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Wolfgang Larrazábal

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In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Larrazábal and the second or maternal family name is Ugueto.
Wolfgang Larrazábal
Wolfgang Larrazábal
President of Venezuela
In office
23 January 1958 – 14 November 1958
Preceded byMarcos Pérez Jiménez
Succeeded byEdgar Sanabria
Personal details
Born
Wolfgang Enrique Larrazábal Ugueto

(1911-03-05)5 March 1911
Carúpano, Sucre state, Venezuela
Died27 February 2003(2003-02-27) (aged 91)
Caracas, Venezuela
Political partyDemocratic Republican Union, Popular Democratic Front
Spouse
Mercedes María Peláez
​
​
(died 2002)​
Children5
Signature

Rear Admiral Wolfgang Enrique Larrazábal Ugueto (Spanish pronunciation: [bolfˈɣaŋg laraˈsaβal]; 5 March 1911 – 27 February 2003) was a Venezuelan naval officer and politician. He served as President of Venezuela following the overthrow of Marcos Pérez Jiménez in the 23 January 1958 Venezuelan coup d'état, standing down later that year.

Biography

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Early life

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Larrazábal was born on 5 March 1911 in Carúpano.[1] He attended the Colegio Libertado in Maracaibo.[2] Described by Time as "the well-mannered scion of an old naval family",[3] in 1928, Larrazábal enrolled in the Military Academy of the Bolivarian Navy.[4]

Military career

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Larrazábal was commissioned into the Bolivarian Navy of Venezuela in 1932.[5] In 1938 to 1939, Larrazábal joined the frigate ARA Presidente Sarmiento on a voyage to circumnavigate the world.[4] He completed a naval command course at the Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island.[2] In 1945, he was named assistant director of the Military Academy of the Bolivarian Navy.[2] From 1949 to 1952, he served as naval attaché in the Embassy of Venezuela, Washington, D.C., by which time he held the rank of captain.[2][6] In 1952, he was appointed president of the National Sports Institute.[4] In 1955, Larrazábal was appointed director of the Caracas Military Circle.[4] In July of that year, he served as a judge for the Miss World 1955 pageant which took place in Caracas.[7]

In July 1957, Larrazábal was promoted to rear admiral and named chief of staff of the Bolivarian Navy of Venezuela.[2] In January 1958, he was named supreme commander of the Navy by president Marcos Pérez Jiménez, making him Venezuela's highest ranking military officer.[3][5][8] At this time, Larrazábal was known as "a quiet man, more a conformist than a conspirator".[8]

Presidency

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After popular unrest and a general strike broke out, on 22 January 1958 Larrazábal wrote to Pérez on behalf of the Venezuelan chiefs of staff demanding his resignation.[8][9] After Pérez fled the country, Larrazábal became president of Venezuela on 23 January 1958 as the head of a military junta, the Junta Militar de Gobierno, comprising himself, colonel Roberto Cassanova, colonel Pedro Quevedo, colonel Carlo Araque, and colonel Romero Villate. On 26 January, in response to public pressure, he expanded the junta to a seven-member group, adding industrialist Eugenic Mendoza and academic Bias Lamberti.[4][3][10][11][12][13] After taking power, Larrazábal promised to hold free elections as soon as possible[3] and guaranteed political freedoms and foreign investments.[14] He became "very popular among average Venezuelans for his folksy charisma, populist political views, and the generous welfare benefits offered under his government."[15] Larrazábal's government increased the tax on oil profits from 50% (the rate set in 1946) to 60%, angering the petroleum industry.[16][17] The United States initially regarded Larrazábal's government as having "moderate conservative and strong pro-American tendencies".[18]

Larrazábal (seated right) meeting with Vice President of the United States Richard Nixon in May 1958.

Following the attack on Richard Nixon's motorcade in May 1958, in response to the movement of American military forces into the region, Larrazábal pledged the Nixon party would be "protected fully" thereafter.[19] After Nixon's departure from Venezuela, Larrazábal declined to condemn the attack, saying that he would have joined the protests if he were a student.[20][21][22]

In June 1958, Time noted that Larrazábal "has gone perplexingly out of his way to be kind to Communists", quoting Larrazábal as having said: "Maybe I am naïve. But I feel our Communism is a different Communism. Because of his rich patriotic heritage, no Venezuelan would accept orders from abroad."[23] Larrazábal supported Fidel Castro in the Cuban Revolution by facilitating the supply of weapons to Castro's forces in the Sierra Maestra[2][24] as well as providing a haven for the Cuban government-in-exile.[25]

On 5 July 1958, army general Jesús María Castro León was appointed Minister of Defence. Upon his appointment, he presented Larrazábal with a note of grievances against the junta, which was interpreted as an ultimatum. On 23 July, a plot to kidnap Larrazábal was uncovered. After the plot was foiled, on 24 July Castro resigned and went into exile in Curaçao.[26] In September 1958, Larrazábal survived a second coup attempt.[5]

