish nation and they held to any means to achieve that which were consistent with honour, morality and reason.^[5] The Young Irelanders, as they had become known, longed to see achieved in Ireland the liberties achieved on the Continent. At the beginning of 1847, they formed an organisation known as The Irish Confederation.^[6]^{[page needed]}

Leaders William Smith O'Brien, Thomas Francis Meagher and Richard O'Gorman led a delegation to Paris to congratulate the new French Republic. Meagher returned to Ireland with a tricolour flag (now the national flag) – a symbol of the reconciliation of the green of Catholic Gaelic Ireland with the orange of Protestant Anglo Ireland.^[2]

Since most of the continental revolutions were relatively bloodless, O'Brien believed he could attain similar results in Ireland. He hoped to unite Irish landlords and tenants in protest against British rule. The government, however, forced the leaders' hands on 22 July 1848 by announcing the suspension of habeas corpus. This meant they could imprison the Young Irelanders and other opponents on proclamation without trial. Having to choose between armed resistance or an ignominious flight, O'Brien decided that the movement would have to make a stand.^[7]

Rebellion

From 23 July to 29 July 1848, O'Brien, Meagher and Dillon raised the standard of revolt as they travelled from County Wexford through County Kilkenny and into County Tipperary. The last great gathering of Young Ireland leaders took place in the village of The Commons on 28 July. The next day, O'Brien was in The Commons where barricades had been erected, near the Commons colliery,^[8] to prevent his arrest. His local supporters—miners, tradesmen and small tenant farmers—awaited the arrival of the military and police. As the police from Callan approached the crossroads before The Commons from Ballingarry, they saw barricades in front of them and, thinking discretion the better part of valour, they veered right up the road toward County Kilkenny. The rebels followed them across the fields. Sub-Inspector Trant and his 46 policemen took refuge in a large two-storey farmhouse, taking the five young children in the house as hostages. They barricaded themselves in, pointing their guns from the windows. The house was surrounded by the rebels and a stand-off ensued. Mrs. Margaret McCormack,^[9] the owner of the house and mother of the children, demanded to be let into her house, but the police refused and would not release the children. Mrs. McCormack found O'Brien reconnoitring the house from the out-buildings and asked him what was to become of her children and her house.

O'Brien and Mrs. McCormack went up to the parlour window of the house to speak to the police. Through the window, O'Brien stated, "We are all Irishmen—give up your guns and you are free to go." O'Brien shook hands with some of the police through the window. The initial report to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland stated that a constable fired the first shot at O'Brien, who was attempting to negotiate. General firing then ensued between the police and the rebels. O'Brien had to be dragged out of the line of fire by James Stephens and Terence Bellew MacManus, both of whom were wounded.

The rebels were incensed that they had been fired upon without provocation, and the shooting went on for a number of hours. During the initial exchange of fire, the rebels at the front of the house—men, women and children—crouched beneath the wall. So great was the pressure of the crowd that one man, Thomas Walsh, was forced to cross from one side of the front gate to the other. As he crossed between the gate piers he was shot dead by the police. During lulls in the shooting, the rebels retreated out of the range of fire. Another man, Patrick McBride, who had been standing at the gable-end of the house when the firing began—and was quite safe where he was—found that his companions had retreated. Jumping up on the wall to run and join them, he was fatally wounded by the police.

It was evident to the rebels that the position of the police was almost impregnable, and a Catholic clergyman of the parish, Rev. Philip Fitzgerald, endeavoured to mediate in the interests of peace. When a party of the Cashel police under Sub-Inspector Cox were seen arriving over Boulea Hill, the rebels attempted to stop them even though they were low on ammunition, but the police continued to advance, firing up the road. It became clear that the police in the house were about to be reinforced and rescued. The rebels then faded away, effectively terminating both the era of Young Ireland and Repeal, but the consequences of their actions would follow them for many years. This event is colloquially known as "The Battle of Widow McCormack's cabbage plot".

Aftermath

John Mitchel, the most committed advocate of revolution, had been arrested early in 1848, then convicted on the purposefully–created charge of treason-felony. He was sentenced to transportation to Bermuda, where he joined other convicts labouring on the construction of the Royal Naval Dockyard on Ireland Island. He was subsequently sent to Van Diemen's Land (in present-day Tasmania, Australia) where he was soon to be joined by other leaders, such as William Smith O'Brien and Thomas Francis Meagher who had both been arrested after Ballingarry. John Blake Dillon escaped to France, as did three of the younger members, James Stephens, John O'Mahony and Michael Doheny. Meagher and John Mitchel (who had been transported there before for political activities) both managed to escape and emigrate to the United States in the early 1850s. They served on opposite sides of the American Civil War: Meagher serving with the Union, for which he recruited and commanded the Irish Brigade, and Mitchel allying himself with the South and living there, sending three sons to fight with the Confederacy.^[10]

