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1919 in women's history

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This is a listing of noteworthy historical events relating to the international women's movement which occurred in 1919.

Events

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January

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German socialist revolutionary Rosa Luxemburg.

February

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March

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  • 6 March 1919: Michigan — Women voted for the first time under a state law which had been approved in November 1918. The first woman to exercise the vote was Rosa John, the wife of a prominent Syrian merchant.[19][20]
  • 9 March 1919: Italy — The Sacchi Bill was introduced, which eliminated husbands' superiority in family law; giving women the right to control their own property, have equal guardianship of their children, stand for public office and enter professions. (The bill was approved by the Senate commission and passed without change in July).[21][22] Simultaneously, the Sichel agenda was proposed, which would have given Italian women the vote. Before a vote of the Senate was called, the legislature adjourned.[23]
  • 10 March 1919: Ukraine — Women were granted the right to vote.[7]
  • 17 March 1919: Canton of Neuchâtel, Switzerland — The Council agreed to put the question of women's suffrage on the ballot to be decided by voters.[24]
  • 19 March 1919: Maine – The State House passed a resolution allowing women to vote for presidential electors.[18]
  • 21 March 1919: Hungarian Soviet Republic — Universal suffrage was extended to trade union members only; with the dissolution of the Republic, in August 1919 the law was overturned and universal suffrage did not exist again until 1945.[25]
  • 28 March 1919: Missouri – Women were granted the right to vote for presidential electors by the state legislature. The Governor signed the legislation on 5 April.[26]

April

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  • 9 April 1919: British East Africa (now Kenya) — Legislators passed in the third reading a franchise bill, Legislative Council Ordinance No.16, giving equal adult suffrage for women and men[27] of "pure European descent",[28] who were English-speaking, literate British subjects and owned property. It specifically excluded Africans[29] and British subjects from India, or other locations outside of Europe.[30]
  • 17 April 1919: New Brunswick, Canada — women were granted complete universal suffrage.[31]

May

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  • 3 May 1919: Atlanta, Georgia — White women were granted the right to vote in municipal elections.[32]
  • 8 May 1919: Luxembourg — The constitutional assembly extended the right to vote to all citizens over age 21, regardless of sex. The new constitution went into force on 15 May 1919.[33]
  • 9 May 1919: Belgium — Women, as proxies for heroic men who died in World War I, who were widows or single mothers of servicemen killed in action, who had been political prisoners held by the enemy, or who were themselves involved in the resistance movement were allowed to vote and be candidates.[7][34]
  • 12–17 May 1919: Zürich, Switzerland — The Second International Women's Congress for Peace and Freedom denounced the final terms of the Treaty of Versailles ending World War I and renamed the peace organization founded in 1915 as the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom.[35]
  • 15 May 1919: Isle of Jersey, (Channel Islands) — Single women over age 20 were given the right to vote in local elections.[36]
  • 16 May 1919: Crown Colony of Jamaica, British West Indies — Women of twenty-five years or more, who earned £50 or more per year, or paid taxes of £2 annually became eligible to vote.[37][38]
  • 20 May 1919: France — The Chamber of Deputies passed a bill to grant equal suffrage to women with 377 deputies in favor and 97 against.[39] The measure did not pass the Senate, delaying women's voting rights until 1944.[7]
  • 24 May 1919: Sweden — Women were granted the right to vote.[40]

