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First page of the Wið fǣrstice charm, from the Lacnunga collection.

"Wið fǣrstice" is an Old English medical text surviving in the collection known now as Lacnunga in the British Library. Wið fǣrstiċe [wið ˈfæːrˌsti.t͡ʃe] means 'against a sudden/violent stabbing pain'; and according to Felix Grendon, whose collection of Anglo-Saxon charms appeared in the Journal of American Folklore in 1908, “the charm is intended to cure a sudden twinge or stitch, possibly rheumatism that can be due to being shot by witches, elves, and other spirits that fly through the air.” Scholars have often sought to identify this as rheumatism, but other possibilities should not be excluded. The remedy describes how to make a salve, but its main interest lies in the unique charm which follows. This describes how the færstice has been caused by the projectiles of 'mighty women' (ða mihtigan wif), whom the healer will combat. The charm also mentions elves, believed responsible for elfshot, and provides the only attestation outside personal names of the Old English form of the name of the old Germanic gods, known as the Æsir in Norse mythology.

As with many old Anglo-Saxon charms, it is presumed that physical gestures were intended to accompany the recitation of the text. In this case, the "Wið færstice" is intended to be accompanied by boiling feverfew, red dead-nettle grown in grain, and plantain, then boiling it all in a bowl of butter. A knife is dipped into the potion and then rubbed against the source of pain. Despite the popular use of these herbs in forms of remedial healing, the use of these plants may have been more symbolic than practical. Many old Anglo-Saxon charms draw upon the symbolism of both pagan traditions as well as ancient Christian traditions, and the use of plants in the texts were likely related to these religious references.

Content

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The first seventeen lines of the "Wið færstice" have been referred to as its "epic introduction".[1] Howell D. Chickering Junior expressed the view that there "probably is no epic or mythic narrative" behind this introductory section, instead arguing that it should be seen as "a dramatic verbal performance".[2] As edited and translated by Alaric Hall, the text runs:

Date

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The age of "Wið færstice" has been hard to judge.[4] Considering all of the available evidence, Medieval literature specialist Alaric Hall deemed it probable that the charm was a "cultural artefact" from the late tenth century.[5]

Interpretation

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"Scholars have debated issues of interpretation for decades, usually proceeding from the assumption that the charm rehearses one or more themes from mythology. Is the smith Weland? Are the mighty women valkyries or witches? Are the loud riders valkyries or the Wild Hunt?"

— Stephen Pollington, 2000.[6]

Early examinations of the Anglo-Saxon poetic charms were largely focused on determining which elements within them derived from the pre-Christian belief systems of the Anglo-Saxons.[7] Accordingly, attention was paid to "Wið færstice", which was deemed to be "one of the three or four charms apparently richest in pagan references."[7] With the exception of the closing benediction, the charm lacks any obvious Christian references,[8] with Jolly accordingly believing that from modern understandings of Christianity, it would seem "overwhelmingly not Christian".[8] She however cautioned against viewing it as either non-Christian on the one hand, or as pagan on the other.[9] She highlighted that the presumed pagan elements within it all reflected "areligious folklore, transferable from one religious tradition to another", while it was produced by people living in Late Anglo-Saxon England who would have considered themselves to be Christian and who felt no need to highly Christianise it.[9]

Medical perspective

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It is not known what medical symptom the Old English term færstice refers to in this charm.[10] Several scholars to have studied the charm, such as Godfrid Storms and Howell D. Chickering Jr., expressed the view that it referred to rheumatism.[11] Although noting that prior interpretations of the charm had suggested that the færstice referred to rheumatism or lumbago, the Anglo-Saxonist Stephen Pollington opined that there were "no compelling reasons" to accept either explanation, instead expressing the view that it should be regarded as a reference to "any sharp, unexpected pain".[6]

Supernatural elements

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Hall was of the view that "Wið færstice" "constructs a strong distinction between in-group (the patient and healer) and harmful out-group (the supernatural beings)."[12]

Hall expressed the view that the poem "provides a key to interpreting the cultural significance of ælfe in medieval texts".[13] Given his argument that in "earlier Anglo-Saxon beliefs", ælfe were "probably primarily or only male", he considered it interesting that in this charm they are cited alongside the female hægtessan.[13]

