Kyowa-go
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| Harmony language in Manchukuo | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese name | |||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 協和語 | ||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 协和语 | ||||||
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| Japanese name | |||||||
| Hiragana | きょうわご こうあご にちまんご だいとうあご | ||||||
| Katakana | キョウワゴ コウアゴ ニチマンゴ ダイトウアゴ | ||||||
| Kyūjitai | 協和語 興亞語 日滿語 大東亞語 | ||||||
| Shinjitai | 協和語 興亜語 日満語 大東亜語 | ||||||
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Kyowa-go (協和語, Kyōwa-go, "Commonwealth language" or "Concordia language") or Xieheyu (Chinese: 協和語/协和语; lit. 'Harmony language') is either of two pidginized languages, one Japanese-based and one Mandarin-based, that were spoken in Manchukuo in the 1930s and 1940s. They are also known as Kōa-go (興亞語, "Asia development language"), Nichiman-go (日滿語, "Japanese-Manchu language"), and Daitōa-go (大東亞語, "Greater East Asia language").
Description
[edit]The term Kyowa-go/Xieheyu is derived from the Manchukuo state motto "Concord of Nationalities" (民族協和 mínzú xiéhe) promoted by the Pan-Asian Movement. The pidgin language resulted from the need of Japanese officials and soldiers and the Han and Manchu population that spoke mainly Chinese to communicate with each other. Manchukuo officials later dubbed the pidgin language "Kyowa-go" or "Xieheyu", meaning "Concord language". However, the Japanese also wanted to implement their own language in Manchukuo, saying that Japanese is a language which has a soul, so the language must be spoken correctly.
Kyowa-go/Xieheyu died out when Manchukuo fell to the Soviet Red Army in the last days of World War II. Documentation of the pidgin language is rare today.
It was also believed that many of the expressions of Chinese characters in manga (e.g. aru) are derived from Japanese-based Kyowa-go. Hence, it is typical of Chinese characters in anime shows to speak in that manner.
It was also believed that many of the expressions of Japanese characters in movies set in the Second Sino-Japanese War (e.g. 悄悄地進村，打槍的不要) are derived from Mandarin-based Xieheyu. Hence, it is typical of Japanese characters in movies shows to speak in that manner.
The Japanese were also known to use pidgin languages in Japan itself during the 19th and 20th centuries like Yokohama Pidgin Japanese.
Examples of Japanese-based Kyowa-go
[edit]| Kyowa-go | |
|---|---|
| 協和語 | |
| Region | Manchukuo |
| Extinct | c. 1945 |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | None (mis) |
| Glottolog | None |
Kyowa-go is characterized by a particle aru, omission of some particles, and many loan-words from Mandarin.
私
Watashi
日本人
nipponjin
アル
aru
ヨ
yo
- Original Japanese: 私は日本人です Watashi wa nipponjin desu meaning "I am a Japanese".
姑娘
Kūnyan (gūnyan)
綺麗
kirei
アル
aru
ネ
ne
- Original Japanese: お孃さんは綺麗ですね Ojōsan wa kirei desu ne meaning "Your daughter is beautiful"
貴方
Anata
座る
suwaru
の
no
椅子
isu
ない
nai
アル
aru
ヨ
yo
- Original Japanese: 貴方が座る椅子はありません Anata ga suwaru isu wa arimasen meaning "There is no chair for you"
アイヤー（哎呀）
Aiyaa!
- Exclamation of surprise from Chinese.
Examples of Mandarin-based Xieheyu
[edit]| Xiehe-yu | |
|---|---|
| 協和語 | |
| Region | Manchukuo |
| Extinct | c. 1945 |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | None (mis) |
| Glottolog | None |
Xieheyu sometimes uses subject–object–verb, the normal Japanese word order, which is different from Mandarin.
你的
nǐde
幫我，
bāngwǒ,
我的
wǒde
錢的
qiánde
大大的
dàdàde
給。
gěi.
你
nǐ
幫我，
bāngwǒ,
我
wǒ
給你
gěinǐ
很多
hěnduō
錢。
qián.
If you help me, I'll give you a lot of money.
高橋
Gāoqiáo
歐庫桑，
okusan,
豬的
zhūde
看見
kànjiàn
沒有？
méiyǒu?
那邊的
nàbiānde
跑了的
pǎolede
有。
yǒu.
(歐庫桑 , pronounced okusan , is a phonetic translation of Japanese 奥さん, which means "one's wife")
高橋
Gāoqiáo
太太，
tàitai,
看見
kànjiàn
那隻
nàzhī
豬
zhū
了
le
嗎？
mā?
已經
yǐjīng
跑到
pǎodaò
那邊
nàbiān
去啦。
qùla.
Mrs. Takahashi, did you see that pig? It ran that way.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- Kinsui, Satoshi (2014). コレモニホンゴアルカ: イジンノコトバガウマレルトキ (in Japanese). Tokyo. ISBN 978-4-00-028630-5. OCLC 891024991.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Hachiya, Masato; Kinsui, Satoshi; Okajima, Akihiro; Okazaki, Tomoko (2004). "Predicate type observed in the literature and the inconsistency with the history of Japanese" 文献に現れた述語形式と国語史の不整合性について (in Japanese).
- Homoco, ed. (1953) [1879]. Exercises in the Yokohama Dialect (2nd ed.). Charles E. Tuttle Co. ISBN 9781178301533. Archived from the original on 2012-02-05. Retrieved 2011-05-12.
- Gong, Xue; Shang, Xia (2013-08-06). "The Recognition of Harmony Language under the Perspective of Colonialism Culture" 殖民文化视角下的"协和语"认识. Japanese Studies Forum 外国问题研究 (in Chinese) (2): 3–9. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-6201.2013.02.001. Archived from the original on 2013-11-14. Retrieved 2022-07-27.