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Castell Dinas Bran, North Wales, also known as Castle of Yale

Ial or Yale (Welsh: Iâl) was a commote of medieval Wales within the cantref of Maelor in the Kingdom of Powys.[1] When the Kingdom was divided in 1160, Maelor became part of the Princely realm of Powys Fadog (Lower Powys or Madog's Powys), and belonged to the Royal House of Mathrafal. Yale eventually merged with another commote and became the Lordship of Bromfield and Yale, later a royal lordship under the Tudors and Stuarts.[2][3]

History

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The Neolithic cave next to Castle Tomen y Faerdre, Llanarmon-yn-Yale, c.1795
Map showing the commote of iâl (Yale) on the right side, when part of the former Kingdom of Gwynedd
Pillar of Eliseg, 9th century stone cross next to Valle Crucis Abbey

The commote of Iâl, anglicized as Yale, was the stronghold of the Principality of Powys Fadog, and its capital was at Llanarmon-yn-Iâl, in Denbighshire, Wales, in a village situated at a shrine dedicated to the Roman Bishop, Germanus of Auxerre (Welsh: Garmon).[4] The nearby castle, named Tomen y Faerdre, built next to a Neolithic cave, was erected by the first Prince of Wales, Owain Gwynedd, after capturing the commote of Yale from the last Prince of Powys, Madog ap Maredudd.

The castle was later rebuilt by King John of England, signatory of Magna Carta and brother of Richard the Lionheart, as a way to secure the area for his military campaign against the Prince of North Wales, Llywelyn ap Iorwerth. Other castles were built in the commote such as Tomen y Rhodwydd, also built by Owain Gwynedd, in the form of a motte and bailey castle made out of timber, and the "Castle of Yale", built by the Prince of Powys Fadog, Gruffydd II ap Madog, Lord of Dinas Bran.[5] For centuries the Castle of Dinas Bran was in possession of the Lords of Yale.[6]

For iron mallets for breaking the rocks in the ditch of the Castle of Yale.
--The entry in the Pipe Roll for 1212-13, by King John of England when he re-occupied the site in 1212

During the Conquest of Wales by King Edward Longshanks, Iâl would be taken very early on and added to the county of Shropshire, annexing the commote into the Kingdom of England. It would be around that time that the Welsh name Ial would be anglicised to Yale. However, the commote would remain Welsh in culture and retain Welsh laws and customs under the terms accorded by the Statute of Rhuddlan.

King Edward would later merge the Lordship with others nearby, renaming it the Lordship of Bromfield and Yale, and would award it to his relative, the military commander and Guardian of Scotland, John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey.[7][8] After his successful conquest of Wales, King Edward would go on a campaign to conquer Scotland. John de Warenne would be one of his Commanders at the Battle of Stirling, fighting against William Wallace, and later, fighting at the Battle of Falkirk.

The title of Lord of Yale would eventually be reclaimed by the Princes of Powys Fadog, while the title of Lord of Bromfield and Yale would be passed to the Earls of Surrey of the House of Warenne, and later on, to the Earls of Arundel of the House of Howard. The co-Lordship of Yale, when part of the Lordship of Bromfield and Yale, featured the manor of Llan Egwestl belonging to Valle Crucis Abbey, and the manor of Llandegla belonging to St Asaph Cathedral, next to Horseshoe falls, in Llangollen.[9]

The rest of the Lordship of Yale was divided into two manors called the Manor of Yale Raglaria, and the Manor of Yale Praepositura, dating back to the Welsh period before English rule.[10][11] Anglicized as the Manor of Yale Raglar, it later belonged to Roger, son of John Wynne, ancestor of the Rogers of Bryntagor and the Yales of Plas-yn-Yale.[12][13]

Within the lordship, a monument dating back to the 9th century was erected by king Cyngen ap Cadell of Powys named the Pillar of Eliseg, in honor of his great-grandfather king Elisedd ap Gwylog, born c. 725. The stone cross in Llangollen, next to Valle Crucis Abbey, depicts the claimed lineage of the kings of Powys from a daughter of the 4th century Roman Emperor Magnus Maximus, of the Imperial Theodosian dynasty, named Sevira, wife of Vortigern.

Lords of Yale

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The coat of arms of the Lords of Yale, showing the lion of Powys
The commote of Ial (Yale) when part of the princely realm of Powys Fadog, after its separation from the Kingdom of Powys

Yale belonged to the Powys Dynasty from at least the 4th century through king Cadell Ddyrnllwg, and was lost and retaken from the Danish Vikings in the early 10th century during the Viking Age.[14][15] It was thereafter held by the Kings of Powys and granted to:

  • Elgud ab Gwrisnadd[16]
  • Cynddelw Gam ab Elgud, his son

Along with the Lordship of Ystrad Alun, it was granted to:

The arms of this family were azure, a lion rampant guardant or.[23]

Before 1236, the Lord of Yale title was eventually reclaimed or reverted to the Prince of Powys Fadog, Madog ap Gruffudd Maelor, son of Prince Gruffydd Maelor I. After his death, his sons confirmed his Lordship. In 1284, King Edward II of England, husband of Queen Isabella of France, confirmed and granted to Madog's son, Gruffydd ab Madog, the Lordship of Yale.[24]

Gruffydd's son, Prince Gruffudd Fychan I, was the great-grandfather of the Prince of Wales, Owain Glyndŵr, and his brother, Lord Tudor Glendower, and was a Prince of Powys Fadog of the Royal House of Mathrafal.