June

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  • 5 June 1919: The National Suffrage Amendment, the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, passed by Congress.[41]
  • 10 June 1919: Illinois,[42] Wisconsin and Michigan, in that order, became the first three states to ratify the National Suffrage Amendment.[9][43][44][45][46]
  • 15 June 1919: Czechoslovakia — Women and men in the Czech areas first voted under equal suffrage for municipal candidates.[47]
  • 16 June 1919: Kansas, Ohio, and New York, in that order, ratified 19th Amendment.[48][49][50][51]
  • 17 June 1919: Illinois — Because of a minor error in the text of the initial introduction to the resolution to ratify the 19th Amendment, both the State Senate and House reconfirmed ratification of women's suffrage. After submitting a brief to explain the legality of the amendment itself had not been in jeopardy and the second vote was merely a legal formality, Illinois was acknowledged by the U.S. Secretary of State as the first state to ratify the federal amendment.[42]
  • 19 June 1919: Pennsylvania — The State Senate ratified the 19th Amendment.[52][53]
  • 21 June 1919: Armenia — The first elections under universal suffrage were held.[54] Three women were elected Perchuhi Partizpanyan-Barseghyan, Varvara Sahakyan and Katarine Zalyan-Manukyan, who served until the government collapsed in 1920.[55]
  • 24 June 1919: Pennsylvania — The State House ratified the 19th Amendment, making the state the 7th to endorse the federal amendment.[53]
  • 25 June 1919: Massachusetts — The State House ratified the 19th Amendment by a vote of 185 in favor and 47 against and the State Senate by 34 for and 5 against, making the state the 8th to ratify the federal amendment.[56]
  • 28 June 1919: Texas — The State legislature ratified the 19th Amendment, making the state the 9th to approve the federal amendment.[57]
  • 28–29 June 1919: Canton of Neuchâtel, Switzerland — Voters rejected granting women the right to vote.[58]

July

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Conservative Nancy Astor, first female member of the British parliament.
  • 2 July 1919: Iowa — In a special session of the legislature called by the governor, both the State House and Senate approved ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment.[59]
  • 3 July 1919: Missouri — Both the State Senate and State House ratified the 19th Amendment.[60]
  • 4 July 1919: British Rhodesia — The Women's Enfranchisement Ordinance gained the assent of the High Commissioner allowing women of age 21 or older to vote and serve as members of the Legislative Council, provided they met the occupational and salary qualifications. Married women automatically had the same rights as their husbands, as long as the couple lived together in a non-polygamous relationship and he met the income requirements.[61]
  • 12 July 1919: Isle of Jersey, (Channel Islands) — The passage of the Loi sur les Droits Electoraux gave the vote to married women whose husbands were ratepayers and women over 30 who paid rent of £10 or more per annum.[36]
  • 15 July 1919: The Vatican — Pope Benedict XV issued a declaration in support of women's political rights.[62]
  • 17 July 1919: Alabama — State Senate rejects ratification of the 19th Amendment with a vote of 19 against and 13 in favor.[63]
  • 21 July 1919: Azerbaijan — Women were granted the right to vote.[64][65]
  • 24 July 1919: Georgia — Both the State Senate and House rejected the ratification of the 19th Amendment to the US Constitution.[66]
  • 28 July 1919: Arkansas — After a State Senate vote of 29 in favor and 2 against and House vote of 75 for and 17 against, Arkansas became the 12th state to ratify the 19th Amendment.[67][68]
  • 31 July 1919: Montana — The State Senate ratified the 19th Amendment approving women's suffrage.[69][70]

August

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  • 2 August 1919: Montana and Nebraska — The Montana State House ratified the 19th Amendment to which the governor immediately affixed his signature[71][72] and the Nebraska State legislature unanimously ratified the federal amendment the same day.[70][73]
  • 11 August 1919: Germany — Under the Weimar Constitution, Germany granted women the right to vote.[74][75]

September

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  • September 1919: Luxembourg — Women voted for the first time on a referendum concerning retaining the monarchy.[76]
  • 8 September 1919: Minnesota — The State House and State Senate ratified the Nineteenth Amendment with votes of 120 to 6 and 60 to 5, respectively.[77]
  • 10 September 1919: New Hampshire — The State Senate followed suit with the State House which had ratified the Nineteenth Amendment the previous day and passed the suffrage amendment with a vote of 14 for and 10 against.[78]
  • 17 September 1919: Alabama — State House rejects ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment with a vote of 60 against and 31 in favor.[79][80] Alabama would not ratify the amendment until 8 September 1953.[81]
  • 18 September 1919: Netherlands — The Netherlands granted women the right to vote. The right to stand in election had previously been granted in 1917.[82][83]
  • 29–30 September 1919: Utah — At a special legislative session, the State Senate ratified the Nineteenth Amendment on the 29th and the following day the State House followed suit.[84][85]

