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Natural hydrogen

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Natural hydrogen (known as white hydrogen, geologic hydrogen,[1] geogenic hydrogen,[2] or gold hydrogen), is hydrogen that is formed by natural processes[3][4] (as opposed to hydrogen produced in a laboratory or in industry). By contrast green hydrogen is produced from renewable energy sources, while grey, brown, blue or black hydrogen are obtained from fossil fuels.[5]

Natural hydrogen may be renewable, it is non-polluting, and may offer lower costs than industrial hydrogen.[6] Natural hydrogen has been identified in many source rocks in areas beyond the sedimentary basins where oil companies typically operate.[7][8][9]

Origins

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Sources of natural hydrogen include:[10]

Serpentinization is thought to produce approximately 80% of the world's hydrogen, especially as seawater interacts with iron- and magnesium-rich (ultramafic) igneous rocks in the ocean floor. Current models point towards radiolysis as the source of most other natural hydrogen.

Resources and reserves

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According to the Financial Times, there are 5 trillion tons of natural hydrogen resources worldwide.[1] Most of this hydrogen is likely dispersed too widely to be economically recoverable, but the U.S. Geological Survey has reported that even a fractional recovery could meet global demand for hundreds of years. A discovery in Russia in 2008 suggests the possibility of extracting native hydrogen in geological environments.[citation needed] Resources have been identified in France,[12] Mali, the United States, and approximately a dozen other countries.[13]

An accumulation of natural hydrogen was discovered in a water well in Bourakébougou, Mali, that was exploited to power the nearby village.[14] As of August 2024, this remains the only operating hydrogen well in the world. Hydroma, the company responsible for identifying the resource, has since drilled 30 more exploration holes nearby. In 2023 Pironon and de Donato announced the discovery of a deposit they estimated to be some 46 million to 260 million metric tons (several years worth of 2020s production).[14] In 2024, a natural deposit of helium and hydrogen was discovered in Rukwa, Tanzania.[15], as well in Bulqizë, Albania.[16]

Midcontinent Rift System

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Main articles: Midcontinent Rift System and Nemaha Ridge
Mid-continental Rift System

White hydrogen could be found or produced in the Mid-continental Rift System at scale. Water could be pumped down to hot iron-rich rock to produce hydrogen for extraction.[17] Dissolving carbon dioxide in these fluids could allow for simultaneous carbon sequestration through carbonation of the rocks. The resulting hydrogen would be produced through a carbon-negative pathway and has been referred to as "orange" hydrogen.[18]

Geology

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Natural hydrogen is generated from various sources. Many hydrogen emergences have been identified on mid-ocean ridges.[19] Serpentinisation occurs frequently in the oceanic crust; many targets for exploration include portions of oceanic crust (ophiolites) which have been obducted and incorporated into continental crust. Aulacogens such as the Midcontinent Rift System of North America are also viable sources of rocks which may undergo serpentinisation.[17]

Diagenetic origin (iron oxidation) in the sedimentary basins of cratons, notably are found in Russia.

Mantle hydrogen and hydrogen from radiolysis (natural electrolysis) or from bacterial activity are under investigation. In France, the Alps and Pyrenees are suitable for exploitation.[20] New Caledonia has hyperalkaline sources that show hydrogen emissions.[21]

Hydrogen is soluble in fresh water, especially at moderate depths as solubility generally increases with pressure. However, at greater depths and pressures, such as within the mantle,[22] the solubility decreases due to the highly assymetric nature of mixtures of hydrogen and water.

Literature

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Vladimir Vernadsky originated the concept of natural hydrogen captured by the Earth in the process of formation from the post-nebula cloud. Cosmogonical aspects were anticipated by Fred Hoyle. From 1960–2010, V.N. Larin developed the Primordially Hydridic Earth concept[23][dubious – discuss] that described deep-seated natural hydrogen prominence[24] and migration paths.