In September 1958, Larrazábal met with residents of 23 de Enero who were calling for rent reductions. Subsequently, the Banco Obrero reduced rents and expanded its mortgage program.[27] In October 1958, Larrazábal's government approved the construction of El Helicoide after its developers agreed to hire a large number of unemployed people for the project.[28]

In October 1958, Larrazábal was amongst the signatories of the Puntofijo Pact, which saw all the main political parties in Venezuela commit to respecting the outcome of the 7 December 1958 Venezuelan general election.[29] Larrazábal resigned on 14 November 1958, to run in the general election; he was succeeded by Edgar Sanabria as interim president.[10][30][15] He was formally supported by the Democratic Republican Union and the Communist Party of Venezuela;[31] he was also covertly supported by the Soviet Union.[30] By this time, the United States did not wish to see Larrazábal elected and tacitly supported his rivals, former president Rómulo Betancourt of the Democratic Action Party and Rafael Caldera of Copei.[32] Larrazábal ultimately lost to Betancourt, receiving 34.61% of the vote to Betancourt's 49.18%.[33] Larrazábal defeated Betancourt by a five-to-one margin in Caracas, but performed more poorly in the rural vote.[34][35] Following the election, Larrazábal made a "sportsmanlike concession of defeat";[36] after violent protests broke out, he appealed for the election results to be respected in addresses broadcast on television and radio.[35][37]

Later life

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In January 1959, Larrazábal met with Fidel Castro, who had been invited to Venezuela by the student government of the Central University of Venezuela to celebrate the anniversary of Pérez being deposed. During his visit, Castro expressed gratitude to Larrazábal for his support for the Cuban Revolution.[25]

In 1959, Larrazábal was appointed as Ambassador of Venezuela to Chile, described by Time as "semi-exile".[38] In 1962, during El Carupanazo, Larrazábal wrote to Betancourt from Chile assuring him that the Navy would never revolt against a democratically-elected government.[2] His term as Ambassador ended in 1963.[5] Forming a new party, the Popular Democratic Front (Jóvito Villalba having been selected as the candidate of the Democratic Republican Union),[39][40] he stood for president in the 1963 Venezuelan general election but lost to Raúl Leoni of the Democratic Action Party, receiving 9.43% of the vote.[33] He declined any position in Leoni's government.[41]

From 1964 to 1969, Larrazábal served as a senator.[4] In 1969, president Rafael Caldera appointed him Ambassador of Venezuela to Canada, a position he held until 1973.[4] In 1973, Larrazábal supported the presidential campaign of Lorenzo Fernández.[4] He served a second term as senator from 1974 to 1979.[4]