October

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November

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  • 1 November 1919: California — In a special legislative session, the State Senate unanimously voted in favor of the Nineteenth Amendment and the State House approved it with a vote of 73 for and 2 against,[92] becoming the 18th state to ratify the federal amendment.[93]
  • 4 November 1919: Maine – The State Senate ratified the Nineteenth Amendment.[94]
  • 5 November 1919: Maine – The State House ratified the Nineteenth Amendment,[94] making Maine the 19th state to approve ratification.[93]
  • 20 November 1919: Lithuania – The Council of Lithuania passed the Law on Elections legalizing universal suffrage to all citizens over the age of 21,[95] which had been outlined in the Provisional Constitution of 1918.[96]
  • 26 November 1919: North Dakota – The State Senate ratified the 19th Amendment.[97]

December

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  • 1 December 1919: England — Nancy Astor became the first woman to take her seat in the House of Commons.[98][99]
  • 1 December 1919: North Dakota — The State House ratified the 19th Amendment,[100] becoming the 20th state to approve the federal amendment.[101]
  • 3–4 December 1919: South Dakota — On the 3rd, the State House adopted the federal suffrage amendment followed on the 4th by the State Senate's ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment.[102]
  • 12 December 1919: Colorado — In a special legislative session, both the State Senate and House unanimously ratified the Nineteenth Amendment. The governor signed the legislation three days later.[103]
  • 21 December 1919: United States — Anarchist Emma Goldman was deported from the United States to Soviet Russia.[104]
  • 22 December 1919: Australia — Grace Benny became the first Australian woman to sit on a local council.[105]
  • 23 December 1919: United Kingdom — The Sex Disqualification Act became law, enabling women to join the professions. In a broad opening statement it specified that, "[a] person shall not be disqualified by sex or marriage from the exercise of any public function, or from being appointed to or holding any civil or judicial office or post, or from entering or assuming or carrying on any civil profession or vocation". The Act did provide employment opportunities for individual women and many were appointed as magistrates, but in practice it fell far short of the expectations of the women's movement. Senior positions in the civil service were still closed to women and they could be excluded from juries if evidence was likely to be too "sensitive".[106][107]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Rodriguez Ruiz, Blanca; Rubio-Marín, Ruth (2012). The Struggle for Female Suffrage in Europe: Voting to Become Citizens. International Studies in Sociology and Social Anthropology. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill Publishers. p. 216. ISBN 978-90-04-22425-4.
  2. ^ "Electoral Insight". Elections Canada Online. 2010-06-14. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  3. ^ "Women Get the Vote 1916-1919". Canada: A Country by Consent. Retrieved 30 November 2018.
  4. ^ "The murder of Rosa Luxemburg". Socialism.in. 16 January 2013. Archived from the original on 30 November 2018. Retrieved 30 November 2018.
  5. ^ Stephenson, Jill (2013). Women in Nazi Society. Vol. 35. London, England: Routledge. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-136-24740-8.
  6. ^ Sharp & Stibbe 2011, p. 280.
  7. ^ a b c d "Europe". Women Suffrage and Beyond. Archived from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 30 November 2018.
  8. ^ "Belarus - House of Representatives". data.ipu.org. Geneva, Switzerland: Inter-Parliamentary Union. 2017. Archived from the original on 16 December 2018. Retrieved 16 December 2018.
  9. ^ a b "Women of Protest: Photographs from the Records of the National Woman's Party". Library of Congress. Retrieved 30 November 2018.