The McCormack family emigrated to the US in about 1853. Since that time, the McCormack house (which was owned by numerous other families after 1848) has always been known locally as the Warhouse. In 2004, the State decided on "Famine Warhouse 1848" as the official name of the house, which had been designated a national heritage monument.^[11]^[12]

Fenian Brotherhood, Irish Republican Brotherhood

After the collapse of the rebellion, James Stephens and John O'Mahony went to the Continent to avoid arrest. In Paris, they supported themselves by teaching and with translation work and planned the next stage of "the fight to overthrow British rule in Ireland". In 1856, O'Mahony went to America and founded the Fenian Brotherhood in 1858. Stephens returned to Ireland and in Dublin on St. Patrick's Day 1858, following an organising tour through the length and breadth of the country, founded the Irish counterpart of the American Fenians, the Irish Republican Brotherhood.^[13]^[14]^[15]

References

^ "Young Ireland | Young Irelanders, Rebellion, Famine | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 11 May 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c Mark Rathbone. 2010, "The Young Ireland Revolt 1848" History Review no. 67:21
^ Griffith, Arthur (1916). Meagher of the Sword, :Speeches of Thomas Francis Meagher in Ireland 1846–1848 : Preface. Dublin: M. H. Gill & Son, Ltd.
^ Duffy, Charles Gavan (1888). Four Years of Irish History 1845–1849. London: Cassell, Petter, Galpin & Co.
^ The Felon's Track, By Michael Doheny, M.H. Gill & Sons, Ltd 1951, p. 112
^ Christine Kinealy. 'Repeal and Revolution. 1848 in Ireland' (Manchester University Press, 2009)
^ Sir Charles Gavan Duffy, Four Years of Irish History 1845–1849, London: Cassell, Petter, Galpin & Co. 1888, p. 389
^ Annual Register Archived 24 January 2020 at the Wayback Machine James Dodsley 1849 Account of evidence given at trials
^ She was called "Cormack" in most contemporaneous newspaper reports.
^ "John Mitchel", Dictionary of National Biography vol 38, p. 55.
^ "Famine Warhouse", http://www.archaeology.ie/sites/default/files/media/pdf/monuments-in-state-care-tipperary-south.pdf Archived 16 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Famine Warhouse", http://www.heritageireland.ie/en/South-East/FamineWarhouse1848/ Archived 16 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine
^ Fenian Fever: An Anglo-American Delemma, Leon Ó Broin, Chatto & Windus, London, 1971, ISBN 0-7011-1749-4, p. 1
^ The McGarrity Papers, Sean Cronin, Anvil Books, Ireland, 1972, p. 11
^ It has been suggested, notably by O'Donovan Rossa, that the original name for the organization was the Irish Revolutionary Brotherhood

Ballingarry's Famine Warhouse 1848 site
Annual Register James Dodsley 1849

v t e Young Ireland
General	Repeal Association The Nation Irish nationalism Irish republicanism Irish Confederation Great Hunger Revolutions of 1848 A Nation Once Again Irish tricolour Young Ireland rebellion Penal transportation Van Diemen's Land Irish Republican Brotherhood
Personalities	Joseph Blake Joseph Brenan Robert Cane Thomas Davis John Blake Dillon Michael Doheny Charles Gavan Duffy Philip Gray John Kenyon James Fintan Lalor Maurice Leyne Thomas D'Arcy McGee Terence MacManus John Martin Thomas Francis Meagher John Mitchel William Smith O'Brien Kevin Izod O'Doherty Patrick O'Donoghue Richard O'Gorman John O'Leary John O'Mahony Thomas Devin Reilly John Savage Patrick James Smyth James Stephens Jane Wilde
British laws	Prevention of Crime (Ireland) Act 1848 Treason Felony Act 1848
Ireland portal Category WikiProject

v t e Great Hunger in Ireland, 1845–1852
General	Irish Famine (1740–1741) History of Ireland (1801–1923) Penal Laws Absentee landlord Corn Laws Chronology of the Great Famine British Relief Association Souperism Coffin ship Irish diaspora Young Ireland rebellion Encumbered Estates' Court Legacy of the Great Famine National Famine Commemoration Day List of memorials to the Great Famine 1879 Irish Famine
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Laws	Poor Relief (Ireland) Act 1838 Temporary Relief Act 1847 Irish Poor Law Extension Acts Prevention of Crime (Ireland) Act 1848
Historians	John Mitchel Cecil Woodham-Smith F. S. L. Lyons Robert Dudley Edwards Joel Mokyr Cormac Ó Gráda Diarmaid Ferriter Colm Tóibín Tim Pat Coogan Christine Kinealy
Related	National Famine Museum Highland Potato Famine European Potato Failure Laissez-faire Economic liberalism Theories of famines Food security Malthusianism Irish National Land League Land War
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