Parallels and analogues

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Hall identified an earlier parallel in Aldhelm's poetic Carmen de virginitate, specifically the passage in lines 2635–42 in which he describes Allecto, one of the Furiae of Classical mythology.[14] In this passage, Allecto is described as bringing "iron-tipped spears to battle, which would cause jagged wounds to holy souls".[14] Hall noted that this use of iron-tipped spears could not have been adopted straight from Classical sources, where Allecto and the Furies cause harm using snakes rather than spears.[14] Rather, he compared the use of the Furies' spears to the spears of the hægtesse in "Wið færstice", bolstering this connection by noting that in the eighth century Third Cleopatra Glossary, the Latin word furiarum is given the Old English gloss of hægtessa.[15]

Hall also argued that there was a "remarkable parallel" between "Wið færstice" and the accounts of magical practices provided by Isobel Gowdie, a Scottish woman accused of witchcraft in 1662, during her confessions.[16] Gowdie claimed that she rode through the air on straw with her fellow witches, firing "elf-arrows" at her victims; these had been acquired from the Devil, who had been aided in their creation by "Elf-boyes". Hall stated that this exhibited a general similarity to the account provided in "Wið færstice".[16] He also thought there were parallels between the two accounts in terms of their use of smiths; in both, one smith (the Devil in Gowdie's account) is part of a wider group of smiths.[16] While acknowledging "the great gap of time" – lasting around seven centuries – between the two accounts, Hall noted that "charm-texts and related traditions" could be transmitted across this gap of time, citing the Second Merseburg Charm as an example.[16]

References

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Footnotes

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  1. ^ Chickering 1971, p. 85.
  2. ^ Chickering 1971, pp. 86–87.
  3. ^ Hall 2007, 2–3.
  4. ^ Hall 2007, p. 109.
  5. ^ Hall 2007, pp. 109–110.
  6. ^ a b Pollington 2000, p. 474.
  7. ^ a b Chickering 1971, p. 83.
  8. ^ a b Jolly 1996, p. 139.
  9. ^ a b Jolly 1996, p. 140.
  10. ^ Hall 2007, p. 110.
  11. ^ Storms 1948, p. 145; Chickering 1971, p. 83.
  12. ^ Hall 2007, p. 116.
  13. ^ a b Hall 2007, p. 108.
  14. ^ a b c Hall 2007, p. 111.
  15. ^ Hall 2007, pp. 111–112.
  16. ^ a b c d Hall 2007, p. 114.

Bibliography

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  • Bredehoft, Thomas A. (2004). "Ælfric and Late Old English Verse". Anglo-Saxon England. 33: 77–107. doi:10.1017/S0263675104000043. S2CID 162939524.
  • Chickering, Howell D. Jr. (1971). "The Literary Magic of Wið Færstice". Viator. 2: 83–104. doi:10.1484/J.VIATOR.2.301685.
  • Doskow, Minna (1976). "Poetic Structure and the Problem of the Smiths in Wið Færstice". Papers on Language and Literature. 12: 321–326.
  • Hall, Alaric (2007). Elves in Anglo-Saxon England: Matters of Belief, Health, Gender and Identity. Anglo-Saxon Studies, 8. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1-84383-509-7.
  • Hauer, Stanley R. (1977–78). "Structure and Unity in the Old English Charm Wið Færstice". English Language Notes. 15: 250–257.
  • Jolly, Karen Louise (1996). Popular Religion in Late Saxon England: Elf Charms in Context. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-4565-5.
  • Pollington, Stephen (2000). Leechcraft: Early English Charms, Plantlore and Healing. Anglo-Saxon Books. ISBN 978-1-898281-47-4.
  • Storms, Godfrid (1948). Anglo-Saxon Magic. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.

Further reading

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  • Hall, Alaric, 'The Meanings of Elf and Elves in Medieval England' (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Glasgow, 2004), pp. 10–12
  • Pettit, E. (2001). Anglo-Saxon Remedies, Charms, and Prayers from British Library MS Harley 585: The ‘Lacnunga’, 2 vols., Lewiston and Lampeter: Edwin Mellen Press.
  • The Broadview Anthology of British Literature. 2nd ed. Vol. 1. Peterborough, Ont.: Broadview, 2009. 40-42. Print
  • Cameron, M. L. “Anglo-Saxon Medicine and Magic.” Anglo-Saxon England. 1988. 191-215.
  • Cameron, M.L. "Anglo-Saxon Medicine." Cambridge University Press. 1993.
  • McGillivray, Murray. “Metrical Charm 4: To Stop a Stabbing Pain (“For a Sudden Stitch”).” Online Corpus of Old English Poetry. 12/12/07.

Editions

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  • Foys, Martin et al. Old English Poetry in Facsimile Project (Center for the History of Print and Digital Culture, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2019-); digital facsimile edition and Modern English translation
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