  10. ^ Guerra, Elda (13 July 2012). L'Associazionismo internazionale delle donne tra diritti, democrazia, politiche di pace 1888 - 1939 [International Women's Rights Associations, Democracy, Peace Policies 1888 - 1939] (PDF) (PhD) (in Italian). Viterbo, Italy: Università degli Studi della Tuscia. p. 76. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 April 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
  11. ^ "Votes for Women No Peace Problem". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 27 January 1919. p. 4. Retrieved 27 January 2019 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
  12. ^ Papuashvili, George (March 2012). "A Retrospective on the 1921 Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Georgia" (PDF). Engage. 13 (1): 99–104. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 September 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
  13. ^ Məmmədoğlu, Mirzə (25 September 2017). "Akakli Xvadagiani. Qarayazı anası – Pərixanım Sofiyeva". TurkInfo.org (in Azerbaijani). Baku, Azerbaijan: Türk Dünyası İnfo. Archived from the original on 1 December 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
  14. ^ Dunbar, William (8 March 2018). "The world's first democratically elected Muslim woman was from Georgia". EurasiaNet. New York, New York: Harriman Institute, Columbia University. Archived from the original on 1 December 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
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  17. ^ "Votes for Women!". Tynwald.org.im. Douglas, Isle of Man: High Court of Tynwald. 2018. Archived from the original on 30 November 2018. Retrieved 15 December 2018.
  18. ^ a b Harper 1922, p. 245.
  19. ^ Hinkley, Justin A. (20 January 2018). "What Michigan women can learn from fight for suffrage 100 years ago". Lansing State Journal. Lansing, Michigan. Archived from the original on 2018-12-18. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
  20. ^ "Goff Looks Victor in Judgeship Race". The Detroit Free Press. Detroit, Michigan. 6 March 1919. p. 3. Retrieved 18 December 2018 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
  21. ^ Galeotti, Giulia (2006). Storia del voto alle donne in Italia: alle radici del difficile rapporto tra donne e politica (in Italian). Rome, Italy: Biblink. p. 43. ISBN 9788888071664.
  22. ^ Harper 1922, p. 799.
  23. ^ Galeotti 2006, p. 43.
  24. ^ Harper 1922, p. 796.
  25. ^ Sulkunen, Irma; Nevala-Nurmi, Seija-L eena; Markkola, Pirjo, eds. (2009). Suffrage, Gender and Citizenship: international perspectives on parliamentary reforms. Newcastle upon Tyne, England: Cambridge Scholars. pp. 242–243. ISBN 978-1-4438-0162-1.
  26. ^ Harper 1922, p. 359.
  27. ^ Ross, W. Mcgregor (1927). Kenya From Within: A Short Political History. London, England: George Allen & Unwin Ltd. p. 327. OCLC 245718452.
  28. ^ Ross 1927, p. 325.
  29. ^ Letete, E. M.; Mare, S.; Fedderke, J. W. (31 October 2011). The Evolution and Measurement of Institutions and Instability in Kenya, 1880-2010: Is there Evidence of Persistence and Interdependence? (PDF) (Report). Cape Town, South Africa: Economic Research Southern Africa. p. 25. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 February 2014. Retrieved 16 December 2018.
  30. ^ Sunderland, David; Uzoigwe, Godfrey N. (2016). Economic Development of Africa, 1880–1939. Vol. 5: Labour and Other Aspects of Development. New York, New York: Taylor & Francis. p. 99. ISBN 978-1-351-22196-2.
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  32. ^ Harper 1922, p. 130, 138.
  33. ^ a b Rodriguez Ruiz & Rubio-Marín 2012, p. 161.
  34. ^ Rodriguez Ruiz & Rubio-Marín 2012, p. 411.
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  39. ^ Oldfield 2003, p. 119.
  40. ^ Martinez, Victoria (3 September 2018). "How Swedish women won the right to vote". The Local. Retrieved 30 November 2018.
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  42. ^ a b Harper 1922, p. 164.
  43. ^ "100th Anniversary of Women's Suffrage in Michigan". Michigan House: Democrats. 10 April 2018. Archived from the original on 30 November 2018. Retrieved 30 November 2018.