His descendants, the House of Yale (Yale family), cadets and co-representatives of the Mathrafal Dynasty, took their surname from the commote of Iâl, later the lordship of Yale.[25][26][27][28][29][30] Their seat was at Plas-yn-Yale Manor, near the village of Bryneglwys and the Yale Chapel, built during the Tudor era.[31]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Rees, William (1951). An Historical Atlas of Wales from Early to Modern Times. Faber & Faber.
  2. ^ ALMER (AYLMER), Edward (by 1516-74 or later), of Denbigh and Gresford, Denb., The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1509-1558, ed. S.T. Bindoff, 1982
  3. ^ Jacob Youde, William Lloyd (1887). "The History of the Princes, the Lords Marcher, and the Ancient ..., Volume 1". p. 394.
  4. ^ Bartrum, Peter C. (1993). A Welsh Classical Dictionary; People In History And Legend Up To About A. D. 1000, National Library of Wales, p.83
  5. ^ Yale, Rodney Horace, 1908, page 32 ""Yale Genealogy, and History of Wales; The British Kings and Princes; Life of Owen Glyndwr: Biographies of Governor Elihu Yale, for Whom Yale ..."".
  6. ^ Wanderings and excursions in North Wales, Thomas Roscoe, Esq., C. Tilt and Simpkin & Co., Wrightson and Webb, Birmingham, London, 2020, p. 87
  7. ^ John de Warenne, earl of Surrey, lord of Bromfield and Yale, and his niece Eleanor, The National Archives
  8. ^ The baronage of England, or, An historical account of the lives and most memorable actions of our English nobility in the Saxons time to the Norman conquest, University of Michigan, Dugdale, William, Sir, 1605-1686.
  9. ^ Alfred Neobard Palmer (1910). "A History of Ancient Tenures of Land in the Marches of North Wales". p. 167.
  10. ^ Alfred Neobard Palmer (1910). "A History of Ancient Tenures of Land in the Marches of North Wales". p. 167.
  11. ^ Jacob Youde, William Lloyd (1887). "The History of the Princes, the Lords Marcher, and the Ancient ..., Volume 6". p. 494.
  12. ^ Jacob Youde, William Lloyd (1887). "The History of the Princes, the Lords Marcher, and the Ancient ..., Volume 6". p. 496.
  13. ^ Burke, Bernard (1852). "A genealogical and heraldic dictionary of the landed gentry of Great Britain & Ireland for 1852". p. 1485.
  14. ^ Pedigrees of Montgomeryshire Families, 1711-1712, FB & C Limited, Lewis Dunn, 2017
  15. ^ Davies, R. R., 'The Struggle for Supremacy: Wales 1063–1172', The Age of Conquest: Wales 1063-1415, History of Wales (Oxford, 2000; online edn, Oxford Academic, 3 Oct. 2011), https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208785.003.0002, accessed 4 Nov. 2023.
  16. ^ Montgomery-shire Collections: Volume 9 gen 1876 · Powys-land Club, page 211
  17. ^ Encyclopaedia of Heraldry or general Armory of England, Scotland and Ireland, comprising a registry of all armorial bearings from the earliest to the present time, including the late grants by the college of arms: By John and John Bernard Burke, 1847, page 52
  18. ^ A Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Landed Gentry of Great Britain & Ireland for 1852, Volume 2 of John Burke, Bernard Burke, page 1485
  19. ^ A Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Landed Gentry of Great Britain & Ireland, Volume 2 of John Burke, Bernard Burke, page 95
  20. ^ Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire, Volume 66 of Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire, page 238 and 243
  21. ^ Called Ithel Gwrion in genealogies, where y wrion ("and his grandchildren") was probably meant.
  22. ^ A Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Landed Gentry of Great Britain & Ireland for 1852, Volume 2 of John Burke, Bernard Burke, page 1077
  23. ^ Yorke, Philip & al. The royal tribes of Wales. Accessed 4 Feb 2013.
  24. ^ Tout, Thomas (1890). "Gruffydd ab Madog" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 23. p. 308.
  25. ^ University of Cambridge, Squire Law Library, Biography: Mr David Eryl Corbet Yale
  26. ^ Yorke, Philip (1887). "The royal tribes of Wales; To which is added an account of The fifteen tribes of north Wales. With numerous additions and notes, preface and index". pp. 16–17.
  27. ^ William Arthur (1857). "An Etymological Dictionary of Family and Christian Names: With an Essay on Their Derivation and Import". Sheldon, Blakeman & Company. p. 270.
  28. ^ Thomas Nicholas (1872). "Annals and Antiquities of the Counties and County Families of Wales". Longmans, Green, Reader, and Co. p. 419.
  29. ^ The History of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Biographical, The American Historical Society, New York, 1920, p. 51-52
  30. ^ Encyclopedia of Connecticut Biography, Genealogical-Memorial, Representative Citizens, The American Historical Society Publishers, 1917. Vol. 7, Chicago, p. 95-96
  31. ^ Burrow, Edward J. (1926). Burrow's Handy Guide to Europe: For All English-speaking Tourists, 29 Maps & Plans, David McKay Company, Washingston Square, Philadelphia, p. 399
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