Larrazábal died from respiratory failure on 27 February 2003 at the age of 91 in his home in Caracas.[4][42]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Larrazábal Ugueto, Wolfgang". Latin American Lives: Selected Biographies from the Five-volume Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture. Macmillan Library Reference USA. 1998. p. 555. ISBN 9780028650609.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Sorenson, John L. (1964). Unconventional Warfare and the Venezuelan Society. Naval Ordnance Test Station. p. 10. Archived from the original on 13 May 2024 – via University of Michigan.
  3. ^ a b c d "The Hemisphere: Proceed with Caution". Time. 3 February 1958. Archived from the original on 13 May 2024. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Arráiz Lucca, Rafael (20 November 2022). "Wolfgang Larrazábal Ugueto: un puente hacia la democracia" (in Spanish). LaGranAldea.com. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
  5. ^ a b c d Chin, John J.; Wright, Joseph; Carter, David B. (2022). Historical Dictionary of Modern Coups D'état. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 673–674. ISBN 9781538120682.
  6. ^ United States Department of State (January 1952). Diplomatic List. United States Government Printing Office. p. 175.
  7. ^ "Susan Duijim Miss World 1955 (Venezuela)". Elanecdotario.com. Archived from the original on 7 July 2015. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
  8. ^ a b c Coronil, Fernando (1997). The Magical State: Nature, Money, and Modernity in Venezuela. University of Chicago Press. p. 211. ISBN 9780226116020.
  9. ^ Whiteman, Marjorie M. (1963). "Recognition of Governments". Digest of International Law. 2. United States Department of State: 319.
  10. ^ a b "15. Venezuela (1913-present)". University of Central Arkansas. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  11. ^ "Jiménez out". The Guardian. Reuters et al. 24 January 1958. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  12. ^ Goldenberg, Boris (1965). The Cuban Revolution and Latin America. Praeger Publishing. p. 97. ISBN 9781003227212.
  13. ^ Tarver, H. Micheal (2001). Venezuelan Insurgency, 1960-1968: A Successful Failure. Xlibris US. p. 45. ISBN 9781462834600.
  14. ^ "First Week of Freedom". Time. 10 February 1958. Archived from the original on 13 May 2024. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  15. ^ a b Trinkunas, Harold A. (2011). Crafting Civilian Control of the Military in Venezuela: A Comparative Perspective. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 104–105. ISBN 9780807877036.
  16. ^ Tugwell, Franklin (2014). "Petroleum Policy in Venezuela: Lessons in the Politics of Dependence Management". In Dominguez, Jorge I. (ed.). Latin America's International Relations and Their Domestic Consequences: War and Peace, Dependence and Autonomy. Routledge. p. 152. ISBN 9781135564629.
  17. ^ Leonard, Thomas M., ed. (2013). "Northern South America: History and Economic Development". Encyclopedia of the Developing World. Vol. 1–3. Routledge. p. 117. ISBN 9781135205089.
  18. ^ Levin, Dov H. (2020). Meddling in the Ballot Box: The Causes and Effects of Partisan Electoral Interventions. Oxford University Press. p. 138. ISBN 9780197519882.
  19. ^ "Troops Arrive to Help Nixon". Ironwood Daily Globe. Associated Press. 13 May 2024. Retrieved 14 March 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
  20. ^ Drinot, Paulo (2010). Che's Travels: The Making of a Revolutionary in 1950s Latin America. Duke University Press. pp. 166–167. ISBN 9780822391807. Archived from the original on 31 March 2017.
  21. ^ Garavini, Giuliano (2019). The Rise and Fall of OPEC in the Twentieth Century. Oxford University Press. p. 103. ISBN 9780198832836.
  22. ^ McCaughan, Michael (2011). The Battle of Venezuela. Seven Stories Press. p. 39. ISBN 9781609801168.
  23. ^ "Venezuela: The Different Communists". Time. 30 June 1958. Archived from the original on 13 May 2024. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  24. ^ Guevara, Ernesto (2022). "Reminiscences of the Cuban Revolutionary War". In Deutschmann, David; Ariet García, María del Carmen (eds.). The Che Guevara Reader: Writings on Politics & Revolution. Seven Stories Press. p. 74. ISBN 9781644211137.
  25. ^ a b Brown, Jonathan C. (2017). Cuba's Revolutionary World. Harvard University Press. p. 220. ISBN 9780674978324.
  26. ^ Scheina, Robert L. (2003). Latin America's Wars. Vol. II: The Age of the Professional Soldier, 1900–2001. Potomac Books. p. 284. ISBN 9781597974783.
  27. ^ Velasco, Alejandro (2015). "Paths to Democracy". Barrio Rising: Urban Popular Politics and the Making of Modern Venezuela. University of California Press. pp. 92–94. ISBN 9780520283312.
  28. ^ Olalquiaga, Celeste (11 September 2014). "Tropical Babel". FailedArchitecture.com. Archived from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 31 May 2024.
  29. ^ Hillman, Richard S. (2014). "Venezuela". In Heenan, Patrick; Lamontagne, Monique (eds.). The South America Handbook. Taylor & Francis. p. 58. ISBN 9781135973148.
  30. ^ a b Levin, Dov H. (2016). "Partisan electoral interventions by the great powers: Introducing the PEIG Dataset". Conflict Management and Peace Science. 36 (1): 88–106. doi:10.1177/0738894216661190. ISSN 0738-8942. S2CID 157114479.
  31. ^ "Venezuela: The Admiral & the Reds". Time. 30 June 1958. Archived from the original on 13 May 2024. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  32. ^ Salas, Miguel Tinker (2009). "Oil and Politics: An Enduring Relation". The Enduring Legacy: Oil, Culture, and Society in Venezuela. Duke University Press. pp. 226–227. ISBN 9780822392231.
  33. ^ a b Nohlen, Dieter (2005). Elections in the Americas: a Data Handbook. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. p. 555. ISBN 9780199283583.
  34. ^ Maher, Geo (2013). We Created Chávez: A People's History of the Venezuelan Revolution. Duke University Press. p. 26. ISBN 9780822354529.
  35. ^ a b Martz, John D. (2015). Accion Democratica: Evolution of a Modern Political Party in Venezuela. Princeton University Press. p. 106. ISBN 9781400875870.
  36. ^ "Venezuela: Victory from Underground". Time. 22 December 1958. Archived from the original on 13 May 2024. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  37. ^ Bermeo, Nancy G. (2020). "Polarization". Ordinary People in Extraordinary Times: The Citizenry and the Breakdown of Democracy. Princeton University Press. p. 250. ISBN 9780691214139.
  38. ^ "Venezuela: Welcome Home". Time. 25 January 1963. Archived from the original on 13 May 2024. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  39. ^ "Communist Activities in Latin America, 1967". Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Inter-American Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, Ninetieth Congress, First Session. United States Government Printing Office: 45. 1967.
  40. ^ Estep, Raymond (1964). "Venezuela". The Latin American Nations Today: A Study of Political Developments Since World War II. Air University. p. 271.
  41. ^ Central Intelligence Agency (1963). "Venezuela: 19 December 1963". Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts (244–245). Foreign Broadcast Information Service.
  42. ^ "Former president dies at 91 of respiratory failure". Orlando Sentinel. 1 March 2003. Archived from the original on 13 May 2024. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
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Political offices
Preceded by President of Venezuela
1958 		Succeeded by
Party political offices
Preceded by
None
 URD presidential candidate
1958 (lost) 		Succeeded by
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