Bibliography

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b "Geologists signal start of hydrogen energy 'gold rush'".
  2. ^ Pasche, N., Schmid, M., Vazquez, F., Schubert, C. J., Wüest, A., Kessler, J. D., ... & Bürgmann, H. (2011). Methane sources and sinks in Lake Kivu. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences (2005–2012), 116(G3) ( https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1029/2011JG001690?download=true)
  3. ^ Larin V.N. 1975 Hydridic Earth: The New Geology of Our Primordially Hydrogen-Rich Planet (Moscow: Izd. IMGRE). (in Russian)
  4. ^ Truche, Laurent; Bazarkina, Elena F. (2019). "Natural hydrogen the fuel of the 21 st century". E3S Web of Conferences. 98: 03006. Bibcode:2019E3SWC..9803006T. doi:10.1051/e3sconf/20199803006. S2CID 195544603.
  5. ^ "Hydrogen color code". H2B.
  6. ^ La rédaction: Hydrogène naturel : une source potentielle d'énergie renouvelable. In: La Revue des Transitions. 7 November 2019, retrieved 17 January 2022 (in French).
  7. ^ Deville, Eric; Prinzhofer, Alain (November 2016). "The origin of N2-H2-CH4-rich natural gas seepages in ophiolitic context: A major and noble gases study of fluid seepages in New Caledonia". Chemical Geology. 440: 139–147. Bibcode:2016ChGeo.440..139D. doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2016.06.011.
  8. ^ Gregory Paita, Master Thesis, Engie & Université de Montpellier.
  9. ^ Hassanpouryouzband, Aliakbar; Wilkinson, Mark; Haszeldine, R Stuart (2024). "Hydrogen energy futures – foraging or farming?". Chemical Society Reviews. 53 (5): 2258–2263. doi:10.1039/D3CS00723E. hdl:20.500.11820/b23e204c-744e-44f6-8cf5-b6761775260d. PMID 38323342.
  10. ^ Zgonnik, P. Malbrunot: L'Hydrogene Naturel. Hrsg.: AFHYPAC Association française pour l'hydrogène et les piles à combustible. August 2020, S. 8 p., p. 5 (in French).
  11. ^ "Our Earth". V. N. Larin, Agar, 2005 (in Russian)
  12. ^ Paddison, Laura (2023-10-29). "They went hunting for fossil fuels. What they found could help save the world". CNN. Retrieved 2023-10-29.
  13. ^ Prinzhofer, Alain; Moretti, Isabelle; Françolin, Joao; Pacheco, Cleuton; D'Agostino, Angélique; Werly, Julien; Rupin, Fabian (March 2019). "Natural hydrogen continuous emission from sedimentary basins: The example of a Brazilian H2-emitting structure" (PDF). International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 44 (12): 5676–5685. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.01.119. S2CID 104328822.
  14. ^ a b Alderman, Liz (December 4, 2023). "It Could Be a Vast Source of Clean Energy, Buried Deep Underground". New York Times.
  15. ^ "Helium One Itumbula West-1 records positive concentrations". 5 February 2024.
  16. ^ "Will Albania's Huge White Hydrogen Deposit Change the Clean Energy Game? - H2 News". 7 March 2024.
  17. ^ a b "The Potential for Geologic Hydrogen for Next-Generation Energy | U.S. Geological Survey". www.usgs.gov.
  18. ^ Osselin, F., Soulaine, C., Faugerolles, C., Gaucher, E.C., Scaillet, B., and Pichavant, M., 2022, Orange hydrogen is the new Green: Nature Geoscience.
  19. ^ L'hydrogène dans une économie décarbonée (connaissancedesenergies.org)
  20. ^ Gaucher, Éric C. (June 2020). "Une découverte d'hydrogène naturel dans les Pyrénées-Atlantiques, première étape vers une exploration industrielle" [A natural hydrogen discovery in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques region, the first step towards industrial exploration]. Géologues, Société géologique de France (in French) (213). Retrieved May 2, 2023.
  21. ^ Prinzhofer, Alain; Tahara Cissé, Cheick Sidy; Diallo, Aliou Boubacar (October 2018). "Discovery of a large accumulation of natural hydrogen in Bourakébougou (Mali)". International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 43 (42): 19315–19326. Bibcode:2018IJHE...4319315P. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.08.193. S2CID 105839304.
  22. ^ Bali, Eniko; Audetat, Andreas; Keppler, Hans (2013). "Water and hydrogen are immiscible in Earth's mantle". Nature. 495 (7440): 220–222. Bibcode:2013Natur.495..220B. doi:10.1038/nature11908. PMID 23486061. S2CID 2222392.
  23. ^ V.N. Larin (1993). Hydridic Earth, Polar Publishing, Calgary, Alberta. https://archive.org/details/Hydridic_Earth_Larin_1993
  24. ^ Our Earth. V.N. Larin, Agar, 2005 (rus.) https://archive.org/details/B-001-026-834-PDF-060
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