  44. ^ "Two States Ratify Votes for Women". The Ottawa Herald. Ottawa, Kansas. 10 June 1919. p. 1. Retrieved 17 December 2018 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
  45. ^ "Wisconsin O.K.'s Suffrage; Illinois First". The Capital Times. Madison, Wisconsin. 10 June 1919. p. 1. Retrieved 17 December 2018 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
  46. ^ "Michigan Third to Put O.K. on Suffrage Act". The Detroit Free Press. Detroit, Michigan. 10 June 1919. p. 1. Retrieved 17 December 2018 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
  47. ^ Rodriguez Ruiz & Rubio-Marín 2012, p. 216.
  48. ^ "Suffrage is Ratified". The Independence Daily Reporter. Independence, Kansas. 16 June 1919. p. 1. Retrieved 17 December 2018 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
  49. ^ "Assembly to O. K. Suffrage with Dispatch". The Dayton Daily News. Dayton, Ohio. 16 June 1919. p. 9. Retrieved 17 December 2018 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
  50. ^ "Ohio Legislature Favors Suffrage". The Fremont Daily Messenger. Fremont, Ohio. 17 June 1919. p. 1. Retrieved 17 December 2018 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
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  52. ^ Harper 1922, p. 563.
  53. ^ a b "Pennsylvania Ratifies". The Brookville American. Brookville, Pennsylvania. 26 June 1919. p. 1. Retrieved 18 December 2018 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
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  57. ^ Harper 1922, p. 643.
  58. ^ Harper 1922, p. 797.
  59. ^ Harper 1922, p. 354.
  60. ^ Harper 1922, p. 192.
  61. ^ Oldfield, Sybil (2003). International Woman Suffrage. Vol. 4: October 1918 — September 1920. New York, New York: Taylor & Francis. p. 195. ISBN 978-0-415-25740-4.
  62. ^ Sharp, Ingrid; Stibbe, Matthew, eds. (2011). Aftermaths of War: Women's movements and female activists, 1918-1923. Vol. 63. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill Publishers. p. 200. ISBN 978-90-04-19172-3.
  63. ^ Harper, Ida Husted, ed. (1922). History of Woman Suffrage. Vol. 6: 1900-1920. Rochester, New York: J. J. Little & Ives Company for the National Woman Suffrage Association. p. 8. OCLC 963795738.
  64. ^ "History of Azerbaijani and US women's rights to vote discussed at US Congress Library". Today.Az. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  65. ^ "Women's right to vote – for the first time on the East". Azerbaijan. Retrieved 30 November 2018.
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  67. ^ Harper 1922, p. 21.
  68. ^ "Suffrage is Ratified by Legislature". The Arkansas Gazette. Vol. 99, no. 239. Little Rock, Arkansas. 29 July 1919. p. 1. Retrieved 17 December 2018 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
  69. ^ "Lawmakers Wrestle with Problems for Relief for Farmers". The Anaconda Standard. Anaconda, Montana. 31 July 1919. p. 5. Retrieved 18 December 2018 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
  70. ^ a b "House Unanimous in Its Approval (pt. 1)". The Evening State Journal. Lincoln, Nebraska. 2 August 1919. p. 1. Retrieved 18 December 2018 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon and "House Unanimous in Its Approval (pt. 2)". The Evening State Journal. Lincoln, Nebraska. 2 August 1919. p. 4. Retrieved 18 December 2018 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
  71. ^ "Speaker Belden Signs Suffrage Amendment". The Butte Miner. Butte, Montana. 3 August 1919. p. 11. Retrieved 18 December 2018 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
  72. ^ "Governor Signs Bills and Payday Is Here Other Bills Signed". The Helena Daily Independent. Helena, Montana. 3 August 1919. p. 4. Retrieved 18 December 2018 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
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  75. ^ "Weimar Constitution adopted in Germany". History. Retrieved 30 November 2018.
  76. ^ Rodriguez Ruiz & Rubio-Marín 2012, p. 